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Symposium On; the Ecology of Pelagic Fish

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Symposium On; the Ecology of Pelagic Fish PREFACE The main task of editing papers from a Symposium original title also did not include the words “and is to ensure that they are published as soon as possible adjacent seas” but as many of the papers deal with after the meeting. However, the conclusions and species which do not occur in Arctic waters, the recommendations of this Symposium highlight the addition of a few words to the title seems more lack of knowledge of some potentially valuable fish. desirable than deletion of a number of papers. Because of this, important data have been added to For the sake of uniformity, wherever possible the some papers during editing, and several verbal reports scientific names used are those published in ICES to the meeting have been included in this volume at Bulletin Statistique, Vol. 49 for 1964 (Copenhagen 1966). the request of the Symposium. Thanks to the willing I would like to thank Dr. E.M. P o u l s e n for his help cooperation of the authors the amendments and editing and advice both at the meeting and during the editing have not unduly delayed its preparation for publi­ of this volume, and Mr. R . J. W o o d and others who cation. have helped in sorting out the discussion notes. The terms of reference excluded consideration of Finally, Miss R o se B e d f o r d and her assistants of the the herring, redfish and some other pelagic species Fisheries Laboratory must also be thanked for checking which are already exploited wherever they occur. The the typescripts and proofs. R. W. Blacker Editor and Rapporteur INTRODUCTION At the Statutory Meeting of the International Mr. R. W. B l a c k e r was asked to act as Rapporteur, Council for the Exploration of the Sea in 1963 the and he accepted this task. Distant Northern Seas Committee and the Gadoid Thirty-eight experts from member countries, from Fish Committee presented to the Council recommen­ Canada and USA as well as from international dations that a Symposium be organised on the organisations connected with fisheries and marine “Ecology of Pelagic Fish Species in Arctic Waters”. researches participated in the Symposium. These recommendations were renewed in 1964, and Twenty-one papers had been submitted and during Dr. E r ik M. P o u l s e n was nominated Convenor of the Symposium four additional contributions were the Symposium. A Steering Committee including the given verbatim, these latter are also included in the Convenor and the Chairmen prepared a programme present publication of the contributions. for the Symposium in which the main lines of the Furthermore, two synopses, one on Norway pout Symposium were designed as follows and the other on poutassou prepared for FAO by Mr. D. F. S. R a i t t were submitted to the Symposium (a) The significance of the pelagic fish within the for comments. These two synopses were considered food-chains in the Arctic and the role of these and comments on them were given. The Symposium species as food for the most important commer­ expressed the wish that the preparation of these highly cial fishes, useful synopses be continued by FAO to include also (b) Migration and distribution of the pelagic fish in other fish species of commercial interest in the Arctic Arctic waters and their relationship with and in adjacent regions. distribution and movements of the main commer­ The scientific papers for the Symposium were cial fishes, considered (reviewed by authors or other experts) in (c) The biological basis for fishery of pelagic fish in the following order in accordance with the Agenda: the Arctic. 1 - General (occurrence), 2 - Capelin, 3 - greater In the 1965 Statutory Meeting the Distant Northern silver smelt, 4 - smelt, 5 - Norway pout, 6 - Blue Seas Committee prepared a Preliminary Programme whiting, 7 - Polar cod, 8 - Navaga, and 9 - General for the Symposium. (food interrelations). The Recommendations on the Symposium were After each of these items a consideration and discus­ adopted by the Consultative Committee and the sion of the pertinent papers took place. Council, and the Symposium was convened on Thereafter followed a general discussion of the main September 30th and October 1st, 1966, at Charlotten- subject, as follows :— lund Castle in connection with the Statutory Meeting 1. The species as links in food-chains; discussion- of that year. leader: D. V. R a d a k o v , U S S R . 143 SECTION 9: General Biology 1. FOOD INTERRELATIONS OF PELAGIC FISH IN THE NORTHERN SEAS By G. V. N ik o l s k y & D. V. R a d a k o v A. N. Severtsov Institute of Animal Morphology USSR Academy of Sciences Because of the intensified utilization of the World complex, i. e. a group of species of a common geo­ Ocean fish resources, which in some regions results graphic origin. According to most researchers, there in overfishing, the problem of increasing the pro­ are the following faunistic complexes in Arctic and ductivity of commercial fish populations and of the North Atlantic seas (A n d r i y a s h e v , 1954; N ik o l s k y , whole fishing areas has become more and more acute 1947): to researchers. One of the important methods of A r c t i c : Boreogadus saida, Liopsetta glacialis, Myoxo- increasing the productivity of a waterbody is known cephalus quadricornis ; to consist of controlling the food interrelations of fish B o r e o -A r c t ic : Mallotus villosus, Osmerus eperlanus, by shortening food-chains, abolishing “trophic dead Eleginus navaga, and others; ends”, and using some other ways of interference with B o r e a l : Clupea harengus, Gadus morhua, Melanogram- the process of organic matter formation and trans­ mus aeglefinus, Pollachius virens, Pleuronectes platessa, formation in a water body. In order to succeed in Platichthys flesus, Myoxocephalus scorpius, and others; working out effective methods of biological amelior­ C e l t i c : Sprattus sprattus, Merlangius merlangus, Tri- ation by reconstructing food interrelations in a water sopterus esmarkii, Psetta maxima; body, the knowledge of the regularities to which those M editerranean : Sardina pilchardus, Engraulis encrassi- interrelations are submitted is of primary importance. cholus, Scomber scombrus, Scomber japonicus ( = Pneumato- By pelagic fish we mean the fish adapted to life in phorus colias), Sarda sarda, Solea solea, and others. water layers and for a considerable part of their life unconnected with the bottom. Most of the pelagic Complexes of lower latitudes are not considered in fish are pelagophilic, producing floating eggs, only the present paper though some species from those in the Arctic and boreal zones are there rather large complexes, for instance flying fish, sometimes pene­ percentages of pelagic fish producing eggs on the trate far to the north. bottom. While the faunistic complexes are defined rather As to feeding, the pelagic fish are either plankton distinctly for the pelagic fish of the upper layers in eaters or predators. They mostly feed far from the northern seas (A n d r i y a s h e v , 1954; N i k o l s k y , 1953, shores. However, typical pelagic fish such as the 1965, and others), our data on the bathypelagic fauna Polar cod (Boreogadus saida) are closely connected with are still insufficient. the coastal zone in Arctic seas. On the one hand, they As has been shown by one of the authors (N ik o l ­ consume shore organisms and sometimes even fresh­ s k y , 1947, 1953), a specific system of food interrela­ water organisms occurring in the brackish zone; on tions develops within every faunistic complex during the other hand, the pelagic fish of the open sea when the process of evolution. Major adaptive relations take approaching shores, in their turn, come under the place “along the vertical” predator-prey, food-con- action of shore predators, for many of them the bulk sumer. An element of the food-chain referred to as of their food usually consists in bottom organisms. triotrophus by M a n t e u f e l ( 1961 ) has its specific features Thus, when studying the regularities of the food within every faunistic complex. The specific features interrelations of the pelagic fish in Arctic seas, their include, first of all, the tension of food relations in­ food relations with shore organisms should also be fluencing the intensity of the development of protect­ taken into consideration. As is known, the character ion organs of prey and accordingly catching adaptations of feeding and the main peculiarities of the food of predators. Besides, the fecundity of representatives interrelations of a species are formed in the period of of more southern faunistic complexes is usually higher, its origin, in the process of the formation of a faunistic contributing to a species’ survival under higher 144 Table 9:1. Predatory fish species. Number and percentage in the ichthyofauna of northern seas (The table is made for mature specimens only) - (After Andriyashev with some additions) Seas Laptev K ara White Barents North P red ato rs............................................... 6 (10-3»/.) 14 (13-7%) 41 (20-0°/„) Predators-plankton e a te rs ................ 1 (3-1%) 1 (2-5°/0) 6 (10-3%) 7 (6-9 °/0) 25 (12-1%) Total number of species ........................... 32 40 58 102 206 mortality rates. In the faunas of some seas the repre­ to low latitudes which is an instance of a correspond­ sentatives of the different faunistic complexes do not, ing regularity taking place on the global scale. however, live separately, but often come into contact As is seen from Table 9:2, the relative portions with the representatives of other complexes with cer­ of pelagic fish in Arctic seas is almost four times lower tain food interrelations naturally arising.
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