Bay of Plenty Conservation Management Strategy Volume 1 1997-2007 Ii Bay of Plenty Conservation Management Strategy Volume 1 1997-2007 Table of Contents
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Bay of Plenty Conservancy Conservation Management Strategy for Bay of Plenty Conservancy 1997 - 2007 Volume I Bay of Plenty Conservancy Management Planning Series No. 6 ISSN: 1174-4936 ISBN: 0-478-01986-6 December 1997 Published by: Department of Conservation • Te Papa Atawhai Post Office Box 1146 Rotorua New Zealand Cover drawing: G. Keyworth. Printed on 100% chlorine free paper (Glopaque) i Bay of Plenty Conservation Management Strategy Volume 1 1997-2007 ii Bay of Plenty Conservation Management Strategy Volume 1 1997-2007 Table of Contents Foreword xi Acknowledgements xii Vision for Conservation in the Bay of Plenty xiv Overview xv Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 What is a Conservation Management Strategy (CMS)? . 1 1.2 The CMS process 1 1.3 Using the CMS 2 1.4 Terminology 3 Chapter 2: Context 7 2.1 The Conservancy in Context 7 2.1.1 Introduction 7 2.1.2 Conservancy Boundaries 7 2.1.3 Physical Description 7 2.1.4 A History of Change 8 2.1.5 Conservation Milestones 9 2.1.6 Lands Administered by the Department 10 2.1.7 Human Communities 11 2.2 The Role of Tangata Whenua in Conservation Management 13 2.2.1 The need for recognition (The Treaty of Waitangi) 14 2.2.2 Recognition of Maori Traditions today 17 2.3 The Department’s Work in Context 17 2.3.1 Protection of Biological Diversity 17 2.3.2 Landscapes 19 2.3.3 Landforms, Geological Features, and Soils 19 2.3.4 Terrestrial Ecosystems 21 2.3.5 Estuarine and Marine Ecosystems 22 2.3.6 Freshwater Ecosystems 23 2.3.7 Indigenous Species 23 2.3.8 Historic Resources 24 2.3.9 Recreation 27 Chapter 3: Places 29 3.1 Introduction 29 3.1.1 Management Areas 29 3.1.2 Lands Administered by the Department 30 3.1.3 Protected Lands Managed by Others 30 iii Bay of Plenty Conservation Management Strategy Volume 1 1997-2007 3.2 Islands Management Area 31 3.2.1 Background 31 3.2.2 Marine Ecosystems and Marine Protected Areas .. 33 3.2.3 Islands Administered by the Department 35 3.2.4 Privately Owned Islands where the Department has a Statutory Interest 37 3.2.5 Privately Owned Islands where the Department has an Advocacy Role 38 3.3 Tauranga Management Area 40 3.3.1 Background 40 3.3.2 General • 42 3.3.3 Tauranga Harbour and its Margins (including Matakana Island) 43 3.3.4 Little Waihi and Maketu Estuaries 44 3.3.5 Lowlands and Dune lands 45 3.3.6 Freshwater Ecosystems 46 3.4 Otanewainuku-Te Aroha Management Area 48 3.4.1 Background 48 3.4.2 General 50 3.4.3 Kaimai Range 51 3.4.4 Otawa - Otanewainuku Forest Tract 53 3.4.5 Mamaku Plateau - Manawahe 54 3.4.6 Otamarakau - Matata Coast 55 3.4.7 Freshwater Ecosystems 56 3.5 Whakatane Management Area 58 3.5.1 Background 58 3.5.2 General 60 3.5.3 Ohiwa Harbour and its Margins 61 3.5.4 Whakatane - Ohope Coastal Reserves 62 3.5.5 Matata - Whakatane Dune lands 63 3.5.6 Freshwater Wetlands (including Matata Lagoon) 64 3.6 Rotorua Management Area 66 3.6.1 Background 66 3.6.2 General 68 3.6.3 Lakes 69 3.6.4 Indigenous Vegetation 70 3.6.5 Volcanic Domes 71 3.6.6 Geothermal Features 72 3.7 Atiamuri - Tokoroa Management Area 74 3.7.1 Background 74 3.7.2 General 75 3.7.3 South Mamaku 77 3.7.5 Geothermal Features 77 3.7.6 Freshwater Ecosystems 78 3.8 Eastern Volcanic Management Area 80 3.8.1 Background 80 3.8.2 General 82 3.8.3 Whirinaki Conservation Park 84 3.8.6 Freshwater Ecosystems 85 iv Bay of Plenty Conservation Management Strategy Volume 1 1997-2007 Chapter 4: Departmental Activities 87 4.1 Relationship with Tangata Whenua 88 4.2 Advocacy 93 4.2.1 Advocacy 93 4.2.2 Advocacy and Education for Conservation Management 99 4.2.3 Statutory Planning 102 4.3 Natural Resources 105 4.3.1 Landscapes, Landforms, Geological Features and Soils 106 4.3.2 Ecosystems 107 4.3.3 Marine Mammals 109 4.3.4 Threatened Species 111 4.3.5 Fire 115 4.3.6 Plant Pests 117 4.3.7 Animal Pests 120 4.3.8 Domestic Animals 126 4.3.9 Ecosystem Rehabilitation and Restoration 128 4.3.10 Established Marine Protected Areas 130 4.3.11 Freshwater Fisheries 132 4.4 Historic Resources and Wãhi tapu (Sacred Places) . 135 4.5 Recreation and Access 139 4.5.1 Visitor Opportunities and Trends 139 4.5.2 Managing Visitor Impacts 141 4.5.3 Access 144 4.6 Uses of Lands Administered by the Department 146 4.6.1 Mining and Quarrying 146 4.6.2 Utilities and Related Structures 149 4.6.3 Collection and Taking of Natural Materials 151 4.6.4 Exotic Forest Management 154 4.6.5 Military Use 155 4.6.6 Rubbish and Spoil Dumping 156 4.6.7 Concessions 157 4.7 Information 160 4.7.1 Information Management 160 4.7.2 Survey and Monitoring 161 4.7.3 Research 163 Chapter 5: Management 165 5.1 Conservation Management 165 5.1.1 Compliance and Law Enforcement 165 5.1.2 Classification of Land Administered by the Department 167 5.2 Implementation 168 5.2.1 Review, Amendment and Audit of this Strategy 169 5.2.2 Management Planning 170 5.2.3 Business Planning 173 5.2.4 Conservation Board 175 Appendix 1 Management Areas 180 Bay of Plenty Conservation Management Strategy Volume 1 1997-2007 v Appendix 1.1 Introduction 180 1.1.1 Introduction 180 1.1.2 Management Areas 180 1.1.3 Lands 180 Appendix 1.2 Islands Management Area 184 1.2.1 Geography 184 1.2.2 Legal Status and Management 185 1.2.3 Geology 185 1.2.4 Vegetation 186 1.2.6 The Marine Environment 186 1.2.7 Historic Resources 186 1.2.8 Lands Administered by the Department 187 Appendix 1.3 Tauranga Management Area 190 1.3.1 Geography 190 1.3.2 Geology 190 1.3.3 Vegetation 191 1.3.4 Fauna 191 1.3.5 Cultural Characteristics 191 1.3.6 Tangata whenua 192 1.3.7 Historic Resources 192 1.3.8 Land Use 192 1.3.9 Land Administered by the Department 192 Appendix 1.4 Otanewainuku-Te Aroha Management Area 194 1.4.1 Geography 194 1.4.2 Geology 194 1.4.3 Vegetation 195 1.4.4 Fauna 196 1.4.5 Cultural Characteristics of the Area 196 1.4.6 Historic Resources 196 1.4.7 Land Use 197 1.4.8 Lands administered by the Department 197 Appendix 1.5 Whakatane Management Area 199 1.5.1 Geography 199 1.5.2 Geology 199 1.5.3 Vegetation 200 1.5.4 Fauna 200 1.5.5 Cultural Characteristics of the Area 201 1.5.6 Historic Resources 201 1.5.7 Land Use 201 1.5.8 Land administered by the Department 201 Appendix 1.6 Rotorua Management Area 203 1.6.1 Geography 203 1.6.2 Geology 203 1.6.3 Vegetation 204 1.6.4 Fauna 205 1.6.5 Cultural characteristics of the Area 205 1.6.6 Historic Resources 205 1.6.7 Land Use 205 1.6.8 Protected Lands 206 vi Bay of Plenty Conservation Management Strategy Volume 1 1997-2007 Appendix 1.7 Atiamuri-Tokoroa Management Area 207 1.7.1 Geography 207 1.7.2 Geology 207 1.7.3 Vegetation 208 1.7.4 Fauna 208 1.7.5 Cultural Characteristics 208 1.7.6 Historic Resources 208 1.7.7 Land Use 208 1.7.8 Protected Areas 209 Appendix 1.8 Eastern Volcanic Management Area 210 1.8.1 Geography 210 1.8.2 Geology 211 1.8.3 Vegetation 211 1.8.4 Fauna 211 1.8.5 Cultural Characteristics of the Area 211 1.8.6 Historic Resources 212 1.8.7 Land Use 212 1.8.8 Protected Areas 212 Appendix 2 ICOMOS New Zealand Charter for the, Conservation of Places of Cultural Heritage Value 215 Appendix 3 - Mechanisms to Protect Lands with Significant Natural and Historic Resources 220 Appendix 4 - Treaty of Waitangi 231 Appendix 5 - Legislative Requirements 234 Appendix 6 Convention on Biological Diversity (United Nations Environment Programme, 1992) 239 Appendix 7 - Glossary 240 References 253 Index 260 Tables Table 1 CMS Structure xiii Table 2 Particular Priorities for Management Areas xvii Table 3.1 Tauranga Management Area - Stewardship Areas Requiring Reclassification 43 Table 3.2 Otanewainuku-Te Aroha Management Area - Stewardship Areas Requiring Reclassification 51 Table 3.3 Whakatane Management Area - Stewardship Areas Requiring Reclassification 61 Table 3.4 Rotorua Management Area - Stewardship Areas Requiring Bay of Plenty Conservation Management Strategy Volume 1 1997-2007 vii Reclassification 69 Table 3.5 Atiamuri-Tokoroa Management Area - Stewardship Areas Requiring Reclassification 76 Table 3.6 Eastern Volcanic Management Area - Stewardship Areas Requiring Reclassification 83 Table 4.1 Priority Rankings for Conservation of Threatened Plants and Animals in the Bay of Plenty Conservancy 113 Table 4.2 Priority Areas for Plant Pest Control 119 Table 4.3.1 Priority sites for possum and goat control 123 Table 4.3.2 Other Animal Pest Species Control Programmes to Protect Threatened Species and their Habitats 124 Table 4.4 Taking of Indigenous Freshwater Fish - Authority required from the Department 132 Table 4.5.1 Priority Sites for Archaeological Survey and Assessment for Management Purposes 137 Table 4.5.2 Actively Managed Historic Places in the Bay of Plenty Conservancy 138 Table 4.6 Information Review and Future Requirements .