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Low-Flow Characteristics for Streams on the Islands of Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Maui, and Hawaiʻi, State of Hawaiʻi

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Low-Flow Characteristics for Streams on the Islands of Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Maui, and Hawaiʻi, State of Hawaiʻi Prepared in cooperation with the State of Hawaiʻi Commission on Water Resource Management, State of Hawaiʻi Department of Hawaiian Home Lands, and Office of Hawaiian Affairs Low-Flow Characteristics for Streams on the Islands of Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Maui, and Hawaiʻi, State of Hawaiʻi Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5103 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey COVER PHOTOS (top to bottom) Kaua‘i—View of the mountains above river valleys of Hanalei and Wai‘oli, Island of Kaua‘i, Hawai‘i. Photograph by Chui Ling Cheng, U.S. Geological Survey, 2012. O‘ahu—View of Maunalua Bay on the southeastern coast of O‘ahu from a forested ridge on Hawai‘iloa Valley, Island of O‘ahu, Hawai‘i. Photograph by Chui Ling Cheng, U.S. Geological Survey, 2014. Moloka‘i—Kalohi Channel between Moloka‘i and Lāna‘i from Kamakou Preserve access road near a Kawela Valley ridge, Island of Moloka‘i, Hawai‘i. Photograph by Sarah N. Rosa, U.S. Geological Survey, 2010. Maui—View at the summit of Haleakalā, Island of Maui, Hawai‘i. Photograph by Chui Ling Cheng, U.S. Geological Survey, 2013. Hawai‘i—View of Mauna Kea from Waimea, Island of Hawai‘i, Hawai‘i. Photograph by Vaughn E. Kunishige, U.S. Geological Survey, 2011. Low-Flow Characteristics for Streams on the Islands of Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Maui, and Hawaiʻi, State of Hawaiʻi By Chui Ling Cheng Prepared in cooperation with the State of Hawaiʻi Commission on Water Resource Management, State of Hawaiʻi Department of Hawaiian Home Lands, and Office of Hawaiian Affairs Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5103 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior SALLY JEWELL, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Suzette M. Kimball, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2016 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit http://www.usgs.gov/ or call 1–888–ASK–USGS (1–888–275–8747). For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://store.usgs.gov. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner. Suggested citation: Cheng, C.L., 2016, Low-flow characteristics for streams on the Islands of Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Moloka‘i, Maui, and Hawai‘i, State of Hawai‘i: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2016-5103, 36 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ sir20165103. ISSN 2328-0328 (online) iii Contents Abstract ...........................................................................................................................................................1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................1 Low-Flow Characteristics....................................................................................................................2 Previous Low-Flow Investigations .....................................................................................................3 Purpose and Scope ..............................................................................................................................3 StreamStats ...........................................................................................................................................4 Description of the Study Area .....................................................................................................................4 Climate ....................................................................................................................................................4 Rainfall ....................................................................................................................................................4 Streams...................................................................................................................................................5 Hydrogeology................................................................................................................................5 Surface-Water Use ......................................................................................................................6 Data..................................................................................................................................................................7 Trends in Streamflow Characteristics ...............................................................................................7 Types of Streamflow-Measurement Sites ........................................................................................7 Natural (Unregulated) Streamflow Data ...........................................................................................7 Seepage Analyses ................................................................................................................................8 Methods...........................................................................................................................................................8 Flow-Duration Characteristics ...........................................................................................................8 Record-Augmentation Techniques ....................................................................................................8 MOVE.1 Technique .....................................................................................................................11 Graphical-Correlation Technique ............................................................................................12 Index Stations and Selection of Base Period ................................................................................12 Analysis of Low Flows at Different Types of Measurement Sites ..............................................13 Long-Term Continuous-Record Stations ................................................................................13 Short-Term Continuous-Record Stations ...............................................................................13 Partial-Record Stations ............................................................................................................14 Sites on Ephemeral Stream Reaches .....................................................................................15 Evaluation of Statistical and Graphical Models ............................................................................15 Statistical Models ......................................................................................................................15 Graphical Models.......................................................................................................................15 Results and Discussion ...............................................................................................................................15 Natural Low-Flow Characteristics ...................................................................................................15 Kauaÿi............................................................................................................................................16 Oÿahu.... ........................................................................................................................................16 Molokaÿi .......................................................................................................................................16 Maui.............................................................................................................................................17 Hawaiÿi .........................................................................................................................................20 Limitations of Approach .....................................................................................................................20 Limited Index Stations ...............................................................................................................20 Strength of Correlations ...........................................................................................................23 Accuracy of Streamflow Record .............................................................................................23 iv Contents—Continued Representation of Long-Term Flow Conditions .....................................................................30 Additional Data Collection ..........................................................................................................................30 Summary........................................................................................................................................................30 References Cited..........................................................................................................................................34 Appendix available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20165103 1. Station Numbers, Names, Station Type, Period of Record, and Record Length of Measurement Sites Used in this Study, State of Hawaiʻi 2. Summary of Record-Augmentation Technique, Regression Equations, and Associated
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