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Edible Insects: Future Prospects for Dietary Regimen Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(8): 1302-1314 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 8 (2017) pp. 1302-1314 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Review Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.608.158 Edible Insects: Future Prospects for Dietary Regimen Atanu Seni* Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, AICRIP, RRTTS, Chiplima, Sambalpur-768025, Odisha, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Increasing world population pressure will create serious problem of food K e yw or ds security in coming future. Entomophagy is the consumption of insects by Ecological humans, is practised in many countries around the world but predominantly advantages, Entomophagy, Food in parts of Asia, Africa and Latin America yet it has not been fully used and security, Insect. developed as a food source. It has the potential of great interest as a Article Info possible solution due to their many advantages: (i) they are an important source of protein, fat, carbohydrate and other nutrients; (ii) their use as food Accepted: 17 June 2017 has ecological advantages over conventional livestock and, in the long run, Available Online: economic benefits; (iii) Their rich species diversity and large populations 10 August 2017 bring diversity in diet menu. Introduction The present world population of 7.2 billion is exist and within the 1 million described insect expected to increase by 1 billion over the species, only 5000 are considered to be coming 12 years and reach 9.6 billion by harmful to crops, livestock or human beings 2050. To accommodate this huge number, (Lenteren, 2006). Insects deliver a various current food production will need to boost up ecological services which are fundamental to almost double. Farming land is decreasing; the survival of humankind. For instance, climatic deviation and environmental insects play a crucial role in plant pollution could have profound implications on reproduction. An estimated 100000 pollinator food production. To meet the food and species have been identified and almost all of nutrition challenges of today, we need to find these (98 percent) are insects (Ingram et al., new ways of growing food. 1996). Over 90 percent of the 250000 flowering plant species depend on pollinators. Since the last 400 million years, evolution has Insects play an equally vital role by acting as produced much variety of arthropod species scavenger. Beetle larvae (grub), flies, ants and and helps many of them to adapt new termites break down the dead plant matter and environments. About 1 million of the 1.4 helps to improvement of soil condition. By million described animal species on earth are this process, the minerals and nutrients of insects, and millions more are believed to dead organisms become simple available form 1302 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(8): 1302-1314 for uptake by plants. Besides serving as species; and (2) their association with the pollinator and scavenger, insects provide concept that they are only eaten in times of humans with a variety of other valuable starvation or as a food source of primitive products. The most commonly known insect hunter-gatherer societies (MacEvilly, 2000; products used by human being are Honey and DeFoliart, 1999; Yen, 2010). Over 1500 silk. Bees help to produce almost 1.2 million species of insects are known to be consumed tons of commercial honey per year (FAO, by humans from over 300 ethnic groups in 2009), while silkworms produce more than 113 countries (MacEvilly, 2000) and it is 90000 tonnes of silk (Yong-woo, 1999). In estimated that insect-eating is practiced other way, scale insects (order Hemiptera) regularly by at least 2 billion people produced a red dye, known as Carmine used worldwide. Even an issue of the Food Insects to colour foods, textiles, fashion and Newsletter cited that 80 percent of the world's pharmaceuticals industry. Resilin, a rubber- population eats insects intentionally and 100 like protein that enables insects to jump, has percent eat them unintentionally. Globally, been used in medicine to repair arteries the most commonly eaten insects are beetles because of its elastic properties (Elvin et al., (Coleoptera) (31 percent) because of their 2005; Van-Huis et al., 2013). Many insects large no of population almost 40 percent of all also act as an important indicator of aquatic known insect species; followed by ecosystem health i.e. mayfly, stonefly, and caterpillars, bees, wasps, ants, grasshoppers, caddisfly nymphs as their presence is a locusts, crickets, cicadas, leaf and reliable indicator of a high quality planthoppers, scale insects and true bugs, oxygenated, less polluted water. Further termites, dragonflies and flies. The these, insects are serving as sources of food. consumption of caterpillars (Lepidoptera), Edible insects have always been a part of especially popular in sub-Saharan Africa, is human diets from very early date, but in some estimated at 18 percent. Bees, wasps and ants societies there is a degree of distaste for their (Hymenoptera) come in third position and consumption. It is found that the majority of share is around at 14 percent (these are mostly edible insects are collected from forest common in Latin America). Following these habitats; innovation in mass-rearing systems are grasshoppers, locusts and crickets has started recently in many countries. They (Orthoptera) (13 percent); cicadas, contribute a significant opportunity to merge leafhoppers, planthoppers, scale insects and traditional knowledge and modern science in true bugs (Hemiptera) (10 percent); termites both developed and developing countries to (Isoptera) (3 percent); dragonflies (Odonata) become a part of dietary requirement in every (3 percent); flies (Diptera) (2 percent); and society. other orders (5 percent). Lepidoptera are consumed almost entirely as caterpillars and Entomophagy around the world Hymenoptera are consumed mostly in their egg, larval or pupal stages. Both adults and The practice of eating insects is known as larvae of the Coleoptera order are eaten, while entomophagy. Edible insects in many cultures the Orthoptera, Homoptera, Isoptera and have been eaten as staple or as a delicacy. Hemiptera orders are mostly eaten in the adult However, in some societies there is a degree stage (Cerritos, 2009; Van Huis et al., 2013). of distaste for their consumption. There are two main reasons behind the acceptance of It is found that the most popular edible beetle eating insects: (1) the bad reputation they in the tropics is the palm weevil, have as unhygienic and disease-spreading Rynchophorus, which is distributed 1303 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(8): 1302-1314 throughout Africa, southern Asia and South Aegiale hesperiaris etc. (Van Huis et al., America. The palm weevil R. phoenicis is 2013). The Australian aborigines eat the found mainly in tropical and equatorial Witchery grub, moth larvae (Xyleutes Africa, whereas R. ferrugineus is found in leuchmochla) that are reputed to taste like Asia (Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Papua New almonds (Srivastava, 1996; Yen, 2010). Guinea, the Philippines and Thailand) and another species R. palmarum found in the Ants are very popular in different parts of the tropical Americas mainly Central America world due to their tasty delicacies (Rastogi, and West Indies, Mexico and South America. 2011; Del Toro et al., 2012). The larvae, In the Netherlands, the larvae of mealworm pupae and eggs of weaver ant (Oecophylla species from the Tenebrionidae family, such spp.) constitute a popular diet in Asia. In as the yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), Thailand they are mostly sold in cans. Shen et the lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus) al., 2006 reported that the ant, namely black and the superworm (Zophobas morio), are weaver ant (Polymachis dives) is widely reared as feed for reptile, fish and avian pets. distributed in China, Bangladesh, India, They are also sells in specialized shops as Malaysia and Sri Lanka and mainly used as a human food for consumption (Van Huis et al., nutritional ingredient. They are also processed 2013). into various tonics or healthy foods. The value of ant is so high, even State Food and In lepidopteran insect the mopane caterpillar Drug Administration and State Health (Imbrasia belina) is one of the most popular Ministry of China have approved more than and economically important caterpillar 30 ant-containing health products since 1996. consumed in different parts of African In Japan, the commonly consumed insect is countries. One interesting fact that about 9.5 the larvae of yellow jacket wasps (Vespula billion mopane caterpillars are harvested and Dolichovespula spp.), which is locally annually in southern Africa which value in known as hebo. An inventory compiled by monetary term is almost US$85 million Ramos Elorduy and Pino (Ramos Elorduy and (Ghazoul, 2006). It is found that 38 different Pino, 2002) in Chiapas, Mexico, suggested edible species of caterpillar are present across that most insect species eaten in the state the Democratic Republic of the Congo, belong to the Hymenoptera order, and two Zambia and Zimbabwe (Van Huis et al., leafcutter ant species (Atta mexicana and A. 2013). Latham, 2003 documented 23 edible cephalotus) are very popular there (Van Huis species in the Bas-Congo, a western province et al., 2013). of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In Asia, the bamboo caterpillar (Omphisa In Orthopteran insects, almost 80 grasshopper fuscidentalis), also known as the bamboo species are consumed worldwide, and the borer or bamboo worm, is a popular food that large majority of grasshopper species are is being promoted by the Thai Department of edible. Locusts may occur in swarms, which Forestry of the Ministry of Agriculture and makes them particulary easy to catch. In Cooperatives as an increasingly viable source Africa, different types of locust namely the of income (Yhoung-Aree and Viwatpanich, desert locust, the migratory locust, the red 2005).
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