통증에서 시그마 수용체와 신경스테로이드의 역할 Role of Sigma Receptor and Neurosteroids in Pain Sensation

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통증에서 시그마 수용체와 신경스테로이드의 역할 Role of Sigma Receptor and Neurosteroids in Pain Sensation 123 HANYANG MEDICAL REVIEWS Vol. 31 No. 2, 2011 통증에서 시그마 수용체와 신경스테로이드의 역할 Role of Sigma Receptor and Neurosteroids in Pain Sensation 이장헌 extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) as well 서울대학교 수의과대학 생리학교실 as pNR1 in the spinal cord. Recently, it was also reported that spinal neurosteroids such as preg- Jang-Hern Lee, D.V.M., Ph.D. nenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Ve- which are recognized as endogenous ligands for terinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary sigma-1 receptor, could produce mechanical hyper- Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea sensitivity via sigma-1 receptor-mediated increase of pNR1. Collectively, these findings demonstrate 책임저자 주소: 151-742, 서울 관악구 관악로 599 that the activation of spinal sigma-1 receptor or the 서울대학교 수의과대학 생리학교실 increase of neurosteroids is closely associated with Tel: 02-880-1272, Fax: 02-885-2732 the acute pain sensation or the development of E-mail: [email protected] chronic pain, and imply that sigma-1 receptor can 투고일자: 2011년 4월 8일 심사일자: 2011년 4월 27일 게재확정일자: 2011년 5월 11일 be a new potential target for the development of analgesics. Abstract Key Words: Sigma-1 receptor, Neurosteroids, Chronic pain, Central sensitization, N-Methyl-D- The sigma-1 receptor has recently been implicated aspartate (NMDA) receptor in a myriad of cellular functions and biological processes. Previous studies have demonstrated that the spinal sigma-1 receptor plays a pro-no- 서 론 ciceptive role in acute pain and that the direct ac- tivation of sigma-1 receptor enhances the noci- 시그마 수용체(sigma receptor)는 4-PPBP, SA 4503, ceptive response to peripheral stimuli, which is ditolylguanidine, dimethyltryptamine과 같은 다양한 리 closely associated with calcium-dependent se- 간드에 반응하는 수용체를 말하며, 그 기능이 아직까지 명확 cond messenger cascades including protein kinase 하게 밝혀져 있지 않은 대표적인 수용체이다.1, 2 활성화된 시 C (PKC). In addition, the activation of sigma-1 re- 그마 수용체는 고혈압, 빈맥 등의 생리학적 반응과 관련이 있 ceptor increases PKC- and protein kinase alpha 으며, 통증반응도 시그마 수용체를 매개한다는 사실이 최근 (PKA)-dependent phosphorylation of the N-Methyl- 보고된 바 있다. 과거에는 이러한 시그마 수용체가 오피오이 D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in the spinal cord, 드 수용체들 중 하나로 알려져 왔으나, 오피오이드 계열 약물 which results in the potentiation of intrathecal 과 약리학적으로 전혀 관련이 없는 phencyclidine (PCP)과 NMDA-evoked spontaneous pain behavior. More- haloperidol과 같은 약물에 반응하는 새로운 수용체로 밝혀 over, the blockade of spinal sigma-1 receptor 졌다.1, 2 또한 최근에 시그마 수용체가 동정됨으로써 오피오 suppresses the development of neuropathic pain 이드 수용체와 구조적 유사성이 없음이 확인되었다.3, 4 이러 and blocks the increase of phosphorylation of 한 시그마 수용체는 시그마-1 및 시그마-2 수용체의 2가지 124 Hanyang Medical Reviews Vol. 31, No. 2, 2011 subtype으로 구분되며, 대부분의 연구가 시그마-1 수용체를 중심으로 이루어지고 있다. 시그마-1 수용체는 29 kDa의 single polypeptide로서 223개의 아미노산으로 구성되어 본 론 있다.5 최근 연구에서 시그마-1 수용체가 2개의 transmem- brane segments를 가지며, NH2와 COOH 말단이 세포질 쪽에 위치하는 것으로 밝혀졌으나 정확한 crystal 구조는 아 1. 오피오이드 매개성 진통작용에서 시그마-1 수 직 밝혀져 있지 않다.6 이러한 시그마-1 수용체는 학습과 기 용체의 조절기전 억 이상, 우울증, 정신분열증, 및 약물남용과 같은 중추신경 통증 조절과 관련된 중추신경계 내 회로에서 시그마-1 수용 계 내의 다양한 신경 생리학적 현상에서 중요한 역할을 담당 체가 관찰됨으로써 오피오이드 약물로 유도되는 진통 작용 한다.4, 7, 8 에 있어서 시그마-1 수용체의 역할이 관심의 초점이 되었다. 시그마-1 수용체의 내인성 리간드는 아직까지 정확히 규명 Chien과 Pasternak (1994)은 tail-flick test를 이용한 실험에 되지 않은 상태이며, trace amine과 환각성 물질인 dime- 서 선택적인 시그마-1 수용체 효현제인 (+)-pentazocine을 thyltryptamine (DMT)와 같은 체내 물질들이 내인성 리간 전신투여 하면 morphine에 의해 유도되는 진통효능이 억제 드로 작용할 것으로 추측된다.9 그 중 pregnenolone 및 됨을 보고하였다.16-18 뿐 만 아니라 (+)-pentazocine이 오피 dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)을 포함한 신경스테로 오이드 수용체 중에서 특히 δ-, κ-오피오이드 수용체 매개 이드도 시그마-1 수용체를 활성화 시키는 내인성 리간드로 성 진통효능을 억제하며, haloperidol과 (+)- MR200과 같은 작용하는 것으로 보고 되었다.10, 11 신경스테로이드는 종류에 시그마-1 수용체 길항제가 오피오이드 매개성 진통효능을 따라 다양한 형태로 시그마-1 수용체의 활성을 조절하며, 특 증폭시킬 수 있음을 보여주었다.16, 17, 19 이러한 결과는 시그 히 progesterone은 시그마-1 수용체에 대해 길항 효능을 가 마-1 수용체가 항오피오이드성 작용을 통해 통증 조절에 관 지지만 DHEA는 효현제(agonist)로서 작용한다고 알려져 여하고 있음을 시사한다. 한편 척수강 내로 morphine을 주 있다.12, 13 입하였을 때 관찰되는 진통작용이 (+)- pentazocine을 척수 시그마 수용체는 해부 조직학적으로 말초 기관 뿐만 아니라 강 내로 주입하였을 때에는 억제되지 않으나, 뇌실 내로 주입 hippocampus, hypothalamus, olfactory bulb, pons 등과 하면 효과적으로 억제되는 것으로 밝혀져, 시그마-1 수용체 같은 중추신경계의 다양한 부위에서 발견되며, 특히 통증 조 의 항오피오이드성 작용이 척수가 아닌 대뇌 부위에서 특이 절과 관련되는 periaqueductal gray (PAG) 및 locus co- 적으로 일어나고 있음을 알 수 있다. eruleus에서도 관찰된다.14 또한 통증전달 경로의 첫 번째 관 문인 척수에서도 유해한 자극에 반응하는 superficial dorsal 2. 통증 전달 및 형성에서 시그마-1 수용체의 작용 horn의 lamina I과 II에서 관찰되어 통증 전달에 중추적인 역할을 담당할 가능성을 제시한다.14 뿐 만 아니라 콜레스테 1) 과민반응 형성에서 시그마-1 수용체의 역할 롤로부터 pregnenolone을 형성하는 데에 관여하는 신경스 정상적인 동물에서 척수 내 시그마-1 수용체의 활성을 인위 테로이드 형성 효소인 P450scc 또한 척수 내 superficial 적으로 증가시키면 자발통(spontaneous pain) 및 과민반응 dorsal horn에 분포하고 있어 통증 전달 및 형성에 신경스테 (hypersensitivity)이 유도된다. 시그마-1 수용체의 선택적 로이드와 시그마-1 수용체가 밀접한 연관성을 가지며, 중요 인 효현제인 PRE-084 및 carbetapentane을 척수강 내로 주 한 역할을 담당하고 있음을 보여준다.10, 15 입 하면 자발통의 주요 증상인 licking및 flinching은 관찰되 본 논문은 이러한 사실들을 바탕으로 통증 전달 및 만성 통증 지 않지만, 무해한 물리적 자극(von-Frey filament)에 반응 형성과 유지에서 시그마-1 수용체 및 내인성 리간드로 알려 하는 물리적 이질통(mechanical allodynia)과 열자극에 대 진 신경스테로이드의 역할을 다양한 통증 동물 모델을 이용 한 회피반응 시간이 단축되는 열성 통각과민증(thermal 한 실험에서 보고된 결과 및 관련 기전으로 설명하고자 한다. hyperalgesia)이 유도된다.20 또한 시그마-1 수용체의 선택 적 길항제인 BD-1047을 척수강 내로 전처치하면 PRE-084 및 carbetapentane에 의해 나타나는 물리적 이질통과 열성 Role of Sigma Receptor and Neurosteroids in Pain Sensation 125 통각과민증이 효과적으로 억제된다. 이러한 결과는 척수 내 체를 knockout시킨 동물과 시그마-1 수용체 길항제인 BD- 시그마-1 수용체가 과민반응 형성에 중추적인 역할을 담당 1063, BD-1047 과 NE-100을 피하 투여하였을 때 현저히 억 하고 있음을 보여준다. 반면 시그마-1 효현제인 (+)-pen- 제되는 것으로 보고 되었다.27 그러나 시그마-1 수용체 tazocine, SA4503 및 (+)-3-PPP을 발바닥 내로 처치하면 knockout동물에서 정상적인 물리적 자극에 대한 반응성은 nociceptive flexor 반응을 관찰할 수 있는데, 이는 말초에 변하지 않는 것을 볼 때, 시그마-1 수용체가 물리적 통증 전 존재하는 시그마-1 수용체가 자발통 형성에 직접적으로 관 달에 관여하는 것이 아니라 물리적 자극에 대한 과민반응의 여할 수 있음을 시사한다.21 형성에 관계될 가능성이 제시되었다. 최근 시그마-1 수용체 효현제인 PRE-084를 척수강 내로 투여하면 정상 동물에서 2) 급성 통증에서 시그마-1 수용체의 작용 척수 내 Fos단백질 발현에는 영향을 미치지 않으나 유해한 다양한 급성 통증 동물모델을 이용하여 시그마-1 수용체가 물리적 자극인 paw pinch자극에 의한 척수 내 Fos단백질 발 급성통증의 형성 및 전달에 어떤 역할을 담당하고 있는지에 현이 증폭됨이 보고 되었다.20 또한 capsaicin을 뇌 내로 투여 관한 연구가 이루어져 왔다. Cedan 등 (2005)은 시그마-1 수 하여 유발하는 두통(headache) 모델에서도 시그마-1 수용 용체에 대한 리간드 중 하나인 haloperidol과 그 대사산물인 체 길항제인 BD-1047은 trigeminal nucleus caudalis에서 haloperidol metabolite I 및 haloperidol metabolite II를 의 Fos단백질의 증가를 현저히 억제하였다.28 이러한 결과를 전신투여한 결과 발바닥 내 formalin처치 시 나타나는 통증 종합할 때, 시그마-1 수용체는 정상적인 통증의 전달에 관여 반응이 억제되며, 이 진통효과는 시그마-1 수용체에 대한 하기 보다는 중추성 감작을 포함하는 병적인 상태에서 통각 affinity가 높을수록 더 강력하게 나타난다고 보고하였다.22 과민증 및 물리적 이질통의 형성에 깊이 관여하고 있음을 알 또한 시그마-1 knockout mice를 이용한 formalin test에서 수 있다. 도 wild-type동물에 비해 진통 효과를 관찰할 수 있어, 급성 통증에서 시그마 수용체가 통증의 형성과 전달에 중요한 역 3) 만성 통증 동물모델에서 시그마-1 수용체의 역할 할을 담당함을 알 수 있다.23 뿐 만 아니라 전신적으로 시그마 다양한 만성통증 동물모델을 이용하여 신경병증성 통증과 -1 수용체의 길항제를 투여하여 활성을 억제하였을 때 같은 만성통증의 형성과 유지에 시그마 수용체가 어떤 역할 formalin으로 유도되는 초기 급성 통증 반응과 10분 후부터 을 담당하는지에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다.11, 29, 30 나타나는 2차적 통증 반응인 후기 통증 반응을 모두 억제할 최근 좌골신경의 만성압박 손상 모델(sciatic nerve chronic 수 있었으나, 후기 통증 반응에서 진통효능이 더 강력하게 나 constriction injury)을 이용한 말초 신경병증성 통증에서 시 타난다고 보고 되었다. 최근에 척수강 내로 시그마-1 수용체 그마-1 수용체 길항제인 BD-1047을 만성통증이 유발되는 의 길항제인 BD-1047과 BMY-14802를 처치하면 formalin 초기(수술 후 0일에서 5일째)에 처치하면 물리적 자극에 대 에 의한 초기 급성 통증 반응은 억제되지 않으나 후기 통증반 한 이질통의 형성이 현저히 억제되지만, 열 자극에 대한 통각 응은 현저히 억제되는 것으로 확인되었다.24 이러한 결과를 과민반응의 유발은 완화되지 않음이 보고되었다. 뿐 만 아니 종합할 때, 시그마-1 수용체의 작용이 통증 신호 전달에만 국 라 신경손상 후 물리적 이질통이 완전히 형성된 시기(수술 한되는 것이 아니라 척수를 포함한 중추신경계 내에서 일어 후 15일에서 20일째)에 BD-1047을 처치하면 시그마-1 수용 나는 중추성 감작(central sensitization)에 깊이 관여하고 체 길항제 처치로 인한 진통 효능이 관찰되지 않는다. 또한 있음을 시사한다. 척수 내 시그마-1 수용체의 발현이 수술 초기 1일과 3일째에 일반적으로 N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) 수용체는 중추 만 현저히 증가하였다가 7일째에는 정상 수준으로 복귀되는 성 감작 현상에서 중요한 역할을 담당하고 있는 것으로 잘 알 것이 western blot assay를 통하여 검증되었다.29 이러한 결 려져 있다.25, 26 척수강 내로 NMDA를 주입하면 자발통이 형 과는 만성 통증 중 척수 내 중추성 감작 현상을 통한 물리적 성되는 것을 관찰할 수 있는데 이러한 NMDA에 의한 통증 이질통의 형성에서 시그마-1 수용체가 통증 형성 초기에 결 반응도 시그마-1 수용체 효현제에 의해 증폭된다고 밝혀졌 정적인 역할을 담당하는 반면 만성통증이 형성되고 난 후 유 다.20 중추성 감작과 관련된 또 다른 통증 모델인 capsaicin유 지되는 과정은 시그마-1 수용체가 아닌 다른 수용체에 의해 도 통증모델에서 나타나는 물리적 이질통이 시그마-1 수용 이루어질 가능성을 제시한다.
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    Pharmaceuticals 2011, 4, 880-914; doi:10.3390/ph4060880 OPEN ACCESS pharmaceuticals ISSN 1424-8247 www.mdpi.com/journal/pharmaceuticals Review A Role for Sigma Receptors in Stimulant Self Administration and Addiction Jonathan L. Katz *, Tsung-Ping Su, Takato Hiranita, Teruo Hayashi, Gianluigi Tanda, Theresa Kopajtic and Shang-Yi Tsai Psychobiology and Cellular Pathobiology Sections, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]. Received: 16 May 2011; in revised form: 11 June 2011 / Accepted: 13 June 2011 / Published: 17 June 2011 Abstract: Sigma1 receptors (σ1Rs) represent a structurally unique class of intracellular proteins that function as chaperones. σ1Rs translocate from the mitochondria-associated membrane to the cell nucleus or cell membrane, and through protein-protein interactions influence several targets, including ion channels, G-protein-coupled receptors, lipids, and other signaling proteins. Several studies have demonstrated that σR antagonists block stimulant-induced behavioral effects, including ambulatory activity, sensitization, and acute toxicities. Curiously, the effects of stimulants have been blocked by σR antagonists tested under place-conditioning but not self-administration procedures, indicating fundamental differences in the mechanisms underlying these two effects. The self administration of σR agonists has been found in subjects previously trained to self administer cocaine. The reinforcing effects of the σR agonists were blocked by σR antagonists. Additionally, σR agonists were found to increase dopamine concentrations in the nucleus accumbens shell, a brain region considered important for the reinforcing effects of abused drugs.
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  • Cerebellar Toxicity of Phencyclidine
    The Journal of Neuroscience, March 1995, 75(3): 2097-2108 Cerebellar Toxicity of Phencyclidine Riitta N&kki, Jari Koistinaho, Frank Ft. Sharp, and Stephen M. Sagar Department of Neurology, University of California, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94121 Phencyclidine (PCP), clizocilpine maleate (MK801), and oth- Phencyclidine (PCP), dizocilpine maleate (MK801), and other er NMDA antagonists are toxic to neurons in the posterior NMDA receptor antagonistshave attracted increasing attention cingulate and retrosplenial cortex. To determine if addition- becauseof their therapeutic potential. These drugs have neuro- al neurons are damaged, the distribution of microglial ac- protective properties in animal studies of focal brain ischemia, tivation and 70 kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) induction where excitotoxicity is proposedto be an important mechanism was studied following the administration of PCP and of neuronal cell death (Dalkara et al., 1990; Martinez-Arizala et MK801 to rats. PCP (10-50 mg/kg) induced microglial ac- al., 1990). Moreover, NMDA antagonists decrease neuronal tivation and neuronal HSP70 mRNA and protein expression damage and dysfunction in other pathological conditions, in- in the posterior cingulate and retrosplenial cortex. In ad- cluding hypoglycemia (Nellgard and Wieloch, 1992) and pro- dition, coronal sections of the cerebellar vermis of PCP (50 longed seizures(Church and Lodge, 1990; Faingold et al., 1993). mg/kg) treated rats contained vertical stripes of activated However, NMDA antagonists are toxic to certain neuronal microglial in the molecular layer. In the sagittal plane, the populations in the brain. Olney et al. (1989) demonstratedthat microglial activation occurred in irregularly shaped patch- the noncompetitive NMDA antagonists,PCP, MK801, and ke- es, suggesting damage to Purkinje cells.
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  • Gαq-ASSOCIATED SIGNALING PROMOTES NEUROADAPTATION to ETHANOL and WITHDRAWAL-ASSOCIATED HIPPOCAMPAL DAMAGE
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--Psychology Psychology 2015 Gαq-ASSOCIATED SIGNALING PROMOTES NEUROADAPTATION TO ETHANOL AND WITHDRAWAL-ASSOCIATED HIPPOCAMPAL DAMAGE Anna R. Reynolds Univerity of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Reynolds, Anna R., "Gαq-ASSOCIATED SIGNALING PROMOTES NEUROADAPTATION TO ETHANOL AND WITHDRAWAL-ASSOCIATED HIPPOCAMPAL DAMAGE" (2015). Theses and Dissertations--Psychology. 74. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/psychology_etds/74 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Psychology at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--Psychology by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File. I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I agree that the document mentioned above may be made available immediately for worldwide access unless an embargo applies.
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  • Sigma,-Binding Site MARKUS HANNER*, FABIAN F
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 93, pp. 8072-8077, July 1996 Pharmacology Purification, molecular cloning, and expression of the mammalian sigma,-binding site MARKUS HANNER*, FABIAN F. MOEBIUS*t, ASTRID FLANDORFER*, HANS-GUNTHER KNAUS*, JORG STRIESSNIG*, ELLIS KEMPNERt, AND HARTMUT GLOSSMANN* *Institut fur Biochemische Pharmakologie, Universitat Innsbruck, Peter Mayr Strasse 1, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; and tNational Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 Communicated by James Black, King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom, April 18, 1996 (received for review March 1, 1996) ABSTRACT Sigma-ligands comprise several chemically The verapamil-like calcium-antagonists azidopamil (a pho- unrelated drugs such as haloperidol, pentazocine, and ditolyl- toligand) and emopamil (an antiischemic drug) are also high- guanidine, which bind to a family of low molecular mass affinity sigma-ligands that were previously employed as specific proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. These so-called sigma- probes to purify and clone a novel drug-binding membrane receptors are believed to mediate various pharmacological protein from liver. This was distinct from the sigma1-binding site, effects of sigma-ligands by as yet unknown mechanisms. Based although it showed substantial pharmacological and biochemical on their opposite enantioselectivity for benzomorphans and similarities with sigma-receptors (26-29). Until now, sigma- different molecular masses, two subtypes are differentiated. ligand studies suffered from the lack of structural information. To We purified the sigma,-binding site as a single 30-kDa protein clarify its primary structure, we purified the protein carrying the from guinea pig liver employing the benzomorphan sigma,-binding site and cloned the corresponding cDNA using (+) [3H]pentazocine and the arylazide (-) [3H]azidopamil as reverse transcriptase-PCR and degenerate oligonucleotides.
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  • 4-Aroylpiperidines and 4-(Α-Hydroxyphenyl)Piperidines As Selective Sigma-1 Receptor Ligands: Synthesis, Preliminary Pharmacolog
    Ikome et al. Chemistry Central Journal (2016) 10:53 DOI 10.1186/s13065-016-0200-1 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access 4‑aroylpiperidines and 4‑(α‑hydroxyphenyl)piperidines as selective sigma‑1 receptor ligands: synthesis, preliminary pharmacological evaluation and computational studies Hermia N. Ikome1, Fidele Ntie‑Kang1,2* , Moses N. Ngemenya3, Zhude Tu4, Robert H. Mach4 and Simon M. N. Efange1* Abstract Background: Sigma (σ) receptors are membrane-bound proteins characterised by an unusual promiscuous ability to bind a wide variety of drugs and their high affinity for typical neuroleptic drugs, such as haloperidol, and their poten‑ tial as alternative targets for antipsychotic agents. Sigma receptors display diverse biological activities and represent potential fruitful targets for therapeutic development in combating many human diseases. Therefore, they present an interesting avenue for further exploration. It was our goal to evaluate the potential of ring opened spipethiane (1) analogues as functional ligands (agonists) for σ receptors by chemical modification. Results: Chemical modification of the core structure of the lead compound, (1), by replacement of the sulphur atom with a carbonyl group, hydroxyl group and 3-bromobenzylamine with the simultaneous presence of 4-fluorobenzoyl replacing the spirofusion afforded novel potent sigma-1 receptor ligands 7a–f, 8a–f and 9d–e. The sigma-1 receptor affinities of 7e, 8a and 8f were slightly lower than that of 1 and their selectivities for this receptor two to threefold greater than that of 1. Conclusions: It was found that these compounds have higher selectivities for sigma-1 receptors compared to 1. Quantitatitive structure–activity relationship studies revealed that sigma-1 binding is driven by hydrophobic interactions.
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  • Binding Characteristics of Σ 2 Receptor Ligands
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  • Role of Dopamine D4 Receptors in Motor Hyperactivity Induced by Neonatal 6-Hydroxydopamine Lesions in Rats Kehong Zhang, M.D., Ph.D., Frank I
    Role of Dopamine D4 Receptors in Motor Hyperactivity Induced by Neonatal 6-Hydroxydopamine Lesions in Rats Kehong Zhang, M.D., Ph.D., Frank I. Tarazi, Ph.D., and Ross J. Baldessarini, M.D. The role of dopamine D4 receptors in behavioral hyperactivity D4-selective antagonist CP-293,019 dose-dependently was investigated by assessing D4 receptor expression in brain reversed lesion-induced hyperactivity, and D4-agonist CP- regions and behavioral effects of D4 receptor-selective ligands 226,269 increased it. These results indicate a physiological in juvenile rats with neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesions, a role of dopamine D4 receptors in motor behavior, and may laboratory model for attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder suggest much-needed innovative treatments for ADHD. (ADHD). Autoradiographic analysis indicated that motor [Neuropsychopharmacology 25:624–632, 2001] hyperactivity in lesioned rats was closely correlated with © 2001 American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. increases in D4 but not D2 receptor levels in caudate-putamen. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. KEY WORDS: Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder; Human D4 receptors occur in multiple forms with 2– Autoradiography; Dopamine; D4; 6-hydroxydopamine; 11 copies of a 16-amino acid (48 base-pair) sequence in Motor activity the putative third intracellular loop of the peptide (Van Dopamine (DA) modulates physiological processes Tol et al. 1992; Lichter et al. 1993; Asghari et al. 1994). through activation of five G-protein coupled receptors Several recent genetic studies indicate that the 7-repeat D4 receptor allele (D4.7), a relatively uncommon variant, of the D1-like (D1 and D5) and D2-like (D2, D3, and D4) re- ceptor families (Neve and Neve 1997).
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