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Technical Report Number 3 0 Appendixes A,B, & C ~“&+?a . g#E#,~ fJJ)py . ~~ Technical Report Number 30 Appendixes A,B, & C A,a@()~3 I Socioeconomic Studies Program Sponsor: Bureau of Land Management Northern and Western Gulf of Alaska Petroleum Development Scenarios Commercial Fishing Industry Analysis The United States Department of the Interior was designated by the Outer Continental Shelf (O(X) Lands Act of 1953 to carry out the majority of the Act’s provisions for administering the mineral leasing and develop- ment of offshore areas of the United States under federal jurisdiction. Within the Department, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) has the responsibility to meet requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 @_EPA) as well as other legislation and regulations dealing with the effects of offshore development. In Alaska, unique cultural differences and climatic conditions create a need for developing addi- tional socioeconomic and environmental information to improve OH deci- sion making at all governmental levels. In fulfillment of its federal responsibilities and with an awareness of these additional information needs, the BLM has initiated several investigative programs, one of which is the Alaska OCS Socioeconomic Studies Program (SESP). The Alaska OCS Socioeconomic Studies Program is a multi-year research effort which attempts to predict and evaluate the-effects of Alaska OCS Petroleum Development upon the physical, social, and economic environ- ments within the state. The overall methodology is divided into three broad research components. The first component identifies an alterna- tive set of assumptions regarding the location, the nature, and the timing of future petroleum events and related activities. In this component, the program takes into account the particular needs of the petroleum industry and projects the human, technological, economic, and environmental offshore and onshore development requirements of the regional petroleum industry. The second component focuses on data gathering that identifies those” quantifiable and qualifiable facts by which OCS-induced changes can be assessed. The critical community and regional components are identified and evaluated. Current endogenous and exogenous sources of change and functional organization among different sectors of community and region- al life are analyzed. Susceptible community relationships, values, activities, and processes also are included. The third research component focuses on an evaluation of the changes that could occur due to the potential oil and gas development. Impact evaluation concentrates on an analysis of the impacts at the statewide, regional, and local level. In general, program products are sequentially arranged in accordance with BLM’s proposed OCS lease sale schedule, so that information is timely to decisionmaking. Reports are available through the National Technical Information Service, and the BLM has a limited number of copies available through the Alaska OCS Office. Inquiries for informa- tion should be directed to: Program Coordinator (COAR), Socioeconomic Studies Program, Alaska OCS Office, P. O. Box 1159, Anchorage, Alaska 99510. TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 30 CONTRACT NO. AA550-CT6-61 ALASKA OCS SOCIOECONOMIC STUDIES PROGRAM NORTHERN AND WESTERN GULF OF ALASKA PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENT SCENARIOS: COMMERCIAL FISHING INDUSTRY ANALYSIS APPENDIXES A, B, AND C . PREPARED FOR BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT ALASKA OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF OFFICE DOCUMENT IS AVAILABLE TO THE PUBLIC THROUGH THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE 5285 PORT ROYAL ROAD SPRINGFIELD, VIRGINIA 22161 TTT NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Alaska Outer Continental Shelf Office, in the. interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its content or use thereof. ALASKA OCS SOCIOECONOMIC STUDIES PROGRAM NORTHERN AND WESTERN GULF OF ALASKA PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENT SCENARIOS: COMMERCIAL FISHING INDUSTRY ANALYSIS Prepared by: J. M. Terry, A. H. Gorham, D. M. Larson, B. C. Paust, and R. G. Stoles Alaska Sea Grant Program, University of Alaska R. S. Johnston and F. J. Smith Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Oregon State University F. L. Orth and P. W. Rogers Frank Orth and Associates February 1980 IV APPENDIX A FISHERY BIOLOGY APPENDIX A TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE # Fishery Biology A.2 Causes of Fluctuation in Resource Abundance A.3 Fluctuations in klorld Fisheries: An Introduction A.3 Fluctuations in Marine Resources: The North Pacific in Perspective A.7 The Influence of Physical Factors in the Environment on the Abundance and Availability of Mature l$!ar~ne Organisms /4.10 The Impact of Commercial Fisheries on Fluctuations in the Abundance of Marine Resources A.17 Selected References: The Biological Basis of Natural Fluctuations A.23 Biological Characteristics by Species A.27 Salmon A.27 Life History, King Salmon A.27 Taxonomy A.27 Distribution A.~7 Physical Description A.27 Life History A.28 Life History, Sockeye Salmon A.31 Taxonomy A.31 Distribution A.31 Description A.32 Life History A.32 Life History, Coho .Salmon A.36 Taxonomy A.36 Distribution A.36 Physical Description A.36 Life History A.37 Life History, Pink Salmon ‘ A.39 Taxonomy A.39 Distribution A.39 Physical Description A.39 Life History A.40 Life History, Chum Salmon A.44 Taxonomy A.44 Distribution A.44 Physical Description A.44 Life History A.45 Harvesting Season A.47 Causes of Fluctuation in Resource Abundance, Pacific Salmon A.50 Alaska Aquiculture Projects: An Overview A.53a Summary of Salmon Harvest Statistics A.53c Hal i but Life History A.54 Taxonomy A.54 . Physical Description A.54 Distribution A.55 Spawning A.55 Harvesting Season A.57 Causes of Fluctuation in Resource Abundance, Pacific Halibut A.57 Summary A.60 Pacific Herring A.61 Life History A.61 Taxonomy A,61 Physical Description A.G1 Distribution A.61 Life History A.62 Harvesting Season A.65 iii I ● PAGE $ Causes of Fluctuation in Resource Abundance A.65 Summa ry A.73 Groundfish A.74 Life History, Pollock 4 A.74 Taxonomy A.74 Physical Description A.74 Distribution A.75 Life History A.75 Harvesting Season, Walleye Pollock A.79 Causes of Fluctuations in Resource Abundance, Nalleye Pollock A.79 Summary A.82 Life History, Pacific Cod A.83 Taxonomy ,4.83 Physical Description A.83 Distribution ,4.83 Life History A.g4. Harvesting Season, Pacific Cod A.85 Causes of Fluctuation in Resource Abundance, Pacific Cod A.85 Life History, Sablefish /4.87 Taxonomy A.87 Physical Description A.87 Distribution A.87 Life History A.88 Life History, Pacific Ocean Perch A.89 Taxonomy and Physical Description A.89 Distribution A.89 Life History A.90 Harvesting Season, Pacific Ocean Perch A.96 Causes of Fluctuation in Resource Abundance, Pacific Ocean Perch A.96 Summary A.99 PAGE # King Crab A.1OO Life History A.1OO Taxonomy A.1OO Distribution A.1OO Maturity A.101 Eating A.102 Fecundity A.102 Eggs and Larvae A.103 Juveniles A.103 Growth I4.104 Food Habits A.104 Diseases A.105 Harvesting Season A.107 Causes of Fluctuations in Resource Abundance A.108 Summa ry A.108 Tanner Crab Life History A.109 Taxonomy A.109 Distribution A.109 ‘ Sexuality A.Ill Maturity A.112 Matinu A.112 Fecun;ity A.113 Eggs and Larvae A.113 Juvenile A.114 P.dults A.114 Growth A.115 * Diseases A.115 Migration and Local Movement A.116 Harvesting Season A.119 Causes of Fluctuation in Resource Abundance A.119 Summary A.119 Development and Market Structure A.119 Dungeness Crab A.120 Life History A,120 Taxonomy A.120 Distribution A.120 v I APPENDIX A ● LIST OF TA8LES TABLE # PAGE # ● A.1 Spawning Timing by Regicn A.90 I LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE # PAGE # ● A.1 First Trophic Level, Phytoplankton Production A.2 Second Trophic Level, Zooplankton Production Trophic Levels Above Zooplankton: Uorld Fish Catches ::: Distribution of Morld Crustacean Catches A.5 Subarctic Pacific Region A-6 The Triangle of Fish Migration A.7 Optimum Mater Temperature Spectra of Important Fishes in Japan All ‘ A.8 The Surface Mater Currents in the North Pacific Ocean A.13 A.9 Seasonal Pattern of Energy Storage in Components ● of a Mature 35-cm Female American Plaice from St. Margaret’s Bay, N.S. A.1O Regulatory Areas 2, 3, and 1 and Regional Divisions of the Coast. A.58 ● vi ii FISHERY BIOLOGY ● This appendix is an introduction to the biology of the commercial ‘ fisheries of the Gulf of Alaska, and as such it provides information that is useful both in projecting the development of these commercial ● fisheries and in appreciating the great uncertainty that is associated with any such projections. The topics addressed include causes of fluc- tuation in resource abundance and biological characteristics of each * species. The latter include life histories, species specific causes of fluctuations in resource abundance, and factors affecting the harvesting season. ● ● ● ● Causes of Fluctuation in Resource Abundance The objective of this section is to describe the major causes of fluctuation* in the abundance of a resource that are common to many fisheries. The causes of fluctuation that are of particular importance in each fishery are discussed ● in a latter section which describes fishery biology by species. A glossary of biological terms is included at the end of this chapter. ● FLUCTUATIONS IN IdORLD FISHERIES: AN INTRODUCTION At present, the world catch of marine fisheries resources amounts to some 70 million metric tons (NT). The majority of this catch is comprised of ● herring-like and cod-like fishes (Cushing, 1975). The trend of world fisheries, despite recurrent fluctuations, is toward gradual expansion in terms of both bar-= vesting effort and the development of new methods for the utilization of an ● ever-decreasing list of underutilized marine species. Gulland (1970) has pub- lished a conservative estimate of the world potential catch of fish and shell- fish at the level of 120 to 140 MT, although this yield might be’less due to intervening economic factors.
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