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Jewish Stereotyping in English Fiction and Society, 1875-1914

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Jewish Stereotyping in English Fiction and Society, 1875-1914 AN OVERWHELMING QUESTION: JEWISH STEREOTYPING IN ENGLISH FICTION AND SOCIETY, 1875-1914 BY BRYM H. CHEYETTE, B.A., Hons., (Sheffield) THESIS PRESEt.ITED FOR THE DEGREE OF tXJCItR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD DEPARTMENTS OF ENGLISH LITERATURE AND ECCNOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY MAY 1986 "Streets that fo11ci like a tedious argument Of insidious intent To lead you to an overwhelming question. T.S. , Love Song 2 r4 Prufrock (1917) "But what was it? What did everybody mean about them?" Dorothy Richardson, The Tunnel (1920) 1 TABLE OF COt1TEtS Page Acknowledgements ii Summary 1]1 Note on editions used V Chapter 1 Jewish Stereotyping: A Theoretical Introduction 1 Chapter 2 Jewish Stereotyping and Modernity: Anthony Trollope and the Late 1870s 34 Chapter 3 Jewish Stereotyping and Social Darwinism: Ford Madox Ford and the Age of Evolutionism 73 Chapter 4 Jewish Stereotyping and Imperialism: John Buchan, Rudyard Kipling and the "Crisis of &npire" 96 Chapter 5 Jewish Stereotyping and Politics: Hilaire Belloc, G.K. Chesterton and Political Antisemitism 135 Chapter 6 Jewish Self-Stereotyping and Jewish &llancipation: Benjamin Farjeon, Amy Levy, Julia Frankau and the Modern Anglo-Jewish Novel 176 Chapter 7 Jewish Self-Stereotyping and Jewish Immigration: Israel Zangwill, Samuel Gordon and the Modern Anglo-Jewish Novel 220 Chapter 8 Jewish Stereotyping and Jewish Nationalism: George Eliot, Proto-Zionism and the Popular aiglish Novel 253 Chapter 9 Jewish Stereotyping and Socialism: H.G. Wells, George Bernard Shaw and the "Socialism of Fools" 292 Chapter 10 Jewish Stereotyping and Jewish Sexuality: George Du Maurier, Henry James and the Fiction of Desire 329 Chapter 11 Conclusion: Why the Jews? Jewish Stereotyping and the Christian Legacy 362 Bibliography 403 ii ACKWLEDGEMENTS This thesis would not have been possible without the guidance of my supervisors, Professor Kenneth Graham and Dr. Cohn Holmes. I would also like to thank David Cesarani, David Feldman and Bill Williams who are invaluable and generous intellectual companions. The forbearance of many friends has made the task of writing this thesis easier than it might have been. Above all, my parents have provided me with emotional and financial support that is long since beyond the call of duty. My sister Nicola and my wife Susan have also had to live with this thesis in ways which I am sure they would not have chosen for themselves. iii AN OVERWHELM ING cTJESTION: JEWISH SIEREUrYPING IN F2GIJSH FICTION AND S)CIETY, 1875-1914 BRYAN H. CHEYEITE SUMMARY This thesis sets out to examine the nature of modern Jewish stereotyping in English society with reference to a wide range of English fiction which, for the most part, has been previously undocu- mented in these terms. Instead of a purely literary analysis of the fictional Jewish stereotype, this thesis places the Jewish stereotype in a specific ideological and historical context which is then related to a given writer--or group of writers—and their fiction. Two chapters, more- over, demonstrate the material results of Jewish stereotyping in English society with reference to the internalisation and institu- tionalisation of Jewish stereotyping by British Jewry and the Anglo- Jewish novel. The variety and impact of Jewish stereotyping is shown to encompass the ideologies of liberalism, social Darwinism, Imperialism, antisemitism, proto-Zionism, Socialism and mainstream versions of sexuality. The concluding chapter relates the modern Jewish stereotype, which was formed after the 1870s, to a more general ahistorical mythic view of the Jew. In particular, this chapter refers to the links between modern Jewish stereotyping and the traditional Christian view of the Jew. With reference to a wide range of writers, more general questions are raised in this chapter concerning the continuity of Jewish stereotyping and the choice of a given stereotype by a particular social or literary group. iv Finally, this thesis demonstrates the ambivalent nature of Jewish stereotyping, especially in relation to the doctrines of liberalism and a parliamentary political consensus. Where this con- sensus was rejected, then a more rigidly hcetile Jewish stereotype was utilised by a given writer. Yet, even within a liberal culture, Jewish stereotyping in both literature and society was a comrron means of shaping popular perceptions of British Jewry. In this way, individual Jews were invariably regarded as moral symbols of either good or evil in the imagination of both the writer and the political ideologue. V NCYE ON EDITIONS USED I have tried as far as possible to quote from the latest published editions of the novels under consideration. Where a work of fiction has not been republished in recent years I have, for the most part, quoted from the first edition. Below are the editions of novels--other than first editions--that are quoted in the body of the text. Unless otherwise stated, the place of publication is London. Matthew Arnold, Culture and Anarchy (Michigan, 1965), Hilaire Belloc, Pongo and the Bull (1924), Arnold Bennett, The Grand Babylon Hotel (1976), John Buchan, A Prince of the Captivity (1949), The Thirty Nine Steps (1980), Greenmantle (1981), Samuel Butler, Erewhon (1983), G.K. Chesterton, The Flying Inn (1919), Joseph Conrad, Nostromo (1985), George Du Maurier, Trilby (1977), George Eliot, Daniel Deronda (1982), Henry James, The Tragic Muse (1982), James Joyce, Ulysses (1968), Rudyard Kipling, The Day's Work (1964), Short Stories: Volume 1 (1979) collects "The House Surgeon," D.H. Lawrence, The Virgin and the Gypsy (1979), Women In Love (1979), Kangeroo (1980), Three Novellas (1985), George Meredith, One of Our Conquerors (Queensland, 1975), Dorothy Richardson, Pilgrimage (1979), George Bernard Shaw, An Unsocial Socialist (1981), Man and Superman (1981), Major Barbara (1984), Anthony Trollope, Nina Balatka (1942), Phineas Finn (1949),I Eustace Diamonds (1950),The Prime Minister (1975),The^LWe Live Now (1975), H.G. Wells, The New Machiavelli (1978), Tono-Bungay (1978), Leonard Woolf, The Wise Virgins (1979), Israel Zangwill, Children of the Ghetto (Leicester, 1977). CHAPTER ONE JEWISH STEREIflYPING: A THFDRETICAL INflJWCTION Cohn Holmes, in his seminal study of "Anti-Semitism in British Society, 1876-1939", has correctly argued that: We need to know far more about such [Jewish stereotypical] images, expressed outside of the heat of battle by those who do not figure as central characters in the history of anti- semitism. By presenting particular images of Jews, whether literary or verbal, writers and artists hoped to achieve an identification with their various audiences and it is through such sources ... that we are able to obtain a glimpse of the more general perceptions of Jews in British society." It. was this conclusion that proved the academic spur for this thesis. However, there have been, in fact, as many as a dozen full-length studies of Jewish stereotyping in English fiction which cover in part, or as a whole, the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Never- theless, the impact of such studies on the academic fields of English literary criticism, literary history, and even the historiography of antisemitism, has been minimal. This is hardly surprising since the nine full length studies and doctoral dissertations written in the last two decades on this area--often on the same authors and periods--do not even refer to each other. 2 Given this state of affairs it is arguable whether, at this stage, the study of Jewish stereotyping in English fiction can be categorized as an academic discipline at all. The primary aim of this Introduction will be, therefore, to bring together these existing studies. By doing this I hope for the first time theoretically to examine the question of Jewish stereotyping from the perspective of an academic body of material on this question. Where relevant, comparative material will also be included in the discussion. In a bid to be comprehensive I will divide the Introduction into three sections which will examine, 2 respectively, the relationship between Jewish stereotyping and Anti- semitism, Literature and History. In this way I will begin to make theoretical connections between existing academic disciplines and the nascent discipline of the study of Jewish stereotyping. Needless to say, in the absence of any academic debate, my theoretical assumptions should be considered to be merely a tentative first word on these questions. Nevertheless, the last section will conclude with a summary of my particular assumptions which will be applied to the body of the thesis. Jewish Stereotyping and Antisemitism The main reason why it has been possible to produce full-length studies of Jewish stereotyping with the minimum of theoretical con- sideration is the underlying comnon-sense assumption in these studies that Jewish stereotyping and antisemitism are, quite simply, synony- mous concepts. Anne Aresty Naman, for instance, in her "The Jew in the Victorian Novel" (1980) argues that: "The presence of a Jewish character in a Victorian novel may well throw a reader, especially one who is sensitively aware of both art and race relationships, into a tangle of confused questioning and ambivalent conclusions. For one finds that one simultaneously encounters two generally separate realms of experience: that of novel-reading and that of anti-semitism."3 Whether "novel-reading and anti-semitism" should be considered to be "two separate realms of experience" will be discussed in the next section. However, what is of interest at this point is Naman's seemingly innocent conflation of "the presence of a Jewish character in a Victorian novel" with the realm of "antisemitisin." If the broadly accepted definition of antisemitism as "an attitude of hos- tility to Jews as such" is noted, then one can, perhaps, see how it is possible for studies of Jewish stereotyping to consistently con- flate the "hostile" Jewish stereotype in English fiction with "anti- 3 semitism." It has been, therefore, possible for studies of Jewish stereotyping simply to refer to a centuries old history of anti- semitism as, in itself, a sufficient causal explanation of the hos- tile Jewish stereotype appearing in modern English fiction.
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