The Legacy of Lead in Belledune
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Dying for Development: The legacy of lead in Belledune Published by: Conservation Council of New Brunswick Inc. 180 St. John Street Fredericton, NB E3B 4A9 Tel: (506) 458-8747 Fax: (506) 458-1047 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.conservationcouncil.ca This report is published under the auspices of the Conservation Council’s Environmental Justice Program. The Conservation Council is a registered charity in Canada. Graphics: Imprint Communications and Inuk Simard Design: Imprint Communications Aerial Photographs: Nova Scotia Geomatics Centre Cover: The photograph of Junia Culligan, a life-long Belledune resident and retired community health nurse, was taken by Simon Bujold (Montréal) and generously donated for this publication. It was taken in November 2003 at a massive public rally/protest against the construction of an incinerator in Belledune. The smokestack seen in the background is NB Power’s coal-fired power plant opened in 1993. Reproduction of this report in part or full requires written permission from the Conservation Council. Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Main entry under title: Dying for Development: the legacy of lead in Belledune 1. lead smelter - Belledune, New Brunswick 2. lead - health and environmental impacts 3. provincial and federal environmental regulations - enforcement 4. industrial development - sacrifice zones I. Milewski, Inka ISBN- 0-9687419-9-1 © 2006 Conservation Council of New Brunswick Inc. Dying for Development: ii The legacy of lead in Belledune Table of Contents Acknowledgments 2 Introduction 5 1. Birth of a smelter 6 2. Smoke on the horizon 9 3. Solution to pollution is dilution 15 4. Lead intoxication 18 5. Fall-out 30 6. There’s something about cadmium 35 7. EIA policy put to the test 41 8. Phantom health study 45 9. Eyes wide shut: the monitoring years 49 10. More smoke on the horizon 55 11. Inconvenient truth 58 12. Digging up the dirt 62 13. Health crisis exposed 67 14. Sacrifice Zone 73 Endnotes/References 78 Dying for Development: The legacy of lead in Belledune 1 Acknowledgments Our three-year investigation and this report would not have been possible without the support of five foundations: Ivey Foundation, The EJLB Foundation, The George Cedric Metcalf Charitable Foundation, The Henry P. Kendall Foundation and The Salamander Foundation. They did more than provide finan - With thanks to ... cial resources that allowed us to hire staff, conduct soil tests, make access-to-information requests and consult with health Ivey Foundation experts. Foundation staff offered me their encouragement, sage The EJLB Foundation advice and friendship. Thank you Bruce, Nan, Robert, Ruth, Sandy and Ted for standing behind our efforts to bring environ - The George Cedric Metcalf mental justice to Northern New Brunswick. Charitable Foundation I would also like to express my gratitude to the many residents The Henry P. Kendall of Belledune and other communities around the Bay of Chaleur Foundation who supported our work to unmask the health and ecological cri - sis in northern New Brunswick. Thank you for inviting me into The Salamander Foundation your home for a cup of tea at the end of a long day of sampling, for helping to plan and organize public meetings and for sharing your knowledge of local history. Your unwavering commitment to The people of Belledune ... each other, your desire to have the legacy of industrial develop - Monica and Harold Bourque ment exposed and your efforts to create a new vision for devel - opment in the region inspired and moved me. Carmen Comeau Theresa and Rene Cormier Peeling away the layers of Belledune's industrial history required an extensive search through government records, libraries and Junia Culligan scientific journals. I would like to thank the largely anonymous Theresa Daley and federal and provincial staff that processed my many requests for information and for sending me mountains of documents. Dale Ron Doucet Cogswell and Robbie Gilmore at the Provincial Archives of New Barbara Furlotte Brunswick helped me find government documents that didn't Peggy Gordon seem to want to be found. I am sure they could find a needle in a haystack. Thanks Dale and Robbie. Thanks also to Gisèle Gertrude and Robert Killoran Richard, librarian at Fisheries and Oceans in Moncton, for allow - Elizabeth Lanteigne ing me to borrow (for long periods of time) government reports and acquiring articles in scientific journals that were no longer Kim Noel carried by the library because of cuts to government science. Karen and Keith Scott Your cheerful and can-do attitude was greatly appreciated. Several people reviewed earlier drafts of this document. Jim Kenny, Andy Secord,and Ben Baldwin provided insights and knowledge of specific historical events. Janice Harvey, Peggy Gordon and Kevin Matthews applied their editing skills and sug - Dying for Development: 2 The legacy of lead in Belledune gested changes that vastly improved the document. Aline and Christopher Houghton and Patrice Milewski listened patiently as I tried out new ideas and extended their heartfelt encourage - ment. Thank you all. I would also like to thank Josh Beutel and Simon Bujold for giv - ing me permission to reprint their works of art for this report. ... and friends around the Thanks to Stacy Howroyd of Imprint Communication for meeting Bay of Chaleur our tight budgets and timelines and, once again, designing a handsome report. Rhéal Bérubé Finally, I am most grateful to David Coon, my colleague at the Lise Dugas Conservation Council, for patiently working with me to strip away Gaetan Dugas the excess verbiage of early drafts of this report. It was some - Allain Frigault times hard to accept that my penchant for too much information was dulling and obscuring the facts. David turned many awk - Michel Goudreau ward sentences and dense paragraphs into unambiguous prose, Kathy Hayes like the title of this report. Thanks David. Brenda Kelley The story of heavy metal contamination in Belledune was revealed to me through forty years of monitoring data and thou - John Killoran sands of pages of memos, letters and reports. I have checked Reg Killoran and double-checked figures, dates and what was said to whom and when. If errors are found, and I hope they are not serious, I Jane Kitselman alone am responsible for them. Jean LaPointe Inka Milewski Cécile Lanteigne June 2006 Florian Levesque Chief John Martin Anne Dunn Monihan Peter Parker Luc Potvin Lynn Ranger and Jim Hayes Geneviève Saint-Hilaire Jacqueline Savard and Etienne Arsenault Adélard and Jeanette Williams Francis Wishart Dying for Development: The legacy of lead in Belledune 3 ARMSTRONG LITTLE BROOK BELLEDUNE PT. BELLEDUNE JACQUET CULLIGAN RIVER POINTE VERTE DEVERAUX PETIT-ROCHER NORD PETIT-ROCHER SUD NIGADOO Dying for Development: 4 The legacy of lead in Belledune community where the soil, air, vegetation, garden Introduction produce and seafood were contaminated with met - als and arsenic. New Brunswick’s North Shore has been home to the greatest concentration of heavy industry in the Several questions immediately came to mind. province for more than forty years. These industries What, if anything, did residents know about the include mining, smelting, power generating facili - contamination? What were the health impacts on ties (coal, Orimulsion ®), gypsum processing, chemi - residents from long-term exposure to heavy metals? cal plants (fertilizer, acid and Canada's only mercu - What did other provincial and federal government ry-based chlor-alkali plant) and pulp and paper pro - departments know about the contamination and duction. The majority of these industries are linked what did they do about it? What were the level of to mining or hydrocarbon-based power generation. contaminants in other northern communities with Therefore, the largest volumes of pollutants heavy industries? And, why was the government released from these industries are metals and contemplating allowing another smokestack indus - arsenic. Although emissions of lead, cadmium, try for a community that was already burdened with mercury, zinc, nickel, thallium, copper, vanadium pollution? and arsenic have been reduced (not eliminated) over the past 40 years, their smokestacks and In an attempt to answer some of these questions, effluent pipes have left a toxic legacy that extend the Conservation Council began, in the fall of well beyond plant gates. 2003, an investigation to characterize the extent of heavy metal contamination in communities along For the past four decades, various federal and the North Shore. One part of the investigation provincial government agencies have measured the involved sampling soil on public and residential levels of metals and arsenic in soils, terrestrial veg - properties and reviewing published scientific and etation, marine sediments and shellfish. From time government reports. The other part involved trying to time, their investigations revealed problem areas to piece together what government officials knew or 'hot spots' of contamination. Despite these find - (and when did they know) about the contamination. ings, provincial and regional economic develop - ment agencies continued to actively recruit new In the context of addressing ‘whom knew what and ‘smokestack’ industries to the region. when’, thousands of pages of federal and provincial government correspondence, ministerial briefing In the summer of 2003, the New Brunswick gov - notes, memos and unpublished monitoring reports ernment announced it was reviewing a proposal to (dating back to the early 1960's) were obtained build, what was popularly called, a hazardous using federal and provincial freedom-of-information waste incinerator in the northern New Brunswick legislation. These documents were obtained from community of Belledune. The community was Environment Canada, Canadian Food Inspection already the site of a lead smelter, acid plant and Agency, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Health coal-fired power generation station. In the context Canada and the provincial departments of agricul - of reviewing the government-ordered health risk ture, economic development, environment, health assessment for the project, the Conservation and natural resources.