DOCSLIB.ORG

Caspase-1-Dependent Inflammatory Signaling in Retinal Müller Cells During the Development of Diabetic Retinopathy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Caspase-1-Dependent Inflammatory Signaling in Retinal Müller Cells During the Development of Diabetic Retinopathy CASPASE-1-DEPENDENT INFLAMMATORY SIGNALING IN RETINAL MüLLER CELLS DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY by KATHERINE EILEEN TRUEBLOOD Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Advisor: Dr. George R. Dubyak Department of Physiology and Biophysics CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY January 2012 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES We hereby approve the thesis/dissertation of Katherine Eileen Trueblood ______________________________________________________ Doctor of Philosophy candidate for the ________________________________degree *. Dr. Corey Smith (signed)_______________________________________________ (chair of the committee) Dr. George R. Dubyak ________________________________________________ Dr. Thomas McCormick ________________________________________________ Dr. Patrick Wintrode ________________________________________________ Dr. Margaret Chandler ________________________________________________ Dr. Thomas Nosek ________________________________________________ 10/21/11 (date) _______________________ *We also certify that written approval has been obtained for any proprietary material contained therein. ii DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my brother, Jonathan Vern Trueblood, as he embarks on his own graduate school career this year. There will be many days where you will want to give up and throw in the towel; but I promise there will be many more to come where you will be glad you didn’t. Rom. 4:18-21 Always “hope against hope!” iii TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION…………………………………………………………………………iii LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………………….ix LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………...x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………………….xiv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS……………………………………………………….xvi ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.......................................................................... 3 SECTION 1.1: DIABETES: A PUBLIC HEALTH CRISIS .......................................... 4 SECTION 1.2: BASIC RETINAL PHYSIOLOGY .................................................... 6 SECTION 1.3: DIABETIC RETINOPATHY: THE LEADING CAUSE OF ACQUIRED BLINDNESS ................................................................................. 7 SECTION 1.4: RETINAL MÜLLER CELLS AND DIABETIC RETINOPATHY ................ 12 SECTION 1.5: CASPASE-1/INTERLEUKIN-1-BETA SIGNALING CASCADE............. 13 SECTION 1.5.1: CASPASE-1 ACTIVATION............................................... 13 SECTION 1.5.2: INTERLEUKIN-1-BETA ................................................... 20 SECTION 1.6: PURINERGIC SIGNALING ......................................................... 22 SECTION 1.6.1: ATP/ADENOSINE METABOLISM..................................... 22 SECTION 1.6.2: P1 ADENOSINE RECEPTOR FAMILY ............................... 23 SECTION 1.6.3: P2 RECEPTOR FAMILY ................................................ 25 SECTION 1.6.3: PURINERGIC SIGNALING WITHIN THE RETINA ................... 26 SECTION 1.7: SUMMARY............................................................................. 30 iv CHAPTER 2: MATERIALS AND METHODS.................................................. 71 SECTION 2.1: MATERIALS........................................................................... 72 SECTION 2.2: METHODS............................................................................. 74 CHAPTER 3: PURINERGIC REGULATION OF HIGH GLUCOSE- INDUCED CASPASE-1 ACTIVATION IN RAT RETINAL MÜLLER CELLS (RMC-1) ................................................................................................ 87 SECTION 3.1: INTRODUCTION...................................................................... 88 SECTION 3:2: RESULTS.............................................................................. 90 Subsection 3.2.1: Treatment of rMC-1 cells with extracellular apyrase or adenosine deaminase suppresses high glucose-induced caspase-1 activation…………………………………………………………………………...90 Subsection 3.2.2: Treatment of rMC-1 cells with exogenous ATP, exogenous adenosine analog, or adenosine uptake inhibitors mimics high glucose-induced caspase-1 activation .................................................. 90 Subsection 3.2.3: Treatment of rMC-1 cells with suramin or adenosine receptor antagonists suppresses high glucose-induced caspase-1 activation………………………………………………………………………...... 93 Subsection 3.2.4: No significant role for P2X7 receptors in purinergic regulation of high glucose-induced caspase-1 activation ............................. 93 Subsection 3.2.5: Activation of caspase-1 by high glucose, NECA, or ATP is mimicked by forskolin and correlated with increased gene expression of caspase-1 and TXNIP………………………………………. .... 93 v Subsection 3.2.6: rMC-1 cells express Gq-coupled, Ca2+-mobilizing P2Y2/P2Y4 and P2Y1 receptors and high glucose treatment increases the efficacy of Ca2+ mobilization.................................................................... 97 SECTION 3.3: DISCUSSION ......................................................................... 99 SECTION 3.4: FIGURES ............................................................................ 107 CHAPTER 4: DIABETES-INDUCED CASPASE-1 ACTIVITY IS REGULATED BY AN AUTOINFLAMMATORY FEED-BACK MECHANISM ................................................................................................... 129 SECTION 4.1: INTRODUCTION.................................................................... 130 SECTION 4:2: RESULTS............................................................................ 132 Subsection 4.2.1: Inhibition of diabetes-induced vascular damage in caspase-1 knockout mice ..................................................................... 132 Subsection 4.2.2: Hyperglycemia-induced caspase-1 activity pattern in the retinas of diabetic mice...................................................... 132 Subsection 4.2.3: High glucose-induced caspase-1 activity and IL-1β production patterns in rMC-1 .......................................................... 134 Subsection 4.2.4: High glucose-induced caspase-1 activity and IL-1β production patterns in hMC ........................................................... 135 Subsection 4.2.5: Exogenous interleukin-1-β-induced caspase-1 activity in retinal Müller cells...................................................................... 135 Subsection 4.2.6: The effect of inhibition of early phase caspase-1/IL-1β signaling on Müller cell viability ..................................136 vi Subsection 4.2.7: Glucose washout effect on late phase caspase-1 activity................................................................................137 Subsection 4.2.8: Hyperglycemia-induced induction of inflammasome component mRNA........................................................137 SECTION 3.3: DISCUSSION .......................................................................... 140 SECTION 3.4: FIGURES ............................................................................... 145 CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS.......................... 166 SECTION 5.1: SUMMARY........................................................................... 167 SECTION 5.2: IS HIGH GLUCOSE-INDUCED CASPASE-1 ACTIVATION MEDIATED BY INFLAMMASOME SIGNALING COMPLEXES IN RETINAL MÜLLER CELLS? ...................................................................................... 168 Subsection 5.2.1: Does P2X7R participate in the development of diabetic retinopathy in vivo? ................................................................170 Subsection 5.2.2: What are the sources of DAMPS that regulate high glucose-induced caspase-1 activation?........................................171 Subsection 5.2.3: What mediates hyperglycemic induction of NFκB activation?.................................................................................172 SECTION 5.3: WHAT REGULATES AUTOCRINE ATP AND ADENOSINE RELEASE AND/OR METABOLISM WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF HYPERGLYCEMIA?.................................................................................... 173 Subsection 5.3.1: ATP/Adenosine metabolism in the retina .................174 Subsection 5.3.2: Candidate conduits for autocrine ATP release .........175 vii SECTION 5.4: WHAT ROLE DO INCREASED LEVELS OF EITHER ACTIVE CAMP OR PKA PLAY IN MODULATING HIGH GLUCOSE-INDUCED CASPASE-1 ACTIVATION WITHIN THE RETINA?............................................................... 179 Subsection 5.4.1: Explore the mechanism of negative feedback by ADP and UTP in regulating caspase-1 activation in this system...........180 Subsection 5.4.2: Which specific adenosine receptor participates in caspase-1 activation in retinal Muller cells?.........................................181 SECTION 5.5: EXACTLY HOW DOES ELEVATED TXNIP EXPRESSION PARTICIPATE IN MEDIATING CASPASE-1 ACTIVATION WITHIN THE RETINA? ....... 182 SECTION 5.6: CONCLUSION ..................................................................... 184 REFERENCES ................................................................................................ 186 viii LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1.1: SELECTIVE FUNCTIONS OF MÜLLER CELLS ...................................... 47 TABLE 1.2: CHARACTERISTICS OF REACTIVE MÜLLER CELLS IN VARIOUS DISEASES .................................................................................................... 49 TABLE 1.3: RELATIVE NUCLEOTIDE SENSITIVITIES OF P2 RECEPTORS ................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Adenosinergic System a Non-Dopaminergic Target in Parkinson’S Disease
    springer.com Biomedicine : Neurosciences Morelli, M., Simola, N., Wardas, J. (Eds.) The Adenosinergic System A Non-Dopaminergic Target in Parkinson’s Disease Comprehensive book that discusses all the aspects of this class of drugs in relation to Parkinson's Disease Includes a review on the history of istradefylline Includes a review on urate as a biomarker and neuroprotectant Adenosine A2A receptor antagonists have shown great promise in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease and alleviation of symptoms. This bookaddresses various aspects of this class of drugs from their chemical development to their clinical use. Among the many insightful chapters contained in this book, there are three unique reviews that have not previously been published in any format: (1) a history of istradefylline, the first A2A antagonist approved for treatment of Parkinson's Disease, (2) an overview of neuroimaging studies in human death and disease and (3) a study of urate as a possible biomarker and neuroprotectant. Springer 1st ed. 2015, XII, 337 p. 41 Order online at springer.com/booksellers 1st illus., 31 illus. in color. Springer Nature Customer Service Center LLC edition 233 Spring Street New York, NY 10013 USA Printed book T: +1-800-SPRINGER NATURE Hardcover (777-4643) or 212-460-1500 [email protected] Printed book Hardcover ISBN 978-3-319-20272-3 $ 199,99 Available Discount group Professional Books (2) Product category Contributed volume Series Current Topics in Neurotoxicity Other renditions Softcover ISBN 978-3-319-37186-3 Softcover ISBN 978-3-319-20274-7 Prices and other details are subject to change without notice.
    [Show full text]
  • Caffeine and Adenosine
    Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 20 (2010) S3–S15 S3 DOI 10.3233/JAD-2010-1379 IOS Press Review Article Caffeine and Adenosine Joaquim A. Ribeiro∗ and Ana M. Sebastiao˜ Institute of Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Unit of Neurosciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal Abstract. Caffeine causes most of its biological effects via antagonizing all types of adenosine receptors (ARs): A1, A2A, A3, and A2B and, as does adenosine, exerts effects on neurons and glial cells of all brain areas. In consequence, caffeine, when acting as an AR antagonist, is doing the opposite of activation of adenosine receptors due to removal of endogenous adenosinergic tonus. Besides AR antagonism, xanthines, including caffeine, have other biological actions: they inhibit phosphodiesterases (PDEs) (e.g., PDE1, PDE4, PDE5), promote calcium release from intracellular stores, and interfere with GABA-A receptors. Caffeine, through antagonism of ARs, affects brain functions such as sleep, cognition, learning, and memory, and modifies brain dysfunctions and diseases: Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Epilepsy, Pain/Migraine, Depression, Schizophrenia. In conclusion, targeting approaches that involve ARs will enhance the possibilities to correct brain dysfunctions, via the universally consumed substance that is caffeine. Keywords: Adenosine, Alzheimer’s disease, anxiety, caffeine, cognition, Huntington’s disease, migraine, Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, sleep INTRODUCTION were considered out of the scope of the present work. For more detailed analysis of the actions of caffeine in Caffeine causes most of its biological effects via humans, namely cognition, dementia, and Alzheimer’s antagonizing all types of adenosine receptors (ARs).
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Tianeptine on Onset Time of Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Seizures in Mice: Possible Role of Adenosine A1 Receptors
    Neuropsychopharmacology (2007) 32, 412–416 & 2007 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0893-133X/07 $30.00 www.neuropsychopharmacology.org Effects of Tianeptine on Onset Time of Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Seizures in Mice: Possible Role of Adenosine A1 Receptors ,1 1 1 Tayfun I Uzbay* , Hakan Kayir and Mert Ceyhan 1Department of Medical Pharmacology, Psychopharmacology Research Unit, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey Depression is a common psychiatric problem in epileptic patients. Thus, it is important that an antidepressant agent has anticonvulsant activity. This study was organized to investigate the effects of tianeptine, an atypical antidepressant, on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure in mice. A possible contribution of adenosine receptors was also evaluated. Adult male Swiss–Webster mice (25–35 g) were subjects. PTZ (80 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected to mice 30 min after tianeptine (2.5–80 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline administration. The onset times of ‘first myoclonic jerk’ (FMJ) and ‘generalized clonic seizures’ (GCS) were recorded. Duration of 600 s was taken as a cutoff time in calculation of the onset time of the seizures. To evaluate the contribution of adenosine receptors in the effect of tianeptine, a nonspecific adenosine receptor antagonist caffeine, a specific A1 receptor antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX), a specific A2A receptor antagonist 8-(3-chlorostyryl) caffeine (CSC) or their vehicles were administered to the mice 15 min before tianeptine (80 mg/kg) or saline treatments. Tianeptine (40 and 80 mg/kg) pretreatment significantly delayed the onset time of FMJ and GCS. Caffeine (10–60 mg/kg, i.p.) dose-dependently blocked the retarding effect of tianeptine (80 mg/kg) on the onset times of FMJ and GCS.
    [Show full text]
  • Neuronal Adenosine A2A Receptors Signal Ergogenic Effects of Caffeine
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Neuronal adenosine A2A receptors signal ergogenic efects of cafeine Aderbal S. Aguiar Jr1,2*, Ana Elisa Speck1,2, Paula M. Canas1 & Rodrigo A. Cunha1,3 Cafeine is one of the most used ergogenic aid for physical exercise and sports. However, its mechanism of action is still controversial. The adenosinergic hypothesis is promising due to the pharmacology of cafeine, a nonselective antagonist of adenosine A1 and A2A receptors. We now investigated A2AR as a possible ergogenic mechanism through pharmacological and genetic inactivation. Forty-two adult females (20.0 ± 0.2 g) and 40 male mice (23.9 ± 0.4 g) from a global and forebrain A2AR knockout (KO) colony ran an incremental exercise test with indirect calorimetry (V̇O2 and RER). We administered cafeine (15 mg/kg, i.p., nonselective) and SCH 58261 (1 mg/kg, i.p., selective A2AR antagonist) 15 min before the open feld and exercise tests. We also evaluated the estrous cycle and infrared temperature immediately at the end of the exercise test. Cafeine and SCH 58621 were psychostimulant. Moreover, Cafeine and SCH 58621 were ergogenic, that is, they increased V̇O2max, running power, and critical power, showing that A2AR antagonism is ergogenic. Furthermore, the ergogenic efects of cafeine were abrogated in global and forebrain A2AR KO mice, showing that the antagonism of A2AR in forebrain neurons is responsible for the ergogenic action of cafeine. Furthermore, cafeine modifed the exercising metabolism in an A2AR-dependent manner, and A2AR was paramount for exercise thermoregulation. Te natural plant alkaloid cafeine (1,3,7-trimethylxantine) is one of the most common ergogenic substances for physical activity practitioners and athletes 1–10.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Drug Design Targeting the Adenosinergic System for Huntington’S Disease
    A New Drug Design Targeting the Adenosinergic System for Huntington’s Disease Nai-Kuei Huang1., Jung-Hsin Lin2,3,4., Jiun-Tsai Lin3, Chia-I Lin5, Eric Minwei Liu4, Chun-Jung Lin4, Wan- Ping Chen1, Yuh-Chiang Shen1, Hui-Mei Chen3, Jhih-Bin Chen5, Hsing-Lin Lai3, Chieh-Wen Yang5, Ming- Chang Chiang7, Yu-Shuo Wu3, Chen Chang3, Jiang-Fan Chen8, Jim-Min Fang5,6*, Yun-Lian Lin1*, Yijuang Chern3* 1 National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, 2 Division of Mechanics, Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, 3 Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, 4 School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, 5 Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, 6 The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, 7 Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan, 8 Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America Abstract Background: Huntington’s disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by a CAG trinucleotide expansion in the Huntingtin (Htt) gene. The expanded CAG repeats are translated into polyglutamine (polyQ), causing aberrant functions as well as aggregate formation of mutant Htt. Effective treatments for HD are yet to be developed. Methodology/Principal Findings: Here, we report a novel dual-function compound, N6-(4-hydroxybenzyl)adenine riboside (designated T1-11) which activates the A2AR and a major adenosine transporter (ENT1). T1-11 was originally isolated from a Chinese medicinal herb. Molecular modeling analyses showed that T1-11 binds to the adenosine pockets of the A2AR and ENT1. Introduction of T1-11 into the striatum significantly enhanced the level of striatal adenosine as determined by a microdialysis technique, demonstrating that T1-11 inhibited adenosine uptake in vivo.
    [Show full text]
  • {PDF} the Adenosinergic System a Non-Dopaminergic Target In
    THE ADENOSINERGIC SYSTEM A NON-DOPAMINERGIC TARGET IN PARKINSONS DISEASE 1ST EDITION PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Micaela Morelli | 9783319371863 | | | | | The Adenosinergic System A Non-Dopaminergic Target in Parkinsons Disease 1st edition PDF Book Show less Show more Advertising ON OFF We use cookies to serve you certain types of ads , including ads relevant to your interests on Book Depository and to work with approved third parties in the process of delivering ad content, including ads relevant to your interests, to measure the effectiveness of their ads, and to perform services on behalf of Book Depository. In closing, it stresses the importance of explorig past nursing in order to better grasp present nursing. Neuroscience — Cross-sensitization between caffeine- and L-dopa-induced behaviors in hemiparkinsonian mice. The book will benefit neurologists, pharmacologists, researchers, and biochemists with inical interests. Sci Transl Med ra The role of parkinson's disease-associated receptor gpr37 in the hippocampus: functional interplay with the adenosinergic system Journal of neurochemistry, FEBS Lett. Rosin D. J Physiol — Based on these data, we focused on after transfection. In , US Food and Drug Administration issued a non- approvable letter to the use of Istradefylline in humans based in the concern if the efficacy findings support clinical utility of Istradefylline in patients with PD. Bonan, cbonan pucrs. The ongoing degeneration of this peculiar pathway causes the characteristic motor symptoms such as resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia and postural instability [ 1 , 2 ]. Studies with PET in the human brain showed the increased binding of a D 2 DR antagonist, after the administration of caffeine, a nonselective antagonist of adenosine receptors Volkow et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Programme and Abstract
    Official programme & abstracts for the Joint 11th International and 9th European Symposium on Purines and Pyrimidines in Man (PP’03) 9-13 June 2003 Hotel Zuiderduin, Egmond aan Zee, the Netherlands Editor-in-chief: Prof. Dr. G.J. Peters Published by: Drukkerij Peters in alliance with VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands May 2003 2 Contents Welcome 4 Organising committee 5 Contact addresses 6 Support 7 Young Investigator Award 7 Registration fee 8 Venue Hotel Zuiderduin 8 Plan Hotel Zuiderduin floor 0 9 Plan Hotel Zuiderduin floor 1 10 Programme PP’03 11 Invited presentations (I01 – I24) 22 Oral presentations (O01 – 046) 50 Poster presentations (P01 – P95) 92 Author index 189 Overview International and European Symposia on Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism 192 3 Welcome to the Netherlands This series of congresses on Purine and Pyrimidine metabolism started 30 years ago in Tel Aviv and has since then moved around the world. It is now coming back to places which have been visited before. Three years ago the meeting was in Tel Aviv for the second time. The meeting has also been held twice in Austria. You can find an overview of the meetings on the last page of this abstract book. Twenty-one years ago the meeting was held in the most southern part of the Netherlands, Maastricht. Now we welcome the international meeting for the 2nd time in the Netherlands but at the other site with an excellent view on the sea. Usually the weather conditions permit to go to the beach. Alternatively you can take a walk through the dunes during the afternoon break.
    [Show full text]
  • Prospective Role for Adenosine and Adenosinergic Systems in Psychiatric Disorders1
    Psychological Medicine, 1990, 20, 475-486 Printed in Great Britain EDITORIAL Prospective role for adenosine and adenosinergic systems in psychiatric disorders1 Interest in the role of adenosinergic systems in psychiatric illnesses stems from observations made of caffeine abuse. Chronic excessive consumption of the adenosine receptor antagonist, caffeine, has been reported to induce caffeinism, a syndrome characterized by symptoms of depression, hyperanxiety, increased frequency of psycho-physiological disorders, as well as possible degraded performance (Gilliland & Bullock, 1983). Caffeinism has also been associated with many of the features of anxiety, depression and schizophrenia (Greden, 1974; Greden et al. 1978; Lutz, 1978; Mikkelsen, 1978). Additionally, enhanced blood levels of the purines, adenosine and/or adenosine triphosphate have been reported in both schizophrenic and depressed patients (Hansen, 1972) and psychiatric disorders have been noted as symptoms of congenital diseases involving defective purine metabolism (e.g. Lesch-Nyhan syndrome). Recent discoveries have also suggested that existing therapeutic compounds (e.g. carbamazepine and 9-amino-1,2,3,4 tetrahydroacride (THA)) as well as some substances of abuse (e.g. ethanol) and some behavioural therapies (e.g. sleep deprivation and light therapy) may interact with or modulate neuronal adenosine systems: these findings suggest that adenosinergic mechanisms may play a role in a number of psychiatric disorders. The purine nucleoside, adenosine, fulfils a number of essential metabolic functions, such as a precursor role in the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and other nucleotides. In addition, however, adenosine is also thought to play a key role in neuronal functioning via interactions with specific adenosine receptors, the activation or inactivation of which has been demonstrated to produce profound changes in neuronal functioning (Stone, 1981; Phillis & Wu, 1981a, b\ Dunwiddie 1985; Fredholm & Dunwiddie, 1988).
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Adenosine Antagonists on Distinct Aspects of Motivated Behavior: Interaction with Ethanol and Dopamine Depletion
    Facultat de Ciències de la Salut Departament de Psicologia Bàsica, Clínica i Psicobiologia The effects of adenosine antagonists on distinct aspects of motivated behavior: interaction with ethanol and dopamine depletion. PhD Candidate Laura López Cruz Advisor Dr. Mercè Correa Sanz Co-advisor Dr. John D.Salamone Castelló, May 2016 Als meus pares i germà A Carlos AKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was funded by two competitive grants awarded to Mercè Correa and John D. Salamone: Chapters 1-4: The experiments in the first chapters were supported by Plan Nacional de Drogas. Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo. Spain. Project: “Impacto de la dosis de cafeína en las bebidas energéticas sobre las conductas implicadas en el abuso y la adicción al alcohol: interacción de los sistemas de neuromodulación adenosinérgicos y dopaminérgicos”. (2010I024). Chapters 5 and 6: The last 2 chapters contain experiments financed by Fundació Bancaixa-Universitat Jaume I. Spain. Project: “Efecto del ejercicio físico y el consumo de xantinas sobre la realización del esfuerzo en las conductas motivadas: Modulación del sistema mesolímbico dopaminérgico y su regulación por adenosina”. (P1.1B2010-43). Laura López Cruz was awarded a 4-year predoctoral scholarship “Fornación de Profesorado Universitario-FPU” (AP2010-3793) from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport. (2012/2016). TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................1 RESUMEN .....................................................................................................................3
    [Show full text]
  • Istradefylline, an Adenosine A2a Receptor Antagonist, Ameliorates Neutrophilic Airway
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.21.445220; this version posted May 23, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Istradefylline, an adenosine A2a receptor antagonist, ameliorates neutrophilic airway 2 inflammation and psoriasis in mice. 3 4 Running title: Adenosine A2a receptor antagonist ameliorates neutrophilic 5 inflammation 6 7 Mieko Tokano a,b, Masaaki Kawanoa, Rie Takagia, and Sho Matsushitaa, c* 8 a Departments of Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 9 38 Morohongo, Moroyama, Saitama 350-0495, Japan 10 b Department of Neurology, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama, 11 Saitama, 350-0495, Japan 12 c Allergy Center, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama, Saitama 350-0495, 13 Japan 14 15 *Correspondence: Sho Matsushita, M.D., Ph.D. 16 Department of Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 17 38 Morohongo, Moroyama, Saitama 350-0495, Japan 18 Tel: +81-49-276-1172; Fax: +81-49-294-2274; E-mail: [email protected] 19 20 21 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.21.445220; this version posted May 23, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 22 Abstract 23 Objective: Extracellular adenosine is produced from secreted ATP by cluster of differentiation 24 (CD)39 and CD73. Both are critical nucleotide metabolizing enzymes of the adenosine 25 generating pathway and are secreted by neuronal or immune cells.
    [Show full text]
  • Adenosine Signaling and Function in Glial Cells
    Cell Death and Differentiation (2010) 17, 1071–1082 & 2010 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 1350-9047/10 $32.00 www.nature.com/cdd Review Adenosine signaling and function in glial cells D Boison*,1, J-F Chen2 and BB Fredholm3 Despite major advances in a variety of neuroscientific research fields, the majority of neurodegenerative and neurological diseases are poorly controlled by currently available drugs, which are largely based on a neurocentric drug design. Research from the past 5 years has established a central role of glia to determine how neurons function and, consequently, glial dysfunction is implicated in almost every neurodegenerative and neurological disease. Glial cells are key regulators of the brain’s endogenous neuroprotectant and anticonvulsant adenosine. This review will summarize how glial cells contribute to adenosine homeostasis and how glial adenosine receptors affect glial function. We will then move on to discuss how glial cells interact with neurons and the vasculature, and outline new methods to study glial function. We will discuss how glial control of adenosine function affects neuronal cell death, and its implications for epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, ischemia, and Parkinson’s disease. Eventually, glial adenosine-modulating drug targets might be an attractive alternative for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. There are, however, several major open questions that remain to be tackled. Cell Death and Differentiation (2010) 17, 1071–1082; doi:10.1038/cdd.2009.131; published online 18 September 2009 It is becoming increasingly clear that inflammatory processes Glial Control of Adenosine Homeostasis play an important role in neurodegenerative disease, just as In mammals, purine de novo synthesis proceeds via formation inflammation is becoming increasingly implicated in various of IMP, which is then converted into AMP; however, there is no systemic diseases elsewhere in the body.1 As the immune de novo synthesis pathway for adenosine.
    [Show full text]
  • New Ligands and Challenges
    molecules Review The Adenosinergic System as a Therapeutic Target in the Vasculature: New Ligands and Challenges Joana Beatriz Sousa 1,2 and Carmen Diniz 1,2,* 1 LAQV/REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-047 Porto, Portugal; [email protected] 2 Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-047 Porto, Portugal * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +351-220-428-608; Fax: +351-239-826-541 Academic Editor: Francisco Ciruela Received: 17 March 2017; Accepted: 2 May 2017; Published: 6 May 2017 Abstract: Adenosine is an adenine base purine with actions as a modulator of neurotransmission, smooth muscle contraction, and immune response in several systems of the human body, including the cardiovascular system. In the vasculature, four P1-receptors or adenosine receptors—A1,A2A, A2B and A3—have been identified. Adenosine receptors are membrane G-protein receptors that trigger their actions through several signaling pathways and present differential affinity requirements. Adenosine is an endogenous ligand whose extracellular levels can reach concentrations high enough to activate the adenosine receptors. This nucleoside is a product of enzymatic breakdown of extra and intracellular adenine nucleotides and also of S-adenosylhomocysteine. Adenosine availability is also dependent on the activity of nucleoside transporters (NTs). The interplay between NTs and adenosine receptors’ activities are debated and a particular attention is given to the paramount importance of the disruption of this interplay in vascular pathophysiology, namely in hypertension., The integration of important functional aspects of individual adenosine receptor pharmacology (such as in vasoconstriction/vasodilation) and morphological features (within the three vascular layers) in vessels will be discussed, hopefully clarifying the importance of adenosine receptors/NTs for modulating peripheral mesenteric vascular resistance.
    [Show full text]