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An Evaluation of Clearwing Borer Activity in East Tennessee in Relation to Color, Growing Degree-Days and Pheromone Lure Brands

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An Evaluation of Clearwing Borer Activity in East Tennessee in Relation to Color, Growing Degree-Days and Pheromone Lure Brands University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 5-2005 An Evaluation of Clearwing Borer Activity in East Tennessee in Relation to Color, Growing Degree-Days and Pheromone Lure Brands Christopher Dean Vaughn University of Tennessee, Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Plant Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Vaughn, Christopher Dean, "An Evaluation of Clearwing Borer Activity in East Tennessee in Relation to Color, Growing Degree-Days and Pheromone Lure Brands. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2005. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/4612 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Christopher Dean Vaughn entitled "An Evaluation of Clearwing Borer Activity in East Tennessee in Relation to Color, Growing Degree-Days and Pheromone Lure Brands." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Science, with a major in Plant Sciences. William E. Klingeman, III, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Frank A. Hale, Jerome Grant Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Christopher Dean Vaughn entitled "An Evaluation of Clearwing Borer Activity in East Tennessee in Relation to Color, Growing Degree-Days and Pheromone Lure Brands." I have examined the finalpaper copy of this thesis forform and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillmentof the requirements forthe degree of Master of Sciences, with a major in Plant Science. William E. Klinge Major Professor We have read this thesis and Recommend its acceptance: Acceptance forthe Council: AG-VET-MED. � 2o05 .vJ<t An Evaluation of ClearwingBorer Activity in East Tennessee in Relation to Color, Growing Degree-Daysand Pheromone Lure Brands A Thesis Presented for the Master of Science Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Christopher DeanVaughn May 2005 DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to Dr. W. Klingeman, my wife AnneVaughn andsons Elliot and Max, my parentsDan and Beverly Vaughn, the staffat Mr. Green Thumb, Jay Shilling, Dennis Whittington and all my other friends. Thank you foryour patience, encouragement and love in helping me achieve a Master's Degree. 11 Acknowledgments I wish to thank all those who helped me completemy Master of Science degreein Plant Sciences. I want to thankthe professors and staffof the Plant Science Department. I wantto thankDr. Bill Klingeman forthe patience, professionalism and insight he provided during my college career. I want to thank Dr. Frank Hale and Dr. Jerome Grant for their readiness to serve on my committee. I want to thank Dr. MarkWindham for saying "A Masters is Do-ableeven though I have a family, business and must travel a long distance." I amespecially grateful to my long time friendDr. Tom Samples and staffat The University of Tennessee Plant Pest DiagnosticCenter in Nashville for all the help they have providedas student and owner of Mr. Green Thumb, Inc. I wantto thank Hugh Conlon of Washington County Extension. I want to thankJohn Hodges of Hodges Machine shop for fabricating necessary equipment. I want to thank all individuals who allowed me to use their propertyas an experimental site. I could not have completedthis project without everyone's participation. l11 Abstract Different species of clearwing moths are known to preferslig htly different pheromone chemical ratios in their long-range mating attraction. Attractionto pheromones is primarily an olfactoryresponse. Olfactorycues are utilized for long-range attraction, but short-rangevisual cues may also contribute to orientation and mating success of the male clearwing males. To investigatethe hypothesis that color and olfactory cues influence male clearwing attraction, a study was initiated in 2002. Experimental treatments includedtrap orientation, color and pheromone blends in conjunction with Multipher-1 traps. Clearwingmoth trap catches in East Tennessee were pooledacross species and analyzed by black, greenand white paintedtraps. For pooled sesiid species and for the lilac borer, Podosesiasyringae (Harris) andthe peachtree borer, Synanthedonexitiosa (Say), trap colordid not influence the number of adult male sesiids captured. During 2003 trapping, paintedtraps yielded a total of 990 male sesiid moths pooled among the 5 different commercially-available dogwood borer lures. Captured moths represented 11 different clearwingborer species. Only 3 dogwood borers were captured in 2003: the Scenturion lure No. 149, the Europeandogwood borer test lure and 1PM Tech's DWB lure each caught a single S. scitula. A second study was initiated in 2003 at three study sites to evaluate the effectiveness of five commercially available lures marketed to trapmale dogwoodborer. The commercial lures attracted 13 differentclearwing borer speciesand captured a total of 1, 121 male moths. Of this total only 3 were dogwood borer. This prevented iv monitoring seasonal flightactivity of the dogwoodborer. However, this research documented the species diversity of non-targetsessids collectedusing commercially marketeddogwood borer lures that are marketed and sold forlandscape 1PMmonitoring. While these commercially-available pheromone lures do not reliably monitor adult male dogwoodborer flightactivity, they still provide useful tools formonitoring other adult male clearwing borer species. In 2002 and 2003, these commercial lures were used to monitor the seasonal flight activities of adult male lilac borers andpeachtree borers. Trap capture datawere compared to growingdegree-day (GOD)accumulations using a base temperature threshold of 50°F (10 ° C) during both seasons forthese moth species. Seasonal trap catch yields showed that lilac borer was firstcollected and active 9 April after107 GOD and after165 GOD had accumulatedin 2002 and 2003, respectively. Male moths remained active throughout12 June, and26 June, in 2002 and2003, respectively. The firsttrap catch of Synanthedonexitiosa (Say) occurred11 May 2002 after572 GDD and 1 July, subsequentto 15 50 GDD accumulation. Flight activity in both years peaked between29 June and 26 August. The discrepancy betweenaccumulated GDD in 2002 and 2003 and firsttrap is not readily explained. GrowingDegree Day accumulations are dependent on weather. Seasonal abundance of cloudy and rainy days reduces accumulated GDD. The lower rainfalltotals in May 2002 may explainthe reason for an earlierflight emergence of S. exitiosa. Results of this study areexpected to provide 1PMscouts with a better understanding of the seasonalactivity of clearwingmoths in Tennessee. Early detection V and control of clearwing moths will help reduce chemical dependency by properly timing applications andprevent economicand aesthetic injury to the urbanlandscape. Vl Table of Contents Section Page Part 1: LiteratureReview A Role forIntegrated Pest Management in Clearwing Bore (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) Management........................ ........ 2 IntegratedPest Management............... ................................. 3 Prevention ....................................................................4 Identification and Sesiid Lifecycles...... ................................. 5 Monitoring.................................... ................................. 5 AestheticIn jury Level..................... ..................................8 ClearwingBorers: Sesiidae.................................... .............. 9 Sexual Communication in ClearwingMoths ............... .............. 11 Identification of the SexualPheromones of Sesiid Moths............ 12 DogwoodBorer, Synanthedonscitula (Harris) ................ ... ... .... 13 Damage caused by Synanthedonscitula ... ... ... ......... ... ... ... ... ... .... 16 Lilac Borer, Podosesiasyringae (H arris) ... ...... ... ... ... ... .............17 Sex Pheromone Blends..................................... ................20 Damage causedby Synanthedonsyringae ... ............................20 Peach Tree Borer, Synanthedonexitiosa ( Say)............. .............21 ControlStrate gies forManaging ClearwingPest Populations........ 23 Objectives....... .................................................................. 26 Vil LiteratureCited .................. .................................................... 27 Figures......... .................................................................... 38 Part2: Importance of Color, Brandof Lure andGrowing Degree-Days to Sesiidae Monitoring........................... ............................... 41 Introduction........................... ................................... ........ 42 Materials and Methods................................................. ........ 43 Results...................................................... .............. ........ 46 Discussion........................................................................ 48 Literature
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