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University of Illinois Agricultural Extension Station Circular

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University of Illinois Agricultural Extension Station Circular iLLINOIS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Novem.ber, 1915 WHAT THE PEOPLE OF ILLINOIS HAVE DONE AND CAN DO TOWARD DESIGNING AND PLANTING PUBLIC AND PRIVATE GROUNDS FOR EFFICIENCY AND BEAUTY By WILHELM MILLER Department of Horticulture, Division of Landscape Extension A forerunner of a prairie type of permanent farm home surrounded by permanent vegetation native to Illinois UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE ' URBANA Copyrighted, 1915, by the Department of Horticulture. All rights reserved Free to anyone in Illinois who will sign a promise to do some permanent ornamental planting within a year r--"...._ .................. ~ I~ I @m1~®lID.)t i Chapter Page Chapter . Page ~ I- The Prairie Style of Landscape Gardening................................ 1 VII-Everyone Can Apply the Principle of Repetition.... .. ... .............. 19 I II-Everyone Can Apply the Principle of Conservation ....... ... ....... .. ... 6 VIII-Adapting the Prairie Style to Other Kinds of Scenery... .. .... .... ..... 22 I ill- A Free Restoration of Ancient Illinois...... ................. ........... 8 IX-Materials Used in the Prairie Style............. ... ..... ... .... .. .. 2' ~ IV-Restoration Applied to Farmstead and City Lot ............ ........ .... 10 X-Some Uses for Illinois Materials . ....................... ........ .. ....... 26 I V-Restoring the Romantic Types of Illinois Scenery. .... ... .... .... 12 XI-Literature of the Prairie Style of Landscape Gardening ................. 27 ~ VI-Can the Prairie be Restored? ................... .. .... ....... .... ... .... 16 XII-The Showiest Plants in the World .................. ... ......... ... .... ... 28 I IIAImI..maumlllHmwmmuollmIll1Dl11l1l'Jll1lllllIUDUmU!II!!IIUWUnmur.mrummIllUUllllltllIUIIIHlIIUUlII11I1IIIWumrunIIllUlnullunmmUWlWUIlllllllUIlWlUlWIUU!llUIllllllllUUUUII!UJIIUUUlIIIlJllIlllUIUnltUIMUllUOUImftDWlIUUlIllllllllllllnWIIIIlIIIIWIIIIIUUUUIlUIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIUXIlUUIllIlllIUlIIUllWIIIIWIUWIIUWRUllDtlUllllWllllllunUllllllu..uJtUII1Utllll1l1t11DllllllimaUUlIIIIRllmlmllllllGllllDUln\UlllllUIlUIIUtIIIIum~lTmIIIlUlmllmmiDIIIlllllbtDllluunRllUlll]umllMU.-rul~ "DONE IN ILLINOIS" The above words, accompanied by a bur­ represent cultivation rather than wild nature. have been consciously designed in the prai­ oak leaf, have been inserted inconspicuously All such pictures are examples of the "Illinois rie style of landscape gardening. Collect­ in the lower corners of many photographs way of planting," since they contain a high ively these pictures offer convincing evidence as a guarantee that the pictures were really percentage of trees and shrubs native to that Illinois is creating a new and appropriate taken in Illinois and not in other states and Illinois. Many of these landscape effects type of beauty. "Conservation" is the First Principle of the Prairie Style of Landscape Gardening Has your community destroyed its oldest trees or has it saved its scenery, like Riverside? These trees line a river bank, which is not treated as a dump­ heap, while the elders and sumacs show that the lot owners save and encourage in their back yards the luxuriant, native vegetation. I aaa I f @ lQ)@~fi~mfim &rnl@ 0 11& 'U:llrnl f} Wiluil(!;ilu Ga\lllliID.~ 'U:@ jFil'U: 'U:ilu@ Jf> (!;\lll il& ~ fil1f) &&iID@l?f} &rnl@ @'U:lID.@l? ©@rnl@il'U:ll@rnJ.~ @If ltilu@ Jf>l?&lll?ll@~f} llrnJ.~U:@&@ @If llill @l?&ll y i!:ilul' ~(S.1rnJ.rnJ.@l?~ &rnl@ ~&U:@l?ll&ll~ @If U: @l? m@~ll@rnl~ 1II1W111l1111U111111111IUUIWllIUIIIIIIDIIIiHUlUlUClIIlIIIUlIIlIUIIUlIIlllWUlllIUIIIIIIIIIIUIIIUIlIIIUIIIlDlmrun IliiIllWUUWUWWUlllIIllUIBllllWUlUlllUlUHUlIIIUlUlUlUl1l1lUIIIHWWlllllSUllZlllllUlWlIIllJlllUllIIIIIII1IUlI ~~~:;'I HE Middle West is just beginning to evolve a in obvious or subtle ways the horizontal line of land and new style of architecture, interior decoration, and sky which is the most impressive phenomenon on the bound­ T landscape gardening, in an effort to create the. less plains. Also, I aimed to re-create the atmosphere of perfect home amid the prairie states. This the prairie by restoring as high a proportion as possible of movement is founded on the fact that one of the the trees, shrubs, and flowers native to Illinois." greatest as ets which any country or natural part The principles of design on which the "prairie men" lay of it can have, is a strong national or regional most stress are conservation, restoration, and repetition, as character, especially in the homes of the common illustrated on the contents page and by Figs. 2 and 3. people. Its westernism grows out of the most striking pecu­ A great field for applying these principles is offered by liarity of middle-western scenery, which is the prairie, i. e., our parks. Of course, literal restoration of prairie scenery flat or gently rolling land that was treeless when the white is impractical in places that are visited by thousands of man came to Illinois. Some of the progress that has been people daily. But the spirit of truth can be restored to every made toward a prairie style of architecture is incidentally large city park in the ~,1iddle \IVest, witness the Prairie illustrated in these pages. (See front cover, and Figs. 1, 5, River and its adjacent meadow (Fig. 2). Each city can 17, and 76.) produce a different picture by restoring its local color, or The progress in landscape gardening is typified by the characteristic vegetation. There are three ways of doing following statement from one member of the new "middle­ this, for the prairie spirit can be idealized, conventionalized, western school of artists: "When I was landscape gardener or symbolized. For example, it is idealized in the Conserv­ for the West Side parks in Chicago I directed the expendi­ atories (Figs. 25-34) by suggesting the appearance of Illi­ ture of nearly $4,000,000 on proj ects inspired by the prairie. nois in geological periods before the coming of -man. It is Some of the money went for salaries and maintenance, but conventionalized in the Rose-garden (Fig. 8) so much so there was a bond issue of $3,000,000 for new construction. that there are no prairie flowers in it, and in Humboldt bou­ This was chiefly spent on such designs as the Prairie River levard (Fig. 59). It is symbolized in the playground at in Humboldt Park (Fig. 2), the Prairie Rose-garden (Fig. Douglas Park (Figs. 55-56) by means of plants with hori­ 8), and the Conservatories in Garfield Park (Figs. 25-34). zontal branches and flower clusters. Of course, the primary motive was to give recreation and The sam~ principles and methods have been used on pleasure to the people, but the secondary motive was to many private estates, which offer a larger canvas for pure in pire them with the vanishing beauty of the prairie. There­ restorations than the average hrmstead or city lot. How­ fore, I used many symbols of the prairie, i. e., plants with ever, every home can express the new idea in proportion to strongly horizontal branches or flower clu ters that repeat its means. The farmer may idealize his farm view by fram­ 1. The Prairie Style of Landscape Gardening Marned to the Prairie Style of Architecture "The environment is woodland," says the landscape architect, "but the newly planted crab apples are designed to frame the view of the house and give an invitation to the prairie which is not far away." (Home of Henry Babson, River F orest; Louis H. Sullivan, architect. ) 2 TI-IE PRAIRIE SPIRIT IN LANDSCAPE GARDENING • 1­ in middle-western scenery, by preserving, restoring, or repeat­ ing some phase of the prairie. The origin of the "middle­ western movement" in landscape gardening, if it may be so called~ can be traced back to 1878 when Mr. Bryan Lathrop "discov­ ered" Mr. O. C. Simonds and persuaded him to become a land­ scape gardener. The latter then began to layout the new part of Graceland Cemetery, which,. during the next quarter of a cen­ tury, was perhaps the most fa­ mous example of landscape gar­ dening designed by a western man. I t is more than a mere cemetery, for it is full of spirit­ ual suggestion, and its wonder­ ful effects produced by trees and shrubs native to Illinois have profoundly influenced the plant­ ing of home grounds. In 1880 Mr. Simonds began to trans­ plant from the wilds the com­ 2. "Restoration" Is the Second Principle in the Prairie Style The aim is to re·create the spirit of disappearing types of American scenery by restoring as much as possible mon Illinois species of oak, of the "local color" or peculiar character impressed upon each scenic unit by nature thru ages of experiment. maple, ash, hornbeam, pepper­ The famous "Prairie River" in Humboldt Park, Chicago. (Jens Jensen, landscape architect.) idge, thorn apple, witch hazel,. panic1ed dogwood, ~heepberry,. ing it with haws as in Fig. 12. The city dweller may conven­ elder, and the like. Many of these plants have achieved great tionalize the prairie in his garden, as in Fig. 13. The humblest size and beauty. All the species named are nowadays called renter may symbolize the prairie by putting a prairie rose be­ "stratified plants," but there was no talk then of "repetition," side the door, as in Fig. 14. Amid the most artificial surround­ or even of "restoration." The guiding spirit was that respect ings it is possible to hint at the bountiful prairie which sur­ for the quieter beauties of native vegetation which comes to. rounds every city and is the source of its prosperity. Even every cultured person after he has lived a few years among among the tenements, a single brown-eyed daisy in a window the showiest plants from all foreign lands as assembled in box may keep alive the hope of freedom, prosperity, and a life ordinary nurseries and in the front yards of beginners. Grace­ amid more beautiful surroundings. Thus every home in Illi­ land was to be ·a place of rest and peace, not a museum or a nois can connect itself with the greatest source of inspiration gaudy show. Should not the same ideal prevail in our home grounds? The first piece of work done by Mr. Simonds that sug­ gests what is now called "res-· toration," was begun in 1895 at Quincy, Illinois, when its fa­ mous park system overlook inK the Mississippi was projected under the leadership of the late Edward J.
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