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Effects on Growth and Survival of Loach (Misgurnus Anguillicaudatus) Larvae When Co-Fed on Live and Microparticle Diets

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Effects on Growth and Survival of Loach (Misgurnus Anguillicaudatus) Larvae When Co-Fed on Live and Microparticle Diets Aquaculture Research, 2009, 40, 385 ^ 394 d o i: 10.1111/ j.1365 -2109.20 08.02104. x Effects on growth and survival of loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) larvae when co-fed on live and microparticle diets Youji Wang1,MenghongHu1,WeiminWang1 &LingCao2 1College of Fishery,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University,Wuhan, China 2School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Correspondence: W Wang, College of Fishery,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University,Wuhan, 430070 Hubei, China. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Keywords: Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, ¢sh larvi- culture, co-feeding, growth, survival, weaning The e¡ectiveness of co-feeding loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) larvae with live and microparticle diets on weaning performance was described here. Introduction Dry weight, total length, length and weight-speci¢c growth rate (SGR) and survivals were monitored at Loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) is an autochtho- 23^25 1C from the 4th day post hatching (dph) in dif- nous ¢sh of Asia (Chen 1976; Sterba 1983); there is a ferent diet regimes, which included: microparticle need for its high production , especially in Japan and diets (A), live cladocerans (B), enriched cladocerans Korea. The characteristics of this ¢sh like omnivor- (C), half microparticle diets plus half live cladocerans ous food habit, rapid growth, tolerance to high stock- (D) and half microparticle diets plus half enriched ing density and utilization of atmosphere oxygen for cladocerans (E).The SGR (L andW) were signi¢cantly respiration in oxygen-depleted water make loach a lower in treatment A than in other treatments after desirable cultivar of high market value. Stocking completing metamorphosis (day 4^20, Po0.05). On densities of loach ¢ngerling with a total length of 30 dph, dry weight (mg) and total length (mm) were 2^3 cm, in a paddy ¢eld, range from 20 000 to signi¢cantly lower in treatment A than in other treat- 25000 ¢sh per 1000m2, with annual yields above ments (Po0.05). There were no signi¢cant di¡er- 70 kg, and rice production was higher than that ences in growth in treatments B, C, D and E before without using loach (Xu & Pan 2005). Moreover, the 30 dph. However, when live feed was withdrawn loach, for a long time, had been used as traditional from 31^60 dph, in metamorphosed ¢sh, there were Chinese medicine in folk remedies for treatment of signi¢cant di¡erences (Po0.05) among the treat- hepatitis, osteomyelitis, carbuncles, in£ammation ments in survival and growth. Metamorphosed ¢sh and cancer, as well as for restoration to health in de- in treatment E had higher survival than the ¢sh in bilities caused by various pathogens and ageing (Qin, other treatments at the end of the experiment. The Huang & Xu 2002); some active substances obtained SGR (L and W) of weaned ¢sh in treatments B and C from loach were found to be of high medical value were similar but lower than in treatments A, D and E (Kimura,Hama,Sumi,Asakawa,Rao,Horne,Li,Li& respectively. However, dry weight and total length in Na kagawa 1994; Pa rk, L e e, Pa rk, K i m & K i m 1997; treatment A were signi¢cantly lower than in treat- Dong, Xu, Huang, Liu & Zhou 2002; Zhang & Huang ments D and E. It is suggested that weaning of M. an- 2005; Zhang & Huang 2006). guillicaudatus from early development would appear Expanded and consistent requirements of loach to be feasible and that larval co-feeding improves the production will therefore ultimately require develop- growth and the survival. ment of all kinds of culture systems. In places like r 2008 The Authors Journal Compilation r 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd 385 E¡ects on growth and survival when co-fed loach larvae YWanget al. Aquaculture Research, 2009, 40, 385^394 south China, loach culture such as rice^¢sh^farming feeding diet is a major problem for successful larval (Lu & Li 2006) is essential because the wild fry is loach rearing. scarce. Reliable, cultured fry production may soon The present study aims to evaluate the e¡ects that become necessary even in south China, where envir- di¡erent treatments of live and microparticle diets had onmental degradation has reduced wild fry yields on the growth, survival and weaning of M. anguilli- (Beveridge, Phillips & Macintosh1997; Li1999). Addi- caudatus during the early phase of larval culture. This tionally, wild fry are only seasonally available, while information is needed to determine the in£uence of arti¢cial reproduction could ensure supply almost all larval co-feeding on weaning of M. anguillicaudatus. year around. Live feeds are important and essential for initial feeding of ¢sh larvae (Holt 1993; Person Le Ruye, Materials and methods Alexandre, Thebaud & Mugnier 1993) because they lead to increased feeding, stimulate the enzyme se- Fish larvae cretion and result in continuously good growth and The loach larvae used here came from hatchery- survival. However, this increases the complexity, dif- reared eggs of wild broodstock, kept for 2 weeks and ¢culty and the cost of juvenile ¢sh production. Com- spawned arti¢cially.Eggs were incubated at 25^27 1C mercial diets used from initial feeding are of and 8.0^10.0 mg L À 1 dissolved oxygen in incubation considerable technical and economic interest, as baskets held in a hatchery tank, with gentle aeration. they reduce the dependency on live feeds and have a After 24^30 h, larvae were hatched out. Three days huge potential in meeting the requirements of food later, when loach larvae could feed with a mouth size and nutrition for the larvae (Lavens & Sorgeloos width of 0.24 Æ 0.06 mm, an initial length of 5.25 Æ 2000). Currently,there have been very few successful 0.08 mm and an initial weight of 0.26 Æ 0.02 mg, a attempts to feed the larvae on inert diets from the on- feeding trial was conducted. set of exogenous feeding in the hatchery (Cahu & Zambonino Infante 1999). The poor performance of microdiets is related to the inadequate incorporation Experimental design of nutrients because of poor ingestion, digestion and/ or assimilation. However, larval performance has After mouth opening [4 day post hatching (dph)] to markedly improved as larvae accept the inert diet in 10dph, the larvae were fed rotifers Brachionus calyci- a shorter time if the inert diets are co-fed with live £orus cultured on beaker’s yeast and microalgae prey (Kolkovski,Tandler, Kissil & Gertler1993; Person (Chlorella sp.). The larvae were transferred to a set of Le Ruye et al.1993; Kolkovski, Koven & Tandler 1997; 15 white ¢breglass tanks of100L capacity.Each tank Kolkovski, Tandler & Izquierdo 1997; Rosenlund, was stocked with 5000 larvae under the following Stoss & Talbot1997). environmental conditions: dissolved oxygen 8.0^ Behavioural and physiological capacities deter- 10.0 mg L À 1, water temperature 23^25 1C and pH mine whether ¢sh larvae will eat manufactured 7.0^7.3. Continuous water £ow was maintained at a diets. In a study of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), daily 20% exchange from 4 to 20 dph and then gra- FernaŁ ndez-D|¤az, Pascual and Yu¤fera (1994) found dually increased to achieve a 100% daily exchange that larvae fed previously on live feeds prefer select everyday by the end of the experiment. Light was live feed when co-fed with inert feed. This appears to supplied by two overhead £uorescent tubes set to be similar to the prior experience of feeding the produce a light intensity between 800 and 1000lx snakehead larvae reported by Qin, Fast, Anda and at the water surface. Photoperiod initially set at 16:8 Weidenbach (1997). This study implies that co- (h L:D) was increased to 20:4 at 35 dph, and then feeding will increase the acceptability of dry feed 24:0 by 45 dph where it remained for the remainder upon withdrawing the live feeds.The nutritional con- of the trial. tent of both live and manufactured diets, ¢sh biology Five di¡erent feeding regimes were supplied from 4 and husbandry are also of importance for the to 30 dph. These daily amounts increased with larval growth, survival and success of weaning (Bromley age (Table 1). Live cladocerans (Moina micrura Kurz) & Howell1983; Person Le Ruye et al.1993).The impor- used in this study were enriched with product-50DE tant aspect of loach culture is larval rearing, provided (Shandong Marine Fisheries Research Institute,Yantai, enough high-quality larval ¢sh are obtained before China), and the main composition was n-3 PUFA (par- large-scale culture is developed. Appropriate ¢rst ticle diameter 3^6 mm, Table 2). The enrichment r 2008 The Authors 386 Journal Compilation r 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Aquaculture Research, 40, 385^394 Aquaculture Research, 2009, 40, 385^394 E¡ects on growth and survival when co-fed loach larvae YWanget al. emulsion was prepared by mixing 50 mL of 50 DE C and E. Feeding with arti¢cial feed was carried out with 500 mL water, shaken vigorously. After an 18^ three times a day, while rotifers and cladocerans 24h hatchingtime, the emulsionwasaddedto 500 L were introduced once a day, after the last feeding of incubation water. Strong aeration was maintained arti¢cial feed [Coated Micro Pellet No. 2, particles using air stones and the temperature was main- o0.3 mm, from Sifude Com. (Qingdao, China)] for tained at 26 1C. After 6^8 h, enriched cladocerans the given day; the ingredients and proximate compo- were harvested and fed to the larvae in treatments sition of the experimental diets are shown inTable 2.
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