DOCSLIB.ORG

Paper 82 1853 – 1899 Consolidation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Paper 82 1853 – 1899 Consolidation Falklands Wars – the History of the Falkland Islands: with particular regard to Spanish and Argentine pretensions and taking some account of South Georgia, the South Sandwich Islands and Britain's Antarctic Territories by Roger Lorton 1 Paper 82 1853 – 1899 Consolidation “Nothing is claimed from us by other nations; we have nothing to ask of them.” 3 ◈ While the Falkland Islands were generally now accepted as British territory – even by Argentina – that did not prevent others considering that they had rights. In particular the sealers of the United States still saw the Falklands as an unregulated resource; an area that they had been fishing for more than seventy years. Previous attempts to curtail their activities by Spain and Buenos Aires had been ineffective but Britain had to do better and demonstrate effective control. The change, however, had to be brought about diplomatically, so sealing regulations would be slow to appear, and slower to be enforced. Washington itself had doubts about the legal nature of its South Atlantic fishery; but bull & bluster would suffice for a while. The US Navy was never short of a good measure of gung-ho. This paper is concerned with the consolidation of Britain's administration of the archipelago in the face of aggression by the Americans; depleted seal stocks and the fall in the value of oil. Also, the renewal of divisions in the Argentine Confederation, Patagonia's colonization and then a reviving interest in the archipelago by Buenos Aires. A new nation trying itself on for size. 1853 – January 8th, from Stanley, Governor Rennie writes to Sir John Packington. “In the year ending December 1851, 17538 tons of shipping from England and foreign parts entered this harbour; in the year ending December 1852, there were 22,024 tons, being an increase of 4,486 tons. This augmentation necessarily produces a demand for produce, labour and stores of every description, affording remunerative profits to the storekeepers and employment at good wages to the labouring classes, unskilled 3s to 5s per diem, and skilled 6s to 10s. Provisions are abundant, and at reasonable prices. … The grumbling and discontent manifested by a portion of the enrolled pensioners settled here has subsided since the notification to them by the Secretary-at-War that they were at liberty to return to England if they preferred to do so, nor has even one of them up to the present time availed himself of the permission. ...” 4 1 Falklands Wars – the History of the Falkland Islands: with particular regard to Spanish and Argentine pretensions and taking some account of South Georgia, the South Sandwich Islands and Britain's Antarctic Territories Roger Lorton LL.B(Hon), M.Phil. 2011 – 2019. Roger Lorton has asserted his rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to be identified as the author of this work. 2 Citation = Lorton, Roger. Falklands Wars: Timeline History of the Falkland Islands. Wordpress 2011 Paper 8 3 Argentine President Sarmiento's Message to Congress May 1, 1869 4 Quoted in Brazil, the river Plate, and the Falkland Islands, with the Cape Horn Route William Hadfield 1854 1 January 11th, Rennie also writes to the Colonial Office to complain; “... that systematic depredations are, and have been for many years, carried on by Whaling Vessels belonging to the United States,..” 5 “These vessels pay no regard to the established Regulations respecting fisheries, but capture Whales actually within our harbour and kill the seals on land. When it is calculated that each of these vessels with its tender stow at least 400 to 500 tons of oil the average price of which is £30 per ton, and the usual time required to obtain it from two to three years, it will be seen that the coasts and harbours of this colony are robbed to the extent of 10 or £15,000 per Annum; one of the Whalers completing her cargo annually.” 6 In particular, Rennie notes that Hiram Clift, an American Captain prosecuted in 1849 for taking wild cattle, has returned to the Islands in the Hudson. January 12th, the Falklands’ Governor responds to a Colonial Office request of September, 1852 regarding Luis Vernet’s demands for compensation. Rennie dismisses any suggestion of misconduct by Whitington or Lafone, but accepts that Lieut. Smith had used Vernet’s horses during his time on the Falklands. 7 January 27th, a Canadian barque, Actaeon, puts into Stanley. After being declared unfit, she is scuttled. 8 In February, the New York Times announces the discovery of large quantities of guano on the Islands. 9 From Buenos Aires, Norberto Riestra travels to London to pay off 24 years of arrears to Barings Bank. 10 February 18th, visiting Hamburg, Luis Vernet submits a petition asking for that Government to intercede on his behalf with both Britain and the United States regarding his compensation claims. 11 March 9th, in London, the Home Office write to the Foreign Office with a suggestion that the Falkland Islands should be; “... adapted for the formation of a Penal Settlement.” 12 Governor Rennie notifies the Colonial Office that one of the settlers, the son of Juan Simon, has an outstanding claim against Luis Vernet. “... a bond formerly given by Vernet for one thousand six hundred Spanish dollars together with certain dollar notes, formerly issued by Vernet, for a sum altogether of four hundred and fifty nine Spanish Dollars: making a total for bond and notes of two thousand and fifty nine Spanish Dollars.” 13 March 19th, the Duke of Newcastle (Secretary of State for War and the Colonies) informs Lord Palmerston (Foreign Office) that the Falklands had previously been deemed, “not suitable” for a penal settlement. “... it is not advisable at present to entertain proposals for the formation of any new Convict Colony.” 14 5 FO 97/35/82. Also FO 78/30 6 Ibid. 7 Luis Vernet, the Buenos Airean commandant of Soledad Island from 1829 to 1833 (present there 1829 – 1831), was in London seeking compensation for losses he claimed to have suffered as a result of the reassertion of British rights in the archipelago in 1833. See Papers 5, 6 & 7. 8 Cambridge Expedition to the Falkland Islands 1977: Report to the National Maritime Museum. 9 The New York Times February 10, 1853 10 The English in South America ... M.G. Mulhall 1878. In 1828, Buenos Aires defaulted on a loan taken out in 1824. 11 Vernet had been born in Hamburg. Following receipt of this petition the Hamburg Senate declined to offer any practical assistance or to intervene on Vernet's behalf. 12 Palmerston to Merivale March 9, 1853 in FO 78/31 13 CO 78/43. cf. 1858 14 FO 78/31 2 March 31st, in receipt of Rennie's complaint regarding US whalers, Newcastle asks Palmerston whether; “... any communication has been made to the American Government on this subject.” 15 April 21st, the War and Colonies Office and the Foreign Office agree that a complaint should be made to the Washington Government regarding the depredations of US whalers and sealers at the Falklands. 16 April 22nd, an instruction is sent to the British representative in Washington, noting that no reply had been received to a similar complaint of February, 1850. “Such proceedings of American citizens are not in harmony with the amicable Relations existing between the Govt. of Britain & the United States and HM gov feel confident that they cannot fail to meet with the disapprobation of the American Govt.; but it is essentially necessary that they should be put a stop to, and while HM Govt. are of course bound to protect British Territory from aggression or from acts of spoliation, and … cannot but be sensible that the force which it is their intention to place at the disposal of the Govt. of the Falkland Islands may lead to collisions and provoke an unfriendly feeling between the Subjects & Citizens of the two countries. It is with a view to prevent such a result that I now instruct you to bring these facts again to the notice of the Govt. of the United States with whom you will concert in a friendly spirit as to the best mode of checking, in the United States, the evil design of these marauders.”17 By May, 13 provinces of Argentina have ratified the 1852 Constitution. Buenos Aires stands alone. “Argentina split into two independent countries. The 13 provinces retained the former official name, the Argentine Confederation, and transferred the federal capital to Paraná,..” 18 May 9th, Britain's representative in Washington DC, presents Britain's complaints to the US Secretary of State. “I am ... instructed by HM Govt. to State to the Govt of the US that continued depredations are made by American Ship Masters on the Falkland Islands, and that the fines imposed upon them have not prevented them from repeating their acts of spoliation. I have the honour to enclose herewith the copy of a letter from the Colonial Office enclosing a report from the Governor of the Falkland Islands in which some recent instances of the facts complained of are stated in detail....” 19 May 10th, a House of Lords debate considering the future of the transportation of criminals to British outposts, dismisses the suggestion that the Falklands would be a suitable location. “It was possible that the Falkland Islands might absorb a few dozen convicts with tickets of leave; and perhaps some arrangement might be made with the company that had undertaken the improvement of those islands, to afford employment there even to one or two hundred convicts. But this could not be carried far: what was wanted was a place to send convicts to where they might form only a small proportion of the population.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • General Assembly Distr.: General 24 July 2013
    United Nations A/AC.109/2013/SR.8 General Assembly Distr.: General 24 July 2013 Original: English Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples Summary record of the 8th meeting Held at Headquarters, New York, on Thursday, 20 June 2013, at 10 a.m. Chair: Mr. Morejón ................................................... (Ecuador) later: Mr. León González (Vice-Chair)..................................(Cuba) Contents Adoption of the agenda Question of the Falkland Islands (Malvinas) Hearing of petitioners This record is subject to correction. Corrections should be submitted in one of the working languages. They should be set forth in a memorandum and also incorporated in a copy of the record. They should be sent as soon as possible to the Chief of the Documents Control Unit ([email protected]). Corrected records will be reissued electronically on the Official Document System of the United Nations (http://documents.un.org/). 13-36953 (E) *1336953* A/AC.109/2013/SR.8 The meeting was called to order at 10.10 a.m. right to determine their own future, in accordance with Article 1 of the Charter of the United Nations, article 1 Adoption of the agenda of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and article 1 of the International Covenant on 1. The agenda was adopted. Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Question of the Falkland Islands (Malvinas) 5. Following the referendum, all the elected (A/AC.109/2013/14; A/AC.109/2013/L.7) members of the Legislative Assembly of the Falkland Islands had travelled extensively throughout Latin 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.El Mapa Del Centenario O Un Espectáculo De La Modernidad Argentina En 1910
    Araucaria. Revista Iberoamericana de Filosofía, Política y Humanidades ISSN: 1575-6823 [email protected] Universidad de Sevilla España Lois, Carla El mapa del Centenario o un espectáculo de la modernidad argentina en 1910 Araucaria. Revista Iberoamericana de Filosofía, Política y Humanidades, vol. 12, núm. 24, 2010, pp. 176-196 Universidad de Sevilla Sevilla, España Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=28214786009 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Araucaria Revista Iberoamericana de Filosofía, Política y Humanidades Año 12, No 24. Segundo semestre de 2010 El mapa del Centenario o un espectáculo de la modernidad argentina en 1910 Autor(es): Carla Lois pp. 176-196 URL: http://www.institucional.us.es/araucaria/nro24/monogr24_7.pdf El mapa del Centenario o un espectáculo de la modernidad argentina en 1910 Carla Lois CONICET-UBA-UNLP (Argentina) “En los países relativamente atrasados, donde el proceso de modernización todavía no se ha impuesto, el modernismo, allí donde se desarrolla, adquiere un carácter fantástico, porque está obligado a nutrirse no de la realidad so- cial, sino de la fantasía, espejismos, sueños” 1. Resumen: Las conmemoraciones del primer Centenario de la Revolución de Mayo, que daría lugar a los procesos de independencia de la República Argentina en 1910, motorizaron una serie de eventos, exposiciones y proyectos arquitectóni- cos y artísticos. También implicaron un inusual despliegue de material gráfico destinado tanto al público local como extranjero.
    [Show full text]
  • Admiral David G. Farragut
    May 11, 2017 The Civil War: April 12, 1861 - May 9, 1865 Bruce W. Tucker portrays “Admiral David G. Farragut, USN” Join us at 7:15 PM on the USS LEHIGH/USS Monitor Naval Living History group Thursday, May 11th, and Corresponding Secretary of the Navy Marine Living at Camden County History Association. College in the Connector Building, Room 101. This month’s topic is Bruce W. Notes from the President... Tucker portrays “Admiral With May upon us, the weather warms and we travel David G. Farragut, USN” around; be sure to pick up our updated flyers to distribute David Farragut began his and spread the Old Baldy message. Take advantage of life as a sailor early; he activities happening near and far. Share reports of your commanded a prize ship captured in the War of 1812 when adventures or an interesting article you read with the mem- he was just twelve years old. bership by submitting an item to Don Wiles. Thank you to those who have sent in material for the newsletter. He was born July 5, 1801, and was commissioned Mid- Last month Herb Kaufman entertained us with stories shipman in the US Navy December 17, 1810, at age 9. By of interesting people and events during the War. Check the time of the Civil War, Farragut had proven his ability out Kathy Clark’s write up on the presentation for more repeatedly. Despite the fact that he was born and raised in details. This month Bruce Tucker will portray Admiral the South, Farragut chose to side with the Union.
    [Show full text]
  • “LA GUERRA QUE PARECIÓ INEVITABLE” (Autor: Dr. Julio Horacio Rubé, Correo Electrónico: [email protected] // Abogado. Pro- Curador Nacional
    “LA GUERRA QUE PARECIÓ INEVITABLE” (Autor: Dr. Julio Horacio Rubé, correo electrónico: [email protected] // Abogado. Pro- curador Nacional. Profesor-Asesor de la Secretaría de Extensión del CMN-IESE. Profesor de Historia. Docente Universitario. Doctorando en Historia en USAL) Resumen En 1898 Chile había logrado convertirse en la séptima potencia naval del mundo pero Argentina, con la compra de los acorazados italianos, pronto ocupó el sexto lugar. Como las negociaciones diplomáticas no habían encontrado una salida definitiva, la res- puesta inmediata fue la adquisición de armamentos. Roca consideró necesario, dadas las circunstancias, producir un gesto político amistoso con respecto a Chile. Matías Errázuriz, primo del Presidente trasandino y el Doc- tor Francisco P. Moreno, acordaron una entrevista con el mandatario trasandino en la ciu- dad de Punta Arenas. En la tarde del 15 de febrero de 1899, la flotilla argentina con la presencia del Belgrano, fondeaba en Punta Arenas, allí esperaba la escuadra chilena en la que se destacaba el acorazado O’Higgins, a bordo del cual se encontraba el Presidente de Chile. Otras unidades menores completaban la presencia de ambos países en la re- gión. Roca decidió trasladarse en primer término al O’Higgins; con los saludos hubo ges- tos amistosos y un banquete, después fue Errázuriz el que visitó al Belgrano. El sábado 18 por la mañana, las comitivas se separaban. El abrazo, como se lo recordó, logró tran- quilizar los ánimos a lo que contribuyó también, en mayo del año siguiente, el mensaje al Congreso Nacional del Presidente Julio Argentino Roca. Informó entonces, sobre el arre- glo de la cuestión de la Puna y del sometimiento a demarcación de la línea fronteriza hacia el sur a S.
    [Show full text]
  • Information and Analysis Bulletin on Animal Poaching and Smuggling N°6 / 1St July - 30Th Septembre 2014
    Information and analysis bulletin on animal poaching and smuggling n°6 / 1st July - 30th Septembre 2014 Contents Introduction Insects and Arachnids 3 Seahorses Sea 4 Cruelty to animals is pouring and flooding on Tridacna and Queen Conches 5 each and every one of the 134 pages of ”On the Sea Cucumbers 5 Trail ” n°6. Rainbows are rare. And for that are all Fishes 6 the more beautiful. Marine Mammals 8 Opening of a delphinium in Pattaya and a Several recent studies suggest that violence on projected opening in Phuket 8 animals and abuse of animal’s weakness show Marine Turtles 9 predisposition to violence against humans and that witnessing domestic violence or being Tortoises and Freshwater Turtles 13 submitted to parental harassment leads to a Snakes 20 predisposition to violence against animals. Sauria 23 Violence is a viral and vicious circle. Crocodilians 23 Multi-Species Reptiles 24 The FBI in the United States of America now considers that mistreatment, individual Amphibia 25 violence, organized abuse and torture against animals are crimes against society. To start Birds 26 in 2016, a database listing animal sadists The new European commissioner for should help - that is the purpose of the FBI’s the environment 32 new approach - to predict criminality against humans. Pangolins 35 Writers and great thinkers in the ancient Primates 40 centuries had predicted that practice or Ebola 42 witnessing of cruelty inflicted on animals would lead to barbaric treatment towards and among Felines 49 humans. ” After people in Rome were tamed Released on bail without caution 53 to the spectacle of murdering animals, it came the turn of men and the gladiators.
    [Show full text]
  • La Asincronía De Tierra Del Fuego: Del Infra-Poblamiento Al Crecimiento Acelerado
    La asincronía de Tierra del Fuego: Del infra-poblamiento al crecimiento acelerado The a-synchrony of Tierra del Fuego: From the infra-settlement to the growth acceleration Por Horacio Cao* y Daniel D’Eramo** Fecha de Recepción: 01 de junio de 2020. Fecha de Aceptación: 01 de abril de 2021. RESUMEN que en gran medida se debió al desinterés del Tierra del Fuego aparece como un caso singu- Estado Nacional por un territorio que consi- lar: durante largos periodos su evolución eco- deró económicamente inviable. Esto ocurre nómica y social siguió caminos diferentes de así inclusive cuando a partir de la década del los recorridos por las otras jurisdicciones pata- ´30 se inaugura un periodo de resignificación gónicas. Adicionalmente, su provincialización patagónica, que en el caso de Tierra del Fuego ocurrió más de tres décadas después de que así no alcanza a quebrar el patrón de infra-po- lo hicieran el resto de los Territorios Naciona- blamiento y de estancamiento relativo de su les. Describiremos estas singularidades a partir economía. Una segunda etapa en donde ocu- del concepto de infra-poblamiento: durante rre un proceso de acelerado crecimiento eco- gran parte de su historia, en la Isla Grande no nómico, bajo el impulso de acciones de cuño se logró consolidar la masa crítica de pobla- desarrollista, aplicadas varias décadas después ción necesaria como para disparar procesos de que se instalaran en la Patagonia continen- económicos, sociales y políticos semejantes a tal. De esta forma, una política explícita y de- los que ocurrían en el resto de la Patagonia. liberada de industrialización lograr revertir, en Para abordar la a-sincronía fueguina dividi- menos de dos décadas, el retraso relativo del remos el análisis en dos etapas.
    [Show full text]
  • Cronología Del Conflicto Social. Argentina 2008 Titulo CLACSO
    Cronología del conflicto social. Argentina 2008 Titulo CLACSO, Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales - Compilador/a o Editor/a; Autor(es) Buenos Aires Lugar CLACSO Editorial/Editor 2008 Fecha Colección Conflictos sociales; Movimientos sociales; Cronología; Argentina; Temas Doc. de trabajo / Informes Tipo de documento "http://biblioteca.clacso.edu.ar/clacso/osal/20190429050107/Argentina_2008.pdf" URL Reconocimiento-No Comercial-Sin Derivadas CC BY-NC-ND Licencia http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/deed.es Segui buscando en la Red de Bibliotecas Virtuales de CLACSO http://biblioteca.clacso.edu.ar Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales (CLACSO) Conselho Latino-americano de Ciências Sociais (CLACSO) Latin American Council of Social Sciences (CLACSO) www.clacso.edu.ar Observatorio Social de América Latina Publicación electrónica Cronología del Conflicto Social Argentina Enero de 2008 #ONSEJO,ATINOAMERICANO #ONSELHO,ATINO AMERICANO DE#IENCIAS3OCIALES DE#IãNCIAS3OCIAIS Documento de trabajo Nº 153 Realizado por el Comité de Seguimiento del Conflicto Social y la Coyuntura Latinoamericana de Argentina Integrantes Maía Celia Cotarelo Diarios Clarín, Página/12, Crónica, La Nación © Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales Se autoriza la reproducción de los artículos en cualquier medio a condición de la mención de la fuente y previa comunicación al director. La responsabilidad por las opiniones expresadas en los artículos, estudios y otras colaboraciones incumbe exclusivamente a los autores firmantes, y su publicación no necesariamente refleja los puntos de vista de la Secretaría Ejecutiva de CLACSO. El Observatorio Social de América Latina (OSAL) constituye una iniciativa del Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales (CLACSO) destinado a la promoción de estudios e investigaciones sobre los procesos de movilización y conflicto social, las dinámicas de participación y los repertorios de acción de movimientos sociales y organizaciones populares en los países latinoamericanos y del Caribe.
    [Show full text]
  • In Answer to Carlos F. Brescacin and His Historical Untruths: a Demonstration That Argentina Has No Claim to the Falkland Islands
    In answer to Carlos F. Brescacin and his Historical unTruths: a Demonstration that Argentina has no claim to the Falkland Islands. By Roger Lorton In 2008 Peter Pepper and Dr. Graham Pascoe published a paper refuting Argentina's version of Falkland's history as it had been laid laid out at a seminar at the London School of Economics in 2007. Their paper was entitled Getting it Right: the real history of the Falklands/Malvinas. Five years later, and in a supposed reply to Pascoe & Pepper, Carlos F. Brescacin has published an imitation of the 2008 paper called; The historical truth about the sovereign rights of Argentina in the Falkland Islands: Answering the document 'Getting it Right: the real history of the Falklands / Malvinas.'1 Pascoe & Pepper's paper was an early step in the development of their argument countering the version of history promoted by Argentina in many countries of the world. A propaganda exercise that continues today. Pascoe & Pepper drew the world's attention to a different version of the history surrounding the Falkland Islands however; a history that could be proved from archived sources. Moreover, they put forward an argument that disturbed the accepted thinking in Argentina itself. Quite an achievement and an obvious target for ardent Malvinistas. The 2008 work looks a little dated now, as further research has expanded some of their arguments and cast doubt upon other supposed facts accepted at that time. It is not therefore my intention to directly compare the two texts, but rather to address Brescacin's points and identify the flaws in what he believes to be his counter- arguments.
    [Show full text]
  • Testing the Occurrence of Convergence in the Craniomandibular Shape Evolution of Living Carnivorans
    ORIGINAL ARTICLE doi:10.1111/evo.14229 Testing the occurrence of convergence in the craniomandibular shape evolution of living carnivorans Davide Tamagnini,1,2,3 Carlo Meloro,4 Pasquale Raia,5 and Luigi Maiorano1,2 1Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin,”, University of Rome “La Sapienza,”, Rome 00185, Italy 2Museum of Zoology, Sapienza Museum Centre, University of Rome “La Sapienza,”, Rome 00185, Italy 3E-mail: [email protected] 4Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom 5Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell’Ambiente e delle Risorse, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli 80126, Italy Received May 30, 2020 Accepted March 28, 2021 Convergence consists in the independent evolution of similar traits in distantly related species. The mammalian craniomandibu- lar complex constitutes an ideal biological structure to investigate ecomorphological dynamics and the carnivorans, due to their phenotypic variability and ecological flexibility, offer an interesting case study to explore the occurrence of convergent evolution. Here, we applied multiple pattern-based metrics to test the occurrence of convergence in the craniomandibular shape of extant carnivorans. To this aim, we tested for convergence in many dietary groups and analyzed several cases of carnivoran convergence concerning either ecologically equivalent species or ecologically similar species of different body sizes described in the literature. Our results validate the occurrence of convergence in ecologically equivalent species in a few cases (as well as in the case of giant and red pandas), but almost never support the occurrence of convergent evolution in dietary categories of living carnivorans.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix As Too Inclusive
    Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Appendix I A Chronological List of Cases Involving the Landing of United States Forces to Protect the Lives and Property of Nationals Abroad Prior to World War II* This Appendix contains a chronological list of pre-World War II cases in which the United States landed troops in foreign countries to pro- tect the lives and property of its nationals.1 Inclusion of a case does not nec- essarily imply that the exercise of forcible self-help was motivated solely, or even primarily, out of concern for US nationals.2 In many instances there is room for disagreement as to what motive predominated, but in all cases in- cluded herein the US forces involved afforded some measure of protection to US nationals or their property. The cases are listed according to the date of the first use of US forces. A case is included only where there was an actual physical landing to protect nationals who were the subject of, or were threatened by, immediate or po- tential danger. Thus, for example, cases involving the landing of troops to punish past transgressions, or for the ostensible purpose of protecting na- tionals at some remote time in the future, have been omitted. While an ef- fort to isolate individual fact situations has been made, there are a good number of situations involving multiple landings closely related in time or context which, for the sake of convenience, have been treated herein as sin- gle episodes. The list of cases is based primarily upon the sources cited following this paragraph.
    [Show full text]
  • Women in Argentina
    Women in Argentina Copyright 2000 by Mónica Szurmuk. This work is licensed under a modified Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Deriva- tive Works 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. You are free to elec- tronically copy, distribute, and transmit this work if you attribute au- thorship. However, all printing rights are reserved by the University Press of Florida (http://www.upf.com). Please contact UPF for information about how to obtain copies of the work for print distribution. You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the University Press of Florida. Nothing in this li- cense impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights. Florida A&M University, Tallahassee Florida Atlantic University, Boca aton Florida Gulf Coast University, Ft. Myers Florida International University, Miami Florida State University, Tallahassee University of Central Florida, Orlando University of Florida, Gainesville University of North Florida, Jacksonville University of South Florida, Tampa University of West Florida, Pensacola University Press of Florida Gainesville · Tallahassee · Tampa · Boca aton · Pensacola · Orlando · Miami · Jacksonville · Ft. Myers Women in Argentina Early Travel Narratives · Mónica Szurmuk Copyright 2000 by Mónica Szurmuk Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper All rights reserved 05 04 03 02 01 00 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Szurmuk, Mónica.
    [Show full text]
  • Numismática De Las Islas Malvinas Argentinas
    Numismática de las Islas Malvinas Argentinas | | Presidente Martín Redrado Vicepresidente Miguel Ángel Pesce Superintendente de Entidades Financieras y Cambiarias Waldo José María Farías Vicesuperintendente de Entidades Financieras y Cambiarias Zenón Alberto Biagosch Directores Zenón Alberto Biagosch Arnaldo Máximo Bocco Gabriela Ciganotto Waldo José María Farías Arturo O’Connell Carlos Antonio Pérez Carlos Domingo Sánchez Síndico Titular Hugo Raúl Medina Síndico Adjunto Jorge Alfonso Donadio Gerente General Hernán Lacunza | Agradecemos al Archivo y Museo Históricos del Banco de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, “Dr. Arturo Jauretche”, por la colaboración de las imágenes de los vales mo- netarios del gobernador Luis Vernet. Investigación presentada en las XXVIII Jornadas Nacionales de Numismática y Medallística, realizadas en la ciudad de Córdoba, los días 16 y 17 de agosto de 2008. Trabajo efectuado por el Museo Histórico y Numismático del Banco Central de- pendiente del Subgerente General de Servicios Centrales, Dr. Norberto Rubén Domínguez. Supervisión de la edición | Alicia B. Osorio Investigación y redacción | Ramiro I. Frutos y Daniel A. Rey Diseño Gráfico | Área de Imagen y Diseño, Gerencia Principal de Comunicaciones y Relaciones Institucionales Impresión | Sector Impresiones, Subgerencia de Gestión de Documentación y Suministros, Gerencia de Servicios Generales © Copyright 2008. Banco Central de la República Argentina. | Dedicamos el presente trabajo a todos los argentinos que desde 1833 reclamaron los derechos de soberanía argentinos sobre las Islas Malvi- nas, a todos los que combatieron heroicamente por su recuperación en 1982 y a todos los que esperamos que se cumplan los justos anhelos de integración de estas islas al territorio argentino. Anverso y reverso de la moneda conmemorativa por los 25 años de la Gesta de las Islas Malvinas.
    [Show full text]