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101 AIZOACEAE 1 Dennis I Morris 2, Marco F Duretto 3 Annual or perennial, monoecious herbs or, less often, shrubs. Leaves opposite or alternate in false whorls, exstipulate or more rarely stipulate, sometimes reduced to scales, often succulent or subsucculent, flat, terete or triquetrous, glabrous, papillose or rarely pubescent or lepidote,. Inflorescence terminal or axillary, flowers solitary or in loose cymes, sessile or pedicellate, bracteate or ebracteate. Flowers usually actinomorphic, bisexual or rarely unisexual and the plant monecious. Sepals (3–)5–8, herbaceous, persistent, often succulent, equal or unequal. Petals 0. Staminodes 0-many, often petaloid and showy in 1–6 whorls (by many authors referred to as petals). Fertile stamens (1–)4–many, free or connate at the base, anthers small. Gynoecium of 2–5(-many) carpels united in a compound ovary, superior, half-inferior or inferior, with as many loculi as carpels; styles as many as loculi; ovules 1-many per locule; placentation usually axile but sometimes parietal or basal. Fruit usually a capsule, dehiscing loculicidally, septicidally, or circumscissile or indehiscent or a berry. Seed with a curved embryo enveloping a mealy endosperm. A family of about 120 genera and 2000–2500 species. Some 100 of the genera earlier considered as constituting the large genus Mesembryanthemum (see Klak et al. 2007). The primary centres of diversity are South Africa and the Mediterranean region. In Australia there are 19 genera and about 80 species, of which 54 species in 8 genera are native. In Tasmania there are 6 genera and 10 species, of which 3 genera and 6 species are intro- duced. Aizoaceae are placed in the Caryophyllales near Phytolaccaceae (Americas, Africa, Asia), Sarcobataceae (SW North America) and Nyctaginaceae (tropical & warm temperate regions) (see Stevens 2007 & references cited therein). Synonymy: Galeniaceae, Mesembryanthaceae, Tetragoniaceae. Key references: Prescott & Venning (1984); Walsh (1996). External resources: accepted names with synonymy & distribution in Australia (APC); author & publication abbre- viations (IPNI); mapping (AVH, NVA); nomenclature (APNI, IPNI). 1. Flowers without petaloid staminodes 2 1: Flowers with petaloid staminodes 4 2. Leaves opposite; fruit a circumscissile capsule Zaleya + 2: Leaves alternate or clustered; fruit indehiscent or opening by slits or valves 3 3. Fruit indehiscent 5 Tetragonia 3: Fruit dehiscent 6 Galenia 4. Leaves flat 1 Mesembryanthemum 4: Leaves triquetrous or semiterete 5 5. Fruit fleshy when mature, indehiscent 2 Carpobrotus 5: Fruit a capsule, dry when mature, dehiscent 6 1 This work can be cited as: Morris DI, Duretto MF (2009) 101 Aizoaceae, version 2009:1. 16 pp. In MF Duretto (Ed.) Flora of Tasmania Online. 10 pp. (Tasmanian Herbarium, Tasmanian Museum & Art Gallery: Hobart). ISBN 978-1-921599-34-7 (PDF). www.tmag.tas.gov.au/floratasmania 2 (deceased) formerly Tasmanian Herbarium, Tasmanian Museum & Art Gallery, Private Bag 4, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia. 3 Tasmanian Herbarium, Tasmanian Museum & Art Gallery, Private Bag 4, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia. Morris & Duretto, 101 Aizoaceae, version 2009:1, Flora of Tasmania Online 2 of 10 6. Plant erect or trailing, not rooting at nodes Drosanthemum ++ 6: Plant prostrate, rooting at nodes 7 7. Stems erect or ascending; leaves 0.9–1.4 cm long; flowers yellow 3 Lampranthus 7: Stems prostrate; leaves 2–5 cm long; flowers purple 4 Disphyma + Zaleya galericulata (Melville) H.Eichler (Hogweed) was said to be naturalized in Tasmania by Walsh (1996). The species is native to all other states of Australia (see also Prescott & Venning 1984). There are no herbarium specimens from Tasmania lodged at the Tasmania Herbarium and the genus is not treated further here. See Richardson et al. (2006) for a description and photograph. ++ Drosanthemum candens (Haw.) Schwantes (Rodondo Creeper; from South Africa) is planted in seaside areas. It has become established in Western Australia, and is an occasional garden escape in South Australia and Victoria (see Prescott & Venning 1984; Walsh 1996). A single collection of this species was made in 2000 from the Sorrell Causeway. The species is not treated further here. See Richardson et al. (2006) for a description and photograph. 1 * MESEMBRYANTHEMUM Mesembryanthemum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 480 (1753). Synonymy: Psilocaulon N.E.Br., Gard. Chron. 78: 433 (1925). Gasoul Adans., Fam. Pl. (Adanson) 2: 243 (1763). Cryophytum N.E.Br., Gard. Chron. 78: 412 (1925). Aptenia N.E.Br., Gard. Chron. 78: 412 (1925). Litocarpus L.Bolus, Fl. Pl. South Africa 7: 261 (1927). Annual or biennial herbs, succulent, sometimes prostrate or rambling; stems and branches angled or terete, conspicuously papillose, the papillae vesicular, glistening. Leaves fleshy, flat or semiterete, opposite, sometimes becoming alternate on flowering branches, sessile or petiolate. Flowers solitary, axillary, sessile or shortly pedicel- late. Calyx tubular, 4–5-lobed, 3 smaller lobes with membranous margins or alternating larger and smaller. Petaloid staminodes numerous, white, mauve to reddish; fertile stamens numerous. Ovary inferior or half-inferior, 5-locular, placentation axile; styles 5, free. Fruit a hygroscopic capsule, the valves winged. Seeds numerous, compressed, minutely tuberculate. A genus of about 100 species distributed along the coasts of western North America, southern Europe, Africa and the Middle East. 3 species naturalized in Australia. Several species are grown as ornamentals. Klak et al. (2007) presented a cladistic analysis of the Mesembryanthemoideae and showed that Mesembryanthemum was not a natural group if the other members of the tribe were not included in it and so reduced 11 genera, including Aptenia and Psilocaulon (both represented in Australia by naturalized species), to synonymy. 1. Petaloid staminoides white, sometimes with pink tips; sepals 5; leaves alternate on flowering branches 1 M. crystallinum 1: Petaloid staminoides purple; sepals 4; leaves opposite throughout 2 M. cordifolium 1 * Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 480 (1753) Ice-plant, Common Ice-plant Cryophytum crystallinum (L.) N.E.Br. in E.P.Phillips, Gen. S. Afr. Fl. Pl.: 245 (1926); Gasoul crystallinum (L.) Rothm., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 15(3): 413 (1941). Illustrations: Prescott & Venning, Fl. Australia 4: 22, fig. 5e-g (1984); Walsh, Fl. Victoria 3: 104, fig. 22f (1996); Jacobs & Highet, Fl. New South Wales 1, rev. edn: 196 (2000); Harris et al., One Hundred Islands: the Flora of the Outer Furneaux 190 (2001); Richardson et al., Weeds of the South-East, an Identification Guide for Australia 89 (2006). Morris & Duretto, 101 Aizoaceae, version 2009:1, Flora of Tasmania Online 3 of 10 Prostrate annual or biennial forming patches to 1 m diam.; stems and branches terete. Leaves to 15 cm long, upper leaves much shorter; petiole ± stem-clasping; lamina obovate or spathulate, acute, margins undulate, vesicles on adaxial surface smaller than those on the abaxial surface or on stems and branches. Calyx lobes tinged red, unequal; the three outer lobes fleshy, papillose abaxially rounded, ending in a fleshy point; the two inner lobes membranous with a line of papillae extending down the thicker mid-region and a fleshy point-arising below the apex. Petaloid staminodes white, pink-tipped, c. 12 mm long, fused below; fertile stamens shorter than the staminodes, arising from the staminodal tube. Ovary flat at the top, 5-ridged. Flowering Sep.-Feb.; fruiting Dec.-May. Tas, (FLI, TSE); also naturalized in WA, SA, NSW, Vic.; native of South Africa. Found growing on coastal sands and in rock crevices, often associated with sea-bird nesting sites, eg. on Iron Pot (Derwent Estuary) and the islands of Bass Strait. 2 * Mesembryanthemum cordifolium L.f., Suppl. Pl. 260 (1782) Heart-leaf Ice-plant Litocarpus cordifolius (L.f.) L.Bolus, Fl. Pl. South Africa 7: 261 (1927); Aptenia cordifolia (L.f.) Schwantes, Gartenflora77: 69 (1928). Illustrations (as A. cordifolia): Prescott & Venning, Fl. Australia 4: 22, fig. 5c-d (1984); Walsh,Fl. Victoria 3: 104, fig. 22d-e (1996); Jacobs & Highet, Fl. New South Wales 1, rev. edn: 196 (2000); Richardson et al., Weeds of the South-East, an Identification Guide for Australia 87 (2006). Scrambling or spreading and mat-forming perennial; stems 30–60 cm long, minutely papillose. Leaves opposite, exstipulate, petiolate, minutely papillose; lamina ovate-cordate, 8–15(–25) mm long. Flowers solitary, axillary, shortly pedicellate. Calyx densely papillose, 4-lobed, of 2 unequal pairs, the larger pair 8–12 mm long, obovate, narrowing to the base, the smaller pair c. 2.5 mm long, rounded, with a fleshy linear protuberance c. 4 mm long arising from about the middle of the abaxial surface. Petaloid staminodes purple, 4–8 mm long, united at the base; stamens numerous, 2–4 mm long, anthers pale yellow. Capsule obconical, 9–12 mm long, 4-locular. Seeds lenticular, tuberculate. Flowering & fruiting? Nov.-May (Jul.). Tas. (FLI, TSE); also naturalized in SA, Qld, NSW, Vic.; native in South Africa. Doubtfully naturalized and known from a few widely spaced collections from disturbed areas near roadsides, tip sites etc, in the Hobart and Scamander areas as well as from Flinders Island. 2 CARPOBROTUS Carpobrotus N.E.Br., Gard. Chron. 78: 433 (1925). Succulent creeping perennials; the stems rooting at the nodes. Leaves acutely triquetrous, thick and fleshy, opposite, connate. Flowers large, showy, solitary, terminal at the ends of short axillary branches. Calyx 5-lobed,
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  • Physiological and Biochemical Responses of (Aptenia Cordifolia) to Salt Stress and Its Remediative Effect on Saline Soils - 1329

    Physiological and Biochemical Responses of (Aptenia Cordifolia) to Salt Stress and Its Remediative Effect on Saline Soils - 1329

    Karakas et al.: Physiological and biochemical responses of (Aptenia cordifolia) to salt stress and its remediative effect on saline soils - 1329 - PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL RESPONSES OF (APTENIA CORDIFOLIA) TO SALT STRESS AND ITS REMEDIATIVE EFFECT ON SALINE SOILS KARAKAS, S.1* – DIKILITAS, M.2 – ALMACA, A.1 – TIPIRDAMAZ, R.3 1Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Harran University, Sanlıurfa, Turkey 2Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Harran University, Sanlıurfa, Turkey 3Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey *Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]; phone: +90-414-318-3679 (Received 9th Sep 2019; accepted 21st Jan 2020) Abstract. Salinization is one of the most significant environmental problems in the world. Salinity negatively affects the physicochemical properties of the soil and reduces crop production. This study aimed to investigate the potential use of Aptenia cordifolia L. for the phytoremediation of salt-affected soils. Three salt levels; non-saline (NS, EC: 1.38 dS m-1), slightly saline (SS, EC: 3.54 dS m-1) and highly saline (HS, EC: 9.58 dS m-1) soils were collected from Harran Plain-Turkey and used to cultivated A. cordifolia in pots. To assess the salt tolerance of the plants, physiological and biochemical parameters as well as the accumulation of leaf Na+ and Cl- ions were determined. In the meantime, soils were evaluated in terms of electrical conductivity, pH, organic matter and soil enzymes (dehydrogenase, urease, phosphatase and protease) before and after the cultivation. A significant increase in shoot fresh weight and dry weight were obtained from A.