Highlights

Transport for Society Transport for Society

Highlights

25–27 May 2011 Leipzig, Germany Contents

Introduction 4 About the International Transport Forum 6 José Blanco López: “Society Shows us the Path” 8 Jack Short: “We Bring Decision-makers Together” 10 Peter Ramsauer: “International Transport Policy for Tomorrow’s Society”

Transport for Society 14 Jeremy Rifkin: “We Have Forty Years to Make the Shift” 18 Enrique Peñalosa: “A Powerful Symbol” 22 Transport for Society: Key Messages from Ministers

Understanding the Issues 28 Putting People First: Opening Plenary 30 A Delicate Balance: Mobility Rights, Needs, Expectations and Costs 32 More with Less: Shrinking Budgets and Growing Demand 34 Meeting Tomorrow’s Needs: Transport and Employment 36 Equitable Access: No Passenger Left Behind 38 Security in Transport: Protecting and Respecting Users 40 Keeping it Clean: Transport, Health and the Environment Taking Action 44 Jeffrey Sachs: “We Face a Stunning Challenge” 48 Meeting People’s Needs in Policy and Planning: Part 1 – Moving Passengers 50 Meeting People’s Needs in Policy and Planning: Part 1 – Moving Freight 52 Creating Liveable and Sustainable Societies 55 Making Transport Safer 58 eSafety Challenge Demonstrations: Advanced safety technology in action 60 Innovators’ Platform: New ideas for transforming transport

Better Transport, Better Communities

64 Jaime Lerner: “We Have to Better Understand the City” 68 Achieving Sustainable Urban Mobility: Decision-makers’ Dialogue

Where Ideas Meet 74 International Transport Forum Awards 2011: Achievements that have made a difference 76 Active Transport Tour: Leipzig by Bike 78 Childrens’ University: Kids Quiz Transport Experts 80 Summit Exhibition: The future of transport on display 82 Partner Events at the 2011 Summit: Linking the issues 84 Media at the 2011 Summit: Making headlines 85 Technical Visits and Cultural Programme: The summit on the road 86 Sponsors and Exhibitors 87 Recent Publications 88 List of Speakers 90 Forum 2012: Seamless Transport: Making Connections About the International Transport Forum

The International Transport Forum is an Member countries of the International intergovernmental organisation with 52 Transport Forum include most of the Member countries that work together member states of the Organisation for to shape transport policies for the 21st Economic Co-operation and Development Century. As a strategic think tank, it (OECD) as well as India, Russia, and many provides evidence-based insights on countries in Central and Eastern Europe. transport issues for the world-wide transport community. The International China is officially engaged in the Transport Forum’s annual summit of accession process for membership and is transport Ministers, held each year in expected to participate as a full member May on a topic of strategic importance, in the 2012 summit. has established itself a major global meeting place for policy-makers, Forward-looking debate business leaders, top academics and civil society representatives. The creation of the International Transport Forum in 2006 was driven by The goal of the International Transport the desire to foster constructive, relevant Forum is to ensure that transport and forward-looking debate about the policy contributes to economic growth, future of transport on a global level and environmental protection, social across all modes. It reflected the fact inclusion and the preservation of human that numerous challenges to transport life and well-being. cannot be addressed on a national level.

4 Issues like climate change, oil Member Countries of the dependency, economic fluctuations, International Transport Forum infrastructure investment and maintenance, fighting congestion, accessible mobility, safety and security, „„Albania, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan among others, are global in scope and are best tackled in close collaboration „„Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria across borders and among all stakeholders. „„Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic

It is the involvement of a broad range „„Denmark of actors from the world of transport and beyond that make the International „„Estonia Transport Forum a truly unique platform for a global conversation on the future of „„Finland, France, FYROM mobility. In-depth research carried out by the International Transport Forum’s „„Georgia, Germany, Greece Research Centre supports transport policy making in Member countries „„Hungary and provides high-quality input for the annual summit, contributing to an „„Iceland, India, Ireland, Italy unrivalled level of debate. „„Japan A unique platform „„Korea The meeting of Ministers is at the heart of the annual summit. The Ministers’ „„Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg Key Messages emanating from this meeting are important signals to policy „„Malta, Mexico, Moldova, Montenegro makers, the transport sector and society at large. The high-level political aspect „„Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway is integrated into a thematic setting of expert panels and debates that help link „„Poland, Portugal policy to practice. An exhibition, live demonstrations, side events organised „„Romania, Russia by partner organisations, technical and cultural tours and a wide range of social „„Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland events provide countless opportunities to learn, exchange ideas and to network. „„Turkey

The presidency of the International „„Ukraine, United Kingdom, USA Transport Forum alternates among Member countries on an annual basis. Following Spain, Japan will preside over „„Morocco (Observer) the International Transport Forum and its annual summit in 2012. The 2012 „„China and Brazil are invited to participate. summit on “Seamless Transport: Making Connections” will take place on 2-4 May 2012 in Leipzig, Germany. 5

“Society Shows us the Path”

José Blanco López looks back on the 2011 summit

The development of the global economy Companies and individuals that use has made the different sectors of society various transport modes on a daily basis - citizens, companies and organisations - ask that their mobility needs be met by focus on transport. Our first duty as those services of ever improving quality. And responsible for this sector is to respond to they want their means of transport to this challenge in an appropriate manner. have less impact on the climate, on health So I cannot help but be pleased to have and on nature. presided over the International Transport Forum’s 2011 summit held under the Complex challenges motto “Transport for Society”. José BLANCO LÓPEZ, A wide range of complex challenges to Ministro de Fomento, The International Transport Forum transport were given thorough scrutiny Spain enjoys a well earned reputation for its in Leipzig. Fairness was one of them, leadership in strategic thinking on the meaning guaranteed access to transport transport challenges in our world. The for those in society who enjoy fewer panel sessions and discussions at the 2011 opportunities due to their level of income, summit again provided ample proof of their reduced personal mobility or their this. The range of issues which the Forum location. Protecting travellers against has been working on since its creation, criminal or terrorist activities, while at “Society and on which it has given interesting the same time respecting their rights and recommendations, reflect the challenges optimising the public resources spent for demands new faced by transport in relation to society’s this purpose is another important issue and better demands. that was discussed in depth. Society shows us the path we must Coinciding with the launch of the United interconnected follow and the things we must pay more Nation’s Decade of Action for Road attention to, especially those of us who Safety, the quest for decisive reductions transport bear responsibility as elected officials. in the number of traffic accidents and Citizens are increasingly conscious of the victims was another obvious high-profile models” fact that transport systems play a decisive issue. Here, Spain is proud to be a leader, role in their well-being. They understand having achieved a 57.5% reduction in that transport is essential to economic road fatalities between 2001 and 2009, growth and provides access to markets for one year ahead of the target set by labour, goods and services. the European Commission for halving roadside deaths.

A spotlight was put on improving mobility in urban areas. Society demands new and better interconnected transport models with more information on the services as well as a reduction of the negative impact caused by the distribution of goods in 6 urban environments. Caring for the environment and for To a large extent, the quality of our health is, of course, closely linked to transport infrastructure and of our this. Transport has become more energy transport services depends on highly efficient but it still has to overcome its qualified labour. oil dependence and the ensuing negative effects on the environment. Citizens are Meeting all the challenges and demands “Now more than requesting major new steps in the race that society puts before us requires us to achieve the sustainable mobility that is to redouble our efforts to draw up a ever, transport sought throughout the world. clear and useful roadmap. We know that decisions in the world of transport need policy has to be Do more with less time for planning and for realisation, and that the effects of these decisions last geared towards At the same time, now more than many years. Today, we are at that key ever, transport policy has to be geared moment. supporting towards supporting economic growth and employment. This is why we must invest I am convinced that the lessons from this economic resources in conservation, renovation and year’s summit will contribute to improvement of our transport systems. responding to the many challenges that growth and In the wake of the financial crisis, society society has put before the transport is asking us to do more with less, and sector. My country was delighted to employment.” efficiency of resource allocation was preside over the 2011 International another central theme in Leipzig. Transport Forum and I wish to reaffirm Spain’s commitment and dedication to the Major transport investments will have Forum’s objectives and to its role as the to rely on diverse sources of funding, top level international meeting point in the with greater emphasis on Public-Private world of transport. Partnerships, new tools to optimise the use of public resources, stepped- up international, regional and local collaboration and better indicators to assess transport efficiency from both the user’s and taxpayer’s point of view.

Not least, technological innovation and human resources play a key part. Many of the most important challenges cannot be met just by promoting new technology. Improved training of transport sector employees must be a priority.

7 José BLANCO LÓPEZ opens the 2011 summit “We Bring Decision-makers Together”

Jack Short on the summit and his tenure as Secretary General

Transport for Society – our theme for the In his keynote address, Jeffrey Sachs 2011 summit may seem a truism: What reminded us that our infrastructures will is transport for, if not society? But behind have to adapt to new challenges: the seeming redundancy of the title lie To changing concepts of the city, to some important policy implications. the convergence of transport and communication, to providing infrastructures A key one is that transport authorities where these do not yet exist. To do this, have too often not been sufficiently argued Sachs, “we need networking engaged with users. As a result the supply among and between universities, industry, side has had a preponderant role, leading civil society and government in an Jack SHORT, to a top-down approach to transport extremely intensive manner.” Secretary General of the policy-making. So this year’s theme was a International Transport conscious effort to engage users and Linking policy and Forum 2001 - 2011 take a more bottom-up look. implementation

The results are contained in this That is of course what the International publication. The range of issues covered Transport Forum is all about. And many is wide. Is there a right to mobility? If of the summit speakers personified the so, what exactly does this mean? How crucial link between policy development can we provide better access – not just and policy implementation – such as for increasingly older and fragile users in Enrique Peñalosa, former mayor of Bogotá the rich countries but also for a growing and a leading thinker on liveable cities; or population in emerging economies? Jaime Lerner, architect, three-time mayor of Curitíba, former governor of Brasil’s Communicating objectives Parana province and mastermind of bus rapid transit. Ministers addressed the central issue of how to do more with less. Financing is In Leipzig, Jaime Lerner was honoured a challenge, and examples of innovative with our first Leadership in Transport approaches were shown by Switzerland Award for his visionary policies and for railways and France for urban determination to implement them. Arriva transport. The role of competition in Denmark SA received the Achievement improving services and keeping costs in Transport Award for “Better Bus Ride”, down was emphasised. Consultation with a project that truly puts people first. the public is increasingly important for And Canadian researcher Dr. Jonn Axsen investment decisions, but also to explain was named 2011 Young Researcher the aims of policy. of the Year for shedding new light on consumers’ motives for buying electric vehicles.

The European launch of the U.N. Global Decade of Action for Road Safety at the summit highlighted the continued fight 8 against road fatalities. “We Bring Decision-makers Together”

Partners like the World Bank, WHO and the International Chamber of Commerce Jack Short on the summit and his tenure as Secretary General provided added perspectives on the summit theme through events on issues such as gender, health and piracy. The summit also reached out to the public: Nearly 100 delegates joined an hour-long cycling tour through Leipzig in glorious sunshine, led by Mayor Burkhard Jung as tour guide. And at the Childrens’ University, Leipzig schoolchildren quizzed politicians on transport issues and had their picture taken with U.N. Road Safety Ambassador, Grover of Sesame Street.

Important decisions Jack Short welcomes delegates to the 2011 summit

Important decisions also marked the 2011 As the global industry par excellence, as the summit: China declared its intention to join driver of globalisation, as the conduit for the International Transport Forum. That is human contacts and trade on scales never a most welcome development, and as the seen before, transport more than ever world’s largest exporter and most populous needs global policies and arrangements. nation, China can contribute much to the The International Transport Forum has a debate on transport’s future. broader perspective than existing global bodies and brings together key decision On the fringes of the summit, a number makers. Its further development is “The challenges of agreements were signed. Armenia necessary, as the challenges ahead are and Germany signed a road transport shared, complex and increasingly global. ahead are shared, agreement. And Minister Ramsauer and I put our signatures to a document that Ministers elected Carole Coune as their complex and ensures the summit will stay in Germany new Secretary General. In wishing her until 2017. The Forum is exceptionally great success in this position, I express increasingly grateful to Germany and Minister Ramsauer the hope that the Member Countries will for their continued and generous support. ease her task by showing the strong co- global.” operation that this new organisation needs. The 2011 summit was my last as I thank the Ministers, board members and Secretary General. It has been a great delegates for their support and enthusiasm honour to have led the ECMT and the over so many years. International Transport Forum over the last decade. These ten years have seen Finally, special thanks go to the significant changes in the reach, aims and dedicated staff who serve the Members structures of the organisation. The Forum so well and who have made my task so is a necessary addition to the world’s much easier and more enjoyable over my transport institutions. career with the ECMT and the International Transport Forum.

9 “International Transport Policy for Tomorrow’s Society”

Peter Ramsauer reflects on global challenges

This year’s annual summit of the OECD’s As soon as airspace is closed and flights International Transport Forum in Leipzig are cancelled, we suddenly realise how once again attracted increased interest. important fully operational transport This surge in interest also saw the largest systems are for travel, trade and ever number of high-ranking political co-operation in a globalised world. Of leaders from the 52 member countries course, this is particularly true in the attend the meeting. The contributions case of international air transport. The from the guest speakers – drawn this International Transport Forum clearly year from the United Arab Emirates, showed that we are all very much aware China and Latin American countries in of the importance of having fully functional Peter Ramsauer, particular – proved that the International modes of passenger and freight transport. Federal Minister for Transport Forum is regarded as one of Transport, Building and the most important global platforms At the same time we need to bear in mind Urban Development, for mobility and transport. In addition, the possible negative effects of transport, Germany China announced that it was to become for example its influence on land use, the 53rd Forum member country. This the climate and the environment, as well is a very positive sign. The International as on the use of resources. Responsible Transport Forum is increasingly developing transport policy therefore goes beyond into a global think tank and platform the construction of transport routes or for international transport policy. the development of transport regula- Contact with counterparts, high-ranking tions. Transport policy has far-reaching representatives from industry, academics implications – for society, the environ- and leading representatives of civil society ment and the economy. is constructive and fruitful. Far-reaching implications This year’s theme, “Transport for Society”, offered us a multi-faceted and, once A forward-looking and sustainable again, very topical subject. Volumes of transport system, in our towns and cities everyday traffic are increasing. While this for example, requires an integrated undoubtedly brings many benefits, it also approach that optimises the performance presents major challenges. of individual means of transport and their interplay with other modes of transport. Most of the time we are not consciously Accordingly, the design of private car aware of these benefits, as long as con- and public transport systems, as well as nections run smoothly. In contrast, the options for pedestrians and cyclists, must failure or deficiency of a transport mode be both attractive and interconnected. or route very swiftly triggers a public Sustainable town planning must support debate on its causes. The vulnerability this process. Central to this, especially of our transport systems was clearly for the construction of infrastructure, demonstrated by the impacts of the is the level of acceptance accorded volcanic eruptions which took place this to decisions on transport policy, year and last year – interestingly on both meaning that the highest level of public occasions on the days that delegates participation needs to be achieved at 10 were due to travel to the International an early stage in the process. Transport Forum. This is especially relevant for us in Germany. We need to adopt new approaches which will allow us to find workable solutions that will reconcile competing interests and secure an enduring consensus within society on projects that are important for the future.

Intercity services increase

Transport must become more environ- mentally friendly. Germany is therefore Peter RAMSAUER addressing the delegates in Leipzig promoting the development of alternative drive systems and electric mobility and, Rising wages in emerging countries will as part of this effort, has launched some lead to the relocation of manufacturing 200 field projects in several pilot regions. plants. This effort is also aimed at environmentally friendly local transport. On the occasion Alongside these developments, one thing of the International Transport Forum, for is clear: even in an exporting nation such example, 20 low-floor hybrid buses were as Germany, 50% of freight transport brought into everyday operation in the city and 80% of total transport volume still regions of Leipzig and Dresden in Saxony. comes from domestic transport and is These buses are fitted with a series-hybrid therefore not linked to globalisation and “We need system which enables the vehicle to be the international division of labour. intermittently powered by a zero-emission, We must therefore provide the necessary an enduring all-electric motor. At the International infrastructure and take steps to ensure Transport Forum’s summit in Leipzig mobility. These are both prerequisites for consensus participants were able to examine the economic growth and employment. suitability of these technologically advanced within society vehicles for everyday commuting. To conclude, an important appointment was made during the Ministerial session of the on projects that Between now and 2025 we expect to see summit. Carole Coune, a Belgian national, a dramatic increase in freight transport was elected Secretary-General of the are important in Germany. Developments in passenger International Transport Forum at the OECD. transport, on the other hand, are driven I would like to personally wish Ms Coune for the future.” by demographic change. Older people, and her new team in Paris the best of luck for instance, do not have fewer mobility for the Forum’s future development. I would requirements, they simply have different also like to thank her predecessor, Jack ones. Among other things, they require Short, for his commitment and hard work, door-to-door services. and I wish him all the best for the future.

There will also be a greater concentration I am looking forward to the future summits in of the population in major conurbations. Germany. The Ministers approved Germany as Rather than declining, intercity transport the host location until 2017. I also hope that services are set to increase. Lastly, readers of this publication will continue to the international division of labour provide valuable contributions to the Forum. will carry on growing – and with it the transportation of goods. 11

Transport for Society “We Have Forty Years to Make the Shift”

Jeremy Rifkin on how the third industrial revolution will shape transport

Two events in the last three years signal So how do the great economic revolutions the long endgame for the great industrial in history occur? When we change the way evolution based on fossil fuels, and fossil we organise energy. This makes possible fuel transport. The first event occurred much more integrated civilisations and in July 2008: Oil hit USD 147 per barrel requires communication revolutions on the world market, prices across the to manage them. And when energy supply chain soared, purchasing power revolutions converge with communication plummeted, and the economic engine shut revolutions, they change tempo-spatial down. Why did this happen? Because the orientation, they change consciousness Jeremy Rifkin, entire civilisation is based on fossil fuels and they change our transport patterns. President of the Foundation – not just transport. Petrochemicals and on Economic Trends, USA pesticides for agriculture. Pharmaceutical Transporting empathy products. Construction materials. Fibre. Power. Heat and light. In the last fifteen years, our neuro- cognitive scientists have opened up whole We have likely hit peak globalisation on new doors regarding human consciousness. oil, according to the International Energy It turns out that we are not self-interested Agency. Yet the industry age based on advantage-seekers, but the most social “The key that fossil fuels will be with us for the next thirty creature. Built into our neuro-circuitry years. The key is to make sure the old is empathic distress, the ability to feel brings people system does not collapse while we wean another being’s experience as if we were in a completely new economic paradigm. feeling it ourselves. Empathy is the social together in more Transport will be right at the centre of this. glue that allows increasingly large units of people to identify and have solidarity. evolutionary A new economic vision Transport allows us to annihilate time and ways is The second event: December 2009, space so that we can integrate into these Copenhagen. 192 leaders come together larger social units. The ancient forager or transport.” from around the world to deal with the hunter societies only had the human body for entropy bill for the industrial age. Our transport. This limited their empathy to just scientists say that perhaps there will be blood ties. If you were in another tribe the a three centigrade rise of temperature in other side of the mountain, you were a non- this century, possibly higher. We are not human. The key that brings people together grasping the enormity of this moment. We in more evolutionary ways is transport. With are in the early stages of a mass extinction animal transport and sailing ships in the event again. We could lose, up to 70% of hydraulics civilisations, more people were all the species of life on this earth, as early brought together, from blood ties to religious as the later part of this century. ties and other fictional families. We became integrated in larger units so we could We are now paying the bill for the empathise in broader ways. industrial age, and we need a new economic vision and a game plan that is 14 practical and can be implemented in less than 40 years. Decentralised energy production will drive the Third Industrial Revolution

During the 19th century empathy Its first pillar is distributed energies. The extended again. It evolved from blood sun shines all over the world every day. ties and religious ties to something called The wind blows across the planet, 24 hours national identity. Principalities became a day. We have ocean tides and waves countries. It was the railroad, together coming in every day. We have forestry and with the telegraph, that allowed us to agricultural waste in rural areas. We have “We will have consolidate time and space, so people hydropower where there is water. And we could communicate, travel and become have garbage-converted energy. We have a powerful integrated into larger fictional families. enough energy until our species’ end days. And it is the transport of the 20th century, The question is, why we collect them only in third industrial the automobile and jet travel, that has a few central points. enabled us to extend empathy to even revolution broader, more inclusive communities. Positive power and transport But this second industrial revolution is Pillar 2: Buildings. The number one cause on life support. Fossil fuels and uranium of climate change is buildings. The goal in should be right are sunset energies. Technologies based Europe is to convert every single existing on them have exhausted the s-curve building – home, office, factory – into a at the centre.” and the whole infrastructure based on micro power plant to secure green energy carbon is now too costly. We have had a onsite: sun off the roof and walls, wind very powerful communication revolution off the sides of the building, geothermal in the last fifteen years. The Internet heat under the ground. This starts a revolution is now converging with a new construction boom. Bouygues has a new energy regime: distributed energy. When building in Paris. It is positive power. You distributed Internet technology organises can send that to the grid. distributed energy we will have a powerful third industrial revolution and transport Pillar 3: Storage. The wind is not always should be right at the centre. blowing. The sun is not always shining. We need to store this energy. So we The European Union has committed itself have introduced flywheels, batteries, to a five-pillar infrastructure for a third capacitors, water pumping. The EU has industrial revolution. I was privileged to made a commitment of EUR 8 billion to develop the plan. hydrogen as our central storage capacity so we can store these energies and use them whenever we need them. 15 Jeremy Rifkin talks about the need to re-envisage transport

Pillar 4 is where the new Internet These five pillars go together. If one gets technology, the central nervous system, ahead of the other, we lose billions of connects with the new energy. We take dollars and time. We can only go to green off-the-shelf Internet technology. We take transport if the other four pillars are in. the power lines and transmission lines of Europe. It will cost EUR 1 trillion over The music companies did not understand the next decade. We convert those power file sharing. When the kids started file- lines to an Internet for energy. Millions of sharing music, the companies laughed at buildings will be collecting energy onsite, it – then they went out of business. The storing it in hydrogen, like we store newspapers did not understand distributed digital media. If the energy is not needed, power of the blogosphere. And now the your software will direct that energy all newspapers are going out of business or across the continent. creating blogs. Imagine what happens when distributed Internet technology Re-envisaging transport merges with the fundamental energy to create distributed energy. This is power to Finally, pillar 5: transport. Without the the people. other four pillars, we cannot get pillar 5. Electric plug-in vehicles have just come So the third industrial revolution crosses out this year; fuel cell vehicles will be out continents, and transport is critical. in 36 months. In future we will be able to We need to re-envision transport plug-in anywhere and get green electricity toward continental markets, and toward from the infrastructure – or sell it back. continental political spaces. If 25% of your transport fleet is sending electricity back to the grid at any given 16 time, every centralised power plant in the world will be superfluous. Jeremy Rifkin talks about the need to re-envisage transport

What we need is seamless energy with Human beings are only one half of 1% third industrial revolution infrastructure, of the biomass of this earth. Yet we are seamless communication, and at the centre using 31% of the photosynthesis of this seamless transport from continent edge planet. So the ambition here is clear: to continent edge. We begin to realise that Find a way to integrate the human race, we are as connected in the energy flows of with all five pillars of this infrastructure. our ecosystems as we are connected in the Create seamless transport across “You, the social spaces on the Internet. continental markets, help us creating continental political unions. policy-makers, Biosphere consciousness The Asian union is forming. The African play a central Less we think this is an impossible task, union is starting to get on the way. The let me give you some hope: Our kids are South American union was just created. role.” already learning biosphere consciousness. The European Union is mature. They come home from school and they say: “How much electricity are we using in our You, the policy-makers, play a central role. home?”, “What kind of a car are we driving You need to lay down a new seamless and how much mileage is it getting?” They transport grid across the continents of the are learning quickly that everything they do world. We have forty years to make the shift. leaves an ecological footprint that affects some other creature somewhere else in this But we matured the first industrial biosphere. That is biosphere consciousness. revolution in forty years. We matured the Time is running out for us. second industrial revolution in forty years. We should be able to mature this third revolution by 2050. 17

“A Powerful Symbol”

Enrique Peñalosa on urban mobility solutions for low-income countries that work

Developing world cities means giant And there is a conflict for space in cities opportunities and challenges. More between cars and people. There is a than 2 billion new inhabitants will live in conflict for space between bicycles, cities over the next forty years. Here we pedestrians, cars and public transport. are in Leipzig – many developing world And there is also a conflict for funds in cities are growing at the rate of one very low-income countries, because if Leipzig per year. My own city, Bogotá, we invest in highways, there may not grows by one Leipzig about every three be enough money to invest in housing, years. So the challenges are enormous, hospitals and schools. Enrique Peñalosa, not least because in terms of economic Director of the Institute development most of these cities are in What cars on sidewalks say for Transportation and a different reality. It would take Bogotá, Development Policy and all of Colombia, about 100 years It is very easy to solve mobility in any city growing at 5 or 6% per year to reach if we really give priority to public transport Germany’s present per capita income. in the use of road space, and we give that It is a different reality. space to dedicated bus lanes. This carries very low costs and is easy to do. But of Transport poses a very peculiar problem, course, it is a huge political challenge. different from health or other challenges. The redistribution of road space is not a As incomes rise, we tend to solve almost technical issue. It is a political issue. any other problem, while transport gets “It is very worse. There are more and more traffic We can give more space to sidewalks, jams, as people have more cars. But we to bicycles, to cars. It does not matter easy to solve cannot propose transport solutions unless how much space you give to cars, we will we know what kind of a city we want. It never solve traffic jams just by giving mobility in any is a very different story if we want to be them more space. Sidewalks are the more like Houston or rather more like most important element of transport city if we really Amsterdam. And even before we know infrastructure and I would say what really what kind of city we want, we have to makes the difference between advanced give priority to decide how we want to live, because, and backward cities in terms of transport ultimately, a city is only a means to a way are quality sidewalks. public transport of life. So this has more to do with politics and democracy than with technology. We find great highways in some very in the use of poor African cities where there is not What is democracy? The first article in even running water for most citizens. road space.” every constitution in the world says that And we find even subways in some terrible all citizens are equal before the law. This cities. But what we do not find is high may sound like a nicety, but it is actually quality sidewalks, because upper income a very powerful statement. Because if citizens who own cars – in my own city, all citizens are equal before the law, a bus for example, about 22% of homes own with 100 or 150 passengers should have the cars – have all the political power. right to 150 times more road space than a 18 car with one person. And so, the majority of people who only walk are not respected. One symbol of lack of democracy is to have cars parked on sidewalks.

When I was a mayor of Bogotá, I was almost impeached when I was getting tens of thousands of cars off the sidewalks. People used to tell me: “There is enough space for cars to park and for people to walk by.” We told them that sidewalks are not just for getting from one place to another. Sidewalks are for talking, for playing, for kissing. Sidewalks really are much closer relatives of parks than of streets.

So to say that sidewalks can accommodate parked cars and pedestrians is equivalent Enrique PEñALOSA lays out his vision to saying that we could turn parks into open-air parking lots, as long as we leave enough space for people to walk by. And we have started a car free day, These issues are subjective. I cannot prove which was a approved through a mathematically that it is better to have a referendum: The first Thursday of 10-metre wide sidewalk than one that is every February, there are no cars in two or three metres wide. This is something Bogota, a city of 7 million inhabitants – “One symbol you feel with your soul, your heart. Upper only taxis and trucks. And 99.9% of the income citizens only want highways. people go to work nonetheless. This is of lack of Sometimes they also want subways - not a fascinating exercise. because they have the slightest intention democracy is of using them, but because they want to We also started investing in bicycle lanes. put lower income people and their buses The bike is a very important means of to have cars underground so they do not take space transport. It can save more than 20% of away from their cars. a low-income citizen’s income. Sidewalks parked on are seen as a right today. Making bus use sexier sidewalks.” But are protected bicycle lanes a right, There are huge political conflicts around or are they just a cute architectural this. In Bogotá, we decided not to follow feature? I hope that we will see a day recommendations to build billions and when bikeways will be considered a right. billions of dollars worth of elevated Or will we continue to believe that only highways. We decided to restrict car use those who have access to a motor vehicle and to create bikeways, schools, libraries, have a right to mobility without the risk housing projects and such things. of getting killed?

19 Enhanced bus lines in Bogotá help make public transport more appealing

Today, Bogotá has more than 500 Now, when the upper-income people kilometres of bikeways and we need are stuck in traffic jams in their cars, “A protected much more. This is a powerful symbol: the TransMilenio buses pass them by on A protected bicycle lane in our low- dedicated lanes. It’s a powerful symbol of bicycle lane in income city is a symbol of equality; democracy, which really shows that public it shows that a citizen on a USD 30 good prevails over private interest. our low-income bicycle is equally important as someone city is a symbol in a USD 30 000 car. Who gets the space? Our protected bicycle lanes increased But this is not just a matter of symbols. of equality.” the social status of cyclists, which was TransMilenio is moving more passengers extremely important. It helped us to move per hour than almost any subway line in from 0% of the population using bicycles the world, except for a dozen. It moves to 5%, in all about 350 000 people. more than 47 000 passengers per hour and we are certain that it could move As for buses, in Bogotá they work more even more. This kind of system is not like trains or subways, with dedicated necessarily the best, but it is the only lanes and real stations. To increase the possible means to solve mass transit in a social status of buses, we gave it a name, developing world city. the TransMilenio. We wanted to make it a little sexier, because buses have lost Subways are wonderful, except that they a lot of sex appeal in the last decades. are very expensive. An underground subway Transport has a lot to do with status, like in Sao Paolo costs USD 250 million per anywhere in the world. kilometre, while a very high quality Bus Rapid Transit can cost USD 10 million or USD 20 15 million per kilometre, including the lanes, the improved sidewalks and such. No developing country today moves more Now let us imagine that what is scarce than 10% of its population by rail; only is not fuel, but space. To whom shall we Mexico City reaches 11% or 12%. If we give space? really are going to give public transport priority, why are we putting public I believe that we have many possible transport users underground and force solutions for mobility needs. For low them to give up the view of the city, light, income countries there are solutions and all of these things. which are politically difficult, but which have been shown to work. I have already mentioned the political “The first difficulties, because the 20% or 30% of our citizens who own cars are also the Thursday of only ones who hold political power. Let us imagine that there had been some kind of every February natural catastrophe, and we would only have fuel for 5% of the vehicles in a city. there are no

To which vehicles would we give the fuel? cars in Bogota.” I am sure we would give it to the trucks and buses, because otherwise our city would collapse. It is a matter of survival. It is also a matter of democracy, but fundamentally it is a matter of survival. 21 Transport for Society

Key Messages from Ministers

The Ministers of the International „„The need for a sustainable and Transport Forum, meeting in Leipzig on efficient logistics and freight transport 26 May 2011, system, able to meet the demands of economic and traffic growth; and Underscore: „„The considerable pressures on public „„The vital importance of passenger and budgets in many countries in the wake of freight transport for enabling economic the global financial crisis. growth, supporting individual well-being, and providing access to markets for Note: labour, goods, and services; „„That the disruptions caused by the „„The complex challenge of meeting recent earthquake and tsunami in Japan society’s increasing demand for high- tragically highlight the essential role of quality transport, while simultaneously transport in the lives of individuals and reducing the adverse impact of transport communities, reminding us that what is on climate change and air quality, human particularly important in the event of a health and the natural environment; natural disaster are disaster-resistant infrastructure; the quick restoration of „„The additional challenges facing operations; and the provision and sharing transport systems from growing of information on damage, recovery and urbanisation, and changing demographics, the availability of transport services. notably the ageing populations in many countries; Highlight:

„„The importance of focusing transport policy on citizens and communities, all of whom are directly affected by the benefits and impacts of transport use;

„„The essential and complementary roles of the private and public sectors in providing services and infrastructure; and

„„The efforts underway in the OECD and other organisations to broaden the framework for measuring societal well- being beyond GDP, and the need to ensure that transport is included adequately in this work. Carole COUNE (centre) addresses the Ministerial Session 22 “Transport for Society”: The Ministerial Session was one of the highlights of the 2011 International Transport Forum

Agree to work to improve the net „„Security, by supporting continued benefi ts of transport and increase global collaboration to combat terrorism social, environmental and economic and crime in transport, and by constantly sustainability, focusing on the following enhancing vigilance on the basis of challenges: risk-based approaches that respect the individual integrity of the traveller and „„Equity, by taking into account the optimise the use of public resources; needs of those segments of society whose access to opportunity is limited „„Urbanisation, by working proactively as a result of their income level, reduced with other levels of government to foster mobility, or location patterns; by urban transport systems that optimise ensuring that questions of equity are the use of all modes to meet the mobility adequately considered in investment and freight needs of growing urban decisions; and by recalling Ministers’ 2006 populations, and by recalling Ministers’ recommendations on Improving Transport 2006 recommendations on Implementing Accessibility for All; Sustainable Urban Travel Policies;

Safety, by recognising that the global „„ Wakio MITSUI numbers of road traffi c deaths and serious Senior Vice Minister injuries remain unacceptably high, and by of Land, Infrastructure, supporting the United Nations’ Decade of Transport and Tourism, Action for Road Safety, while continuing Japan to promote global best practices in all modes;

Doris LEUTHARD Federal Councillor, Head of the Federal Department of the Environment, Transport, Energy 23 and Communications, Suisse Mehmet Habib SOLUk Minister of Hongfeng GAO Transportation and Vice Minister of Communications, Transport, China Turkey

Catharina

Catherine kING ELMSÄTER- Parliamentary Secretary SVÄRD for Infrastructure and Minister for Transport, Australia Infrastructure, Sweden

John PORCARI Deputy Secretary, Department MATTHEWS of Transportation, USA Martin MATTHEWS Chief Executive, Ministry of Transport, New Zealand

„„Economic growth, by orienting „„Employment, by working with transport policy towards supporting employers, employee associations and economic growth and employment; by educational institutions to facilitate the prioritising the availability of resources for veducation and training required to ensure the maintenance, renewal and upgrading the availability of skilled personnel to of transport systems; by focusing on meet the needs of the transport sector investments that facilitate access to of the future, while recognising the links economic centres, urban areas and key between working conditions, the ability to corridors; by promoting a freight transport attract skilled employees and the quality system that is reliable, effi cient, and of services provided; environmentally sound, with strong links between all modes; and by implementing recommendations from the 2009 Annual Summit on Transport for a Global Economy: Challenges and Opportunities in the Downturn; 24 „„Efficiency, by making the most of the „„The environment and health, by efficiency-enhancing potential of private- encouraging the use of transport modes sector actors in providing services and – including public transport, cycling infrastructure; by employing appraisal and walking, as well as rail and inland tools in order to optimise the use of public waterways for freight – that can reduce resources; by encouraging pricing that emissions of greenhouse gases and better reflects the costs of transport air pollutants, mitigate congestion and use; by collaborating with other national, improve individual health; by working regional and sub-national governments to reduce the energy intensity and to share best practices and avoid emissions of motorised transport; and duplication of efforts; and by monitoring by implementing recommendations from the performance of the transport sector the 2008 Annual Summit on Transport to achieve the highest possible value to and Energy: the Challenge of Climate users and taxpayers; Change and recalling Ministers’ 2004 recommendations on National Policies to „„Financing, by identifying new funding Promote Cycling. sources, business models and best practices to support the construction, In conclusion, Ministers of the implementation, operation, and International Transport Forum will, in their maintenance of transport, thus providing national policies, continue to address options to decision-makers for effective these challenges, and call on all transport funding and resource strategies that stakeholders to join them in their efforts provide the highest possible value for to ensure that transport continues to users and taxpayers; enhance the quality of life of individuals and communities. „„Technology and innovation, by promoting new practices and These key messages are supported by a technologies – including Intelligent Background Paper and by analytical work Transportation Systems (ITS), and new on the various aspects of transport and vehicle technologies, such as hybrids, society carried out by the International new-generation batteries and fuel cells Transport Forum for the 2011 summit. – that improve access, environmental All documents are available from performance, safety, efficiency, www.internationaltransportforum.org connectivity and the effective and optimal use of infrastructure for freight transport; by adopting policy frameworks to encourage innovation; and by implementing recommendations from the 2010 Annual Summit on Transport and Innovation: Unleashing the Potential; and

Outgoing Secretary General Jack Short (centre) with his successor 25 Carole Coune and José Blanco Lopez, Ministro de Fomento, Spain Following the kick-off keynotes by Jeremy Rifkin and Enrique Peñalosa, Day 1 of the 2011 summit saw stimulating debates on transport’s role in society: Is there a right to mobility? Will shrinking budgets accommodate rising demand? Can we protect passengers and respect privacy? How to ensure equitable access for all? Understanding the Issues

Putting People First

Opening Plenary

Quality of life is a multi-faceted concept, Asked just how much the quality of embracing prosperity, opportunity, the transport services needs to be stepped environment, health, safety and security. up, Tim Leunig, Professor at the London Transport has an important role in all School of Economics, brought the debate these areas and its net benefits could be down to earth, suggesting “transport needs both increased and better distributed. to be good enough but not much better”: Finding means to achieve this was the People flock to London and New York with objective for the International Transport lousy transport infrastructure, rather than Forum’s 2011 summit, which opened with Geneva with its perfect transport. Buses a discussion moderated by Melinda Crane are often nearly as good as metros and of the key challenges facing transport. “if you can get from A to B that will do”. Jan MÜCKE, He lamented the lack of ex-post evaluation Federal Parliamentary The tone was set by Jan Mücke, to assess whether projects deliver the State Secretary, Ministry Parliamentary State Secretary for benefits promised. Some of the money for of Transport, Building Transport in Germany, who called for ex-ante project appraisals should be used and Urban Development, more attention to the sounding board of to assess what is actually delivered. Germany public opinion in determining the quality of transport services. Sustainable mobility Sharing cars can relieve pressure needs public transport, but includes a on resources, as Robin Chase, CEO central place for private transport, with of Buzzcar and Zipcar explained: “A e-mobility one element. Infrastructure privately owned car consumes around management is equally important, with three parking spaces overall, whereas potholes to fill and traffic light systems car-sharing models can result in 30 or to optimise. Infrastructure development even 50 people being served by those has to focus on providing for pedestrians resources.” Asked how big such schemes “Mobility and cyclists as well as cars. Mr Mücke could grow, she noted that Zipcar now underlined Germany’s commitment to serves 56 000 people using 8000 cars without ifs mobility “without ifs or buts” and aims to with users clocking up 80% less driving or buts.” improve mobility not limit it. miles than if they owned their own car. John Porcari, the US Deputy Secretary Low cost rental or shared cars could be – Jan Mücke for Transportation, expanded on the need a big part of future mobility in poor cities to begin putting people first in transport in Enrique Peñalosa’s view, as people planning. A US citizen today can easily only need a car for trips once or twice a spend more on transport than housing. month. The only way to restrict cars is to With 100 million more citizens to provide restrict parking, which is not after all a for in 40 years time this has to change constitutional right. and it will require new investment. The current generation is living on the Making these changes is not easy. infrastructure investments of its parents Mr Peñalosa noted that in poor countries and grandparents and not investing the middle class use private health, enough for the coming generations. private schools and private clubs and the only thing the rich need from government is roads, so pressure on the 28 government to deliver is huge. John Robin CHASE PORCARI

Mr Porcari observed that change in The fi nal part of the discussions returned the US is happening, with “complete to investment issues. In a survey of streets” increasingly popular and being people using BMW’s pilot electric cars, retrofi tted in many cities. City bike 70% believed government needs to make sharing systems have also become a major investment in public charging important in New York and Washington, stations. John Porcari’s answer was to DC. And retiming of pedestrian crossing start the roll-out of electric vehicles with lights is a widespread, important even public fl eets and transit buses that run though small thing that is changing the the same routes and require only a small pedestrian-vehicle balance. number of charging stations. Sibel Bulay of EMBARQ, Turkey, asked if politicians can “A privately Ole Thorsen of the European Cyclists resist build-operate-transfer (BOT) road Federation asked why pedestrians are projects promoted by fi nanciers without a owned car overlooked in project evaluation. They need for a fi nancial contribution from city are hard to count as they do not buy governments. consumes tickets, was Tim Leunig’s explanation. Also, little is known about pedestrian Enrique Peñalosa cautioned that such BOTs around three trip purpose, although some appraisal are often plagued by bribes and high costs methods, e.g. in the UK, explicitly include and create barrier effects and noise. They parking spaces pedestrians. For John Porcari the key should be resisted, he argued, as building is bottom up planning to develop a more roads has nowhere solved congestion. overall.” consensus on transport alternatives. Tim Leunig added that more roads generate more trips and more fuel taxes while more – Robin Chase public transport passengers usually mean more subsidies. Both visionary politicians and insistent NGOs for alternative transport solutions are needed, with the outcome to be fought out democratically.

Tim LEUNIG

29 Enrique PEÑALOSA

A Delicate Balance

Mobility rights, needs, expectations and costs

Mobility is sometimes perceived as a There are reasons to expect a continued right, but defining a basic level of mobility decline in the extent to which higher provision is not easy. Transport demand is incomes mean more travel. However, guided by people’s needs and aspirations, given the heterogeneity in transport “There may which are diverse and depend on other demand, finding right levels of mobility choices, such as where people live and and sustaining them in the future is still a be a need to work. The cost of transport to individuals challenge. is an important factor, and this often reconsider differs from costs to society. Societal Access is not equal demands for broad access to transport assessment, services come at costs that must be Some groups, especially the elderly and accounted for. the disabled, find access to mobility a focusing more challenge and protecting their mobility These issues, debated in the session rights becomes more difficult. The on accessibility chaired by José Manuel Viegas, disabled citizens may need parking closer President of Transportes, Inovação e to destination. The elderly may need to gains.” Sistemas, Portugal converge in the give up driving but not know how to use policy debate on finding the right balance public transport. As a consequence, their – José Manuel Viegas between mobility rights and the costs of mobility is reduced. providing safe, reliable and sustainable transport systems. There are solutions to help ageing populations maintain their mobility. Better Sustaining adequate mobility use of vehicle technology and training of the elderly to use public transport can Mobility is vital for the quality of life of help, underlined Susan Pikrallidas, citizens. Innovations, both technological Secretary General for Automobile and organisational, have enabled people Mobility and Tourism at the Fédération to travel faster and greater distances. Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). John Hanlon, Secretary General of the Infrastructure design could also take European Low Fares Airline Association, into account access issues. For example, explained that market liberalisation in green light extensions already in use for Europe and the United States gave birth to buses could be also used for pedestrians the low fare airlines industry that carries at crossings. Public transport can be one third of passengers today. With made more attractive and accessible by rising incomes and growing population, providing high quality services meeting expectations for mobility continue to grow passengers’ mobility needs. Jan Scherp although there are some signs of change. of the European Commission underlined that legislation plays an essential role in David Metz, Visiting Professor at implementing minimum service levels for University College London, UK, pointed to accessibility. emerging data showing a levelling-off of car travel in some developed economies. This suggests that the level of car mobility 30 is enough to meet peoples’ needs and expectations. Jan SCHERP Enrique PEÑALOSA

Susan PIKRALLIDAS

Distributing space fairly José Manuel VIEGAS Today, a large share of public space in cities is used for driving and parking cars. Transport networks are among the most valuable assets in cities. As Enrique Developing indicators Peñalosa, Director of the Institute for Transportation and Development Policy How should we allocate funds between and a former Mayor of Bogotá, Colombia, non-motorised and motorised modes? put it: The question becomes how to The traditional assessment methodology, allocate space between motorised and cost-benefi t analysis, measures benefi ts non-motorised transport. Urban design through travel time savings and highlights plays a major role and focusing on effi ciency gains. “There may be a need liveability and active mobility may change to reconsider assessment, focusing more the layout of our cities. Increasing city on accessibility gains”, summarised José density may also reduce the need for Manuel Viegas. more travel and improve accessibility. This does not necessarily imply changes to In developing countries, many households cost-benefi t analysis. Tools exist already still do not own cars. Equitable transport for achieving more equitable access. Some policies therefore would focus more on countries have developed indicators for cycling and pedestrians than they do accessing different services. Indeed, today. In the words of Manfred Neun, developing indicators for access and President of the European Cyclists quality of travel may be a tool to ensure Federation: Cycling for society is the equity in decision making. approach for transport for society. John HANLON

31 David METZ Manfred NEUN More with Less

Shrinking budgets and growing demand

The gap between how much transport User charges generate revenues, but infrastructure is needed and how much they are fi rst and foremost demand is available is large and is broadening, management tools. When other funding because of growing demand, lagging sources are scarce, the political appeal investment in new infrastructure, and of user charges increases. But social limited maintenance of what exists. acceptance for charges is limited - In his summary panel chairman unless they can be shown to produce Lord Macdonald concluded that it is benefi ts such as less congestion or lower “Privatisation surprisingly uncontroversial to say that environmental impacts. funding strategies need to shift away should be from a heavy reliance on general public More privatisation? funds towards increased reliance on driven by user charges, while recognising that one Private sector involvement can increase extreme should not replace another. He effi cient operation of infrastructure efficiency, not also noted that there is broad agreement in a context where government sets that there are opportunities to benefi t performance standards. The merits by desperation from the private sector’s strengths more of this approach were emphasized by widely. Gabriel Gutierrez, Project Director at for finance.” Cintra, Spain. But it can be taken further, While there is considerable consensus that towards privatisation. Some countries – Urban Karlström the funding structure can be improved have privatised infrastructure, and the along those lines, experts disagree about understanding of when this is a good exactly how much can be expected from solution and how it should be done is user charges and increased private sector increasing. To make it work, the need involvement. for a strong, independent regulator was emphasised.

Helene MIZRAHI-WALDEN

Roberto AGUERREBERE

32

LORD MACDONALD of Tradeston Should there be more privatisation? In Joris Al, Director at Rijkswaterstaat, one view, there is considerable potential The Netherlands, emphasized that public for more socially benefi cial privatisation, involvement in transport funding will if it is done right, and the supply of capital remain widespread, and that attention looking for investment opportunities is should focus on maintenance: Politicians large. roberto Aguerrebere, Director like cutting ribbons on new projects, but of Instituto Mexicano del Transporte, good maintenance is the real prize. sees private investment as a compliment to public investment. In Mexico, 40% of Overstated budget pressures? the investment over the last 10 years came from the private sector and this In the discussion, it was suggested that had been seen particularly in inter- the impact of the crisis on the funding urban transport infrastructure, such as ability of governments is sometimes “The priority Bus Rapid Transport systems, suburban overstated. The crisis certainly provides trains and roads. But there are downsides opportunities to improve cost-effi ciency. is to avoid and false hopes. Privatisation deprives But the necessity of a massive shift government of the possibility to correct towards private funding is less obvious, doing less mistakes, for example when assets are other than for reasons already understood sold to parties that pursue objectives very before the crisis. Most of all, the crisis with less.” different to those of the government. And should not lead to reduced spending. that privatisation can deliver large social As Paolo Costa, President of Venice Port – Paolo Costa savings beyond those from more effi cient Authority, Italy, pointed out, the priority is management is a false hope. to avoid doing less with less.

Privatisation should be driven by The crisis has damaged the Urban KARLSTRÖM effi ciency, not by desperation for fi nance, reputation of some fi nancial said Urban karlström, President of techniques, including the Swedish Forum for Innovation and securitisation. But, emphasized Strategies in the Transport Sector. by hélène Mizrahi-Walden, Infrastructure needs to be paid for Head of Transportation at BNP under any funding approach, so these Paribas, UK, these instruments approaches differ mainly in terms of who have their place in a well- pays what. While private funds are better functioning fi nancial system, in some cases in terms of cost effi ciency, for which a strong independent public funds will be better in others. regulator is essential.

Paolo COSTA

33 Joris AL Gabriel GUTIERREZ

Meeting Tomorrow’s Needs

Transport and employment

Transport’s workforce is evolving as This session, chaired by George Dragnich, society changes. But is employment in Executive Director Social Dialogue at the transport keeping pace with changes in International Labour Organization (ILO), “Prospects demand, technology and society? Up to addressed the employment challenges one in ten workers in developed countries facing transport in terms of societal trends, remain good for works in transport. Some sub-sectors, technology development, new service such as road freight, are fragmented, provision and training. The discussants were job growth in with thousands of small-scale operators David Cockroft, General Secretary of the and a few very large operators. Others, International Transport Workers’ Federation; the sector.” such as national rail services, tend to be Sylviane Delmas, Inspector General at dominated by large employers. Some jobs RATP Paris, France; Thomas Ehm, did not exist just a few years ago, such Vice President of Employment, Training and as mobility managers. Others risk losing Competence Management, Airbus; relevance. Oksana Exell, Executive Director of the Asia-Pacific Gateway Skills Table, Canada; and William Millar, President of the American Public Transportation Association, USA.

Are transport jobs attractive?

Globally, the transport sector is hiring in unprecedented numbers, despite the crisis. Prospects remain good for job growth in the sector. It is largely fuelled by developing countries, other regions display divergent trends with job losses and worker shortages often coinciding. Are careers in transport attractive? In areas such as truck and bus driving employers face difficulties recruiting qualified drivers willing to accept difficult working conditions. Hiring foreign labour can be problematic when domestic unemployment is high. Many jobs are attractive but also less well known to first- time job seekers, indicating a need for How can careers in transport become more attractive? better communicating such opportunities.

Women are underrepresented in transport. Is the sector addressing their needs? In some areas this seems to be the case. Maternity leave is 34 one example, as more women rise to management positions. George DRAGNICH

David COCKROFT

Thomas EHM

In other areas, changing transport jobs Training may also have to adapt to the offer new opportunities for women: lifestyles of a changing workforce, for “New forms Physical strength is less important for example by allowing workers to gain dockworkers, as containers are moved specifi c competencies rather than receive of training effortlessly with high-tech cranes. full-scale training that are the norm now. New partnerships between employers and are required Innovations in training education institutions can help ensure that workers enter the market with the skills for jobs Generations X, Y and Z have different sought. But there also needs to be a focus work expectations than their on retaining experienced older workers. attracting too predecessors, especially with regards to Training has costs, but it also enables fl exibility and work-life balance. Likewise, increased productivity. Ultimately, training few qualified qualifi ed workers shy away from jobs will have to be for new skills that allow that do not meet growing expectations employers to deliver on the needs of workers.” regarding health and safety, as seen transport service users. among truck drivers in several developing countries. Making transport jobs safe, fl exible, non-repetitive, and part of a Oksana EXELL creative solution set to delivering real life- improving services will contribute to job attractivity in the sector. This will require changes in the thinking of both organised labour and management.

New forms of training are required for jobs attracting too few qualifi ed workers. Establishing common qualifi cations and aligning state and private sector training programmes is one step.

Sylviane DELMAS

35 William MILLAR Equitable Access

No passenger left behind

Personal mobility and access to goods, Accessible transport is fundamental. It services and employment are important ensures access to basic needs such as determinants of quality of life. Poor education, health services, shopping, access to transport and reduced mobility social interactions and working. In the are linked to economic disadvantage, past, priority has been given to increasing inequality and social exclusion. Particularly average speed of transport, rather than vulnerable to inequitable access are on connecting all citizens. older and disabled people, economically disadvantaged individuals, women, young Break the car bias adults and those who live in remote and rural communities. In the United States, 30-40% of the population lack access to transport; in developing countries this can be as high as 85%. In transport planning, cost- benefi t analysis often reinforces the bias towards the car. But in many car-centred cities, a large part of the population is not able to afford a car. Promoting equal access is only possible if the real costs of car usage become visible.

Access to transport is key to a better quality of life Geetam TIWARI This session, chaired by renowned accessibility expert Ann frye, explored transport’s role in reducing inequity and promoting better living. The main focus was on why transport planning is failing David LEWIS to provide adequate transport services to large parts of the population. Discussants were robert Cervero, Director of the Transportation Center at University of California, Berkeley, USA; Chantal Duchène, ChD Mobilité Chantal DUCHENE Transport, France; Angela Glover Blackwell, CEO of Policylink, USA; David Lewis, Senior Vice President of HDR Corporation, Canada; and 36 Professor Geetam tiwari, Chair of the Indian Institute of Technology. There is an over-fascination with mega- In terms of policy making, long-term projects that favour car travel and neglect choices have to be made compatible pedestrians. Large projects often displace with equity and sustainability. Politicians poor populations to make room for roads have to adopt a strategic view but or railways, and new roads often add to also consider proximity needs and “Include the safety problems of poor populations understanding co-benefi ts. In economic living alongside. Metro systems in many terms, subsidising car users directly pedestrian and developing countries ironically remain and indirectly creates huge distortions inaccessible to those through whose between the transport modes. Correcting cycling facilities neighbourhoods the metro lines run, as this and opening the market for they cannot afford fares. innovative and diversifi ed transport as a compulsory is part of creating effi cient solutions. There is an obvious need to re-prioritise A clear vision of a functional city and part of any policy goals and design transport projects consultation with users is the basis for with people’s needs in mind. Emphasis this. Project appraisal has to start with a major urban should be on recreating geographic dialogue with all parts of the proximity. Integrating pedestrian and cyclist community concerned. transport needs is therefore a key part of providing equitable and sustainable transport. The As Geetham Tiwari summarised, “The development specifi c requirements of women – who single most important practical measure often need to juggle a (non-paid) job at would be to include providing pedestrian project.” home and a (paid) job outside – are also and cycling facilities as a compulsory part not fully understood by planners. To drive of any major urban transport – Geetham Tiwari change, the voice of those left behind has development project.” to be made heard; here, non-governmental organisations have an important role. Angela GLOVER BLACKWELL The strategic view

Increased opportunities provided by access to services are critical to quality of life. To take account of this, measure for well-being beyond GDP are needed. Increased effi ciency can be made consistent with improvements in quality of life when proper economic signals are Robert CERVERO in place and better indicators are used in appraisals.

37 Ann FRYE Security in Transport

Protecting and Respecting Users

Security is paramount, but it makes For airports, smarter processing travelling more arduous and more costly. of passengers is the way forward. Many parts of the transport system John hanlon, Secretary General “Passengers present potential targets for terrorists. of the European Low Fares Airline In this context the session examined how Association, pointed out that want protection, different approaches to security can make “passengers want protection, but not the most of scarce resources and protect by wasteful and ineffective systems”. but not by vulnerable parts of the transport system. More use needs to be made of passenger data. “We have tended to look too much wasteful and The London Underground carries at objects and not enough at people”, 2.9 million passengers a day. Physically said Nico Beilharz, Deputy Head of ineffective screening such traffi c volumes is Aviation Security at Lufthansa. impossible. The focus must therefore be on systems.” deterring attacks by creating a controlled Selective screening environment. This involves multiple- – John Hanlon layered security based on observation Adjusting the level of screening to and interaction with passengers. Geoff alert levels, to observed behaviour Dunmore, Network Security Manager of and to irregularities in identity data is London’s Underground, underlined that key. Selective screening will free up “security in public transport systems is resources for more effective checks, built on demonstrating that the public reducing delays for the 99.9% of space is actively managed”. This includes passengers that present no risk. Yet “unpredictable interventions” critical improving screening, rather than simply to staying ahead of changing threats, adding new procedures, is not easy in explained Marta Lestau Saenz, Director an environment where changes can be for Civil Aviation Security and User politically sensitive. Protection at Spain’s Safety and Security State Agency. Martin Matthews, Chief Executive at New Zealand Ministry of Transport, gave an example: In response to an attempted highjacking by a mentally unstable passenger, full passenger screening at all regional airports was proposed.

A thorough impact assessment enabled politicians to turn down a proposal that would have crippled remote areas economically, while being ineffective against the kind of attack that initiated it. Panel chairman Zoltan kazatsay, Deputy Director General at the European Commission Directorate- General for Mobility, summed up the 38 approach as “proportionality based on risk assessment”. The need to adapt to changing risks The US and Europe have to agree was stressed by Jean-Marc Suchier, common systems for security in Senior Vice President for Special Affairs, international transport, because “Joint Technology and Strategy at SAFRAN complying with two sets of systems Morpho, France. He noted that “the escalates costs. Coordination with other development Maginot Line was absolutely useless – countries is also more diffi cult, people felt secure but it didn’t work. We undermining global security. Responses of security have fi rst to defi ne risks and defi ne what to new threats have historically been we want to achieve.” Faster, user-friendly developed in parallel and incompatibilities measures must processing will be needed to handle have been common. In responding to growing fl ows of airport users. future threats, underlined Nico Beilharz, be the goal.” “joint development of security measures New technology promises walk-through must be the goal”. – Nico Beilharz devices to check boarding passes, identity, baggage and people, without the need to remove clothing. It will not be perfect, but will ensure today’s security level in less time. The body scanner issue will be resolved, as the future promises automatic recognition of dangerous objects and substances.

Splitting the bill

Air passengers used to bear the main risk of hijackings. Today’s terrorists use planes as a weapon to create large scale disruption on the ground and in the functioning of the State. Security measures thus benefi t all citizens. Marta LESTAU SAENZ This is relevant to decide how security should be paid for. Splitting costs for aviation security between operators and the State may help to focus attention on cost effectiveness and proportionality of measures.

Nico BEILHARZ

John HANLON

Jean-Marc SUCHIER 39 SUCHIER

Keeping it Clean

Transport, health and the environment

Are societal expectations for transport Chaired by Eva Molnar, Director of services, environmental quality and UNECE’s Transport Division, panellists “Putting people health incompatible? Much has been done Lawrence Burns, Professor at the to reduce pollutant emissions from new University of Michigan, USA; first and vehicles, but air pollution levels in cities Yasuo Hozaki, Executive Officer at have not reduced as much as expected. West Nippon Expressway Company, understanding Modern transport systems provide access Japan; Kee Yeon Hwang, President of to more jobs and opportunities, but active the Korea Transport Institute; Professor their needs are forms of transport such as walking and Haixiao Pan of Tongji University, China; cycling have been sidelined, with negative Helle Søholt, Managing Director of Gehl the prerequisite effects for health. Architects, Denmark; and Jean-François Toussaint, Professor of Medicine and for improving Dense urban areas have the potential Member of France’s High Council of Public to reduce greenhouse gas emissions Health; debated the environment and mobility and and promote active mobility. But many health aspects of how transport systems choose to live outside of city centres, are developing. urban planning.” and the existing transport systems allow suburban sprawl. Such paradoxes and Cities for people other challenges created by current mobility patterns were at the centre of As incomes rise, individual motorised this panel discussion. mobility becomes a compelling option, and some cities have seen a reduction in the share of public and non-motorised transport over the past decade. This has important consequences in terms of health – due to pollution and a sedentary lifestyle –, con- gestion and the environment. At the same time, there is a general demand for better environmental quality and improved health.

Putting people first and understanding their needs are the prerequisite for improving mobility and urban planning. For decades, traffic planning has created uninviting urban environments, and a paradigm shift is needed towards “Cities for People”, where mobility supports people’s ways of life and is not an end in itself. Automobiles should not be imposed on cities at the expense of the human beings living in the Urban areas have the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions urban environment. 40 Jean-François TOUSSAINT TOUSSAINT BURNS Lawrence BURNS

HWANG Kee Yeon HWANG Eva MOLNAR

Haixiao PAN

HOZAKI Helle SØHOLT Yasuo HOZAKI

Traffi c management technologies can Measuring liveability ensure personal freedom to move while limiting the negative side effects. New indicators are needed to measure Technology is also essential to optimise the the liveability of cities, with a focus on delivery of goods to citizens. the well-being of citizens and the costs versus the benefi ts of active mobility. “New indicators Walking and cycling have great potential There is also a need to better understand to contribute to more sustainable and people’s behaviour in order to adjust the are needed to healthy cities. Active mobility brings transport system to their true mobility physical and mental health benefi ts that needs – after all, policies implemented measure the largely outweigh possible increased today will determine the design of cities exposure to pollution or safety risks. for many decades. Actions are needed liveability of Promoting these transport modes may now, but cities around the world face a require thinking outside the conventional wide variety of problems, while there is cities.” box, not least regarding the use of the no one-size-fi ts-all solution. Future space. For example, dedicated elevated mobility will require a combination of bicycle paths have been successfully innovative urban design, new implemented in Korea’s capital, Seoul. technologies and appropriate incentives There was a debate, however, whether to stimulate walking and cycling. sharing space is a better approach than segmenting it. 41 Ministers from Forum member countries and beyond addressed the challenges of meeting users’ needs on

Day 2, following a keynote by economist Jeffrey Sachs. Both passenger travel and freight were highlighted against the question of how to improve policy and planning to innovate for more liveable and sustainable societies. Taking Action

“We Face a Stunning Challenge”

Jeffrey Sachs on transport for a global society of 9 billion people

In the last three days, I have travelled If you go back to the very beginning of through Abuja in Nigeria, Lagos, Atlanta, modern economics, to Adam Smith’s great New York City, Frankfurt and Leipzig. All book, “The Wealth of Nations”, you will flawlessly, without a single delay, without any find transport virtually on every page. inconvenience and without lack of safety. It Smith famously stated that the discovery is a brilliant accomplishment that modern of America and that of the passage to the transport systems can move 5 billion air East Indies by the Cape of Good Hope are passengers per year and an unimaginable the two most greatest and most important amount of freight around the world. events recorded in the history of mankind. Jeffrey Sachs, Director of The Earth Transport is the backbone of the world To him, transport uniting the world was Institute, Columbia economy. If there is any quest to place the pivotal event for modern humanity, University, USA the importance of transport in society, the moment that created the global era. In we can put it aside in a way, because his great book he explains how favourable transport defines economic life. Without transport conditions, particularly sea-based transportation, one may well live at transport, make possible the division of subsistence level as in some of the villages labour and make possible the large scale where I work in Africa. One of the first things trade that defines the rise of productivity we do in such a context is to try to identify and the rise of the modern economy. the roads, transport and communications, And it is fair to say that every fundamental connections that allow impoverished step of globalisation since then has been communities to escape from poverty. occasioned by breakthroughs in transport: ocean-going vessels in the 15th century, ocean steamers and the telegraph in the 19th century, finally container vessels and the digital era in the second half of the 20th century.

Without those advances in transport, the rise of Asia, the fundamental shifts in the world economy to a rebalancing between East and West and a rapid convergence of the developing countries would be unimaginable. Transport has made it possible. Transport is the essence of what makes the world economy interconnected and productive.

Jeffrey SACHS evokes the challenges ahead 44 Transport systems must grow to accommodate higher demand

Problems of scale There are about a hundred million light- duty vehicles in China today. The country So what is the problem, if all is working has overtaken the United States as the so well? The problem lies in several world’s largest automobile market. If China dimensions, all of scale. First, we are now were to have the automobile density of 7 billion people and will be 9 billion by the US, about one billion vehicles will be mid-century, as the world population added over the next decades, more than continues to grow at about 75 to 80 million doubling the number of cars in the world. people per year. We face a stunning This, I think, would be unattractive for challenge of scaling up our infrastructure, China’s development, and it would raise “There need to including transport infrastructure, to profound questions for global sustainability accommodate 9 billion people. There can as well. But it is a fundamental choice and it be fundamental be no greater challenge than to bring the involves lots of crucial questions, decision- billions of people in the low-income countries making, economic incentives, strategies of changes in the into a modern economy in a sustainable urbanisation, in short: some of the biggest manner, and this is perhaps also the greatest challenges that have ever been taken on. 21st century.” transport challenge in the world.

Second, is the era of unprecedented mass urbanisation. China is undergoing the most rapid urbanisation in world history. How the Chinese accomplish this will profoundly affect their quality of life throughout this century. It will have profound consequences to the rest of the world as well. 45 Jeffrey SACHS: Business as usual is no longer an option

Third, a vast part of our transport system True, the transport infrastructure of the is petroleum based. We are in the era world is in some sense almost miraculous, of peak oil. The rise in oil prices during moving billions of people and vast the past several years to roughly USD amounts of freight safely and efficiently 110 a barrel is a sign of a fundamental at relatively low cost. But we simply shift towards scarcity in conventional cannot go on this way. There need to be oil supplies. And this poses a massive fundamental changes in the 21st century. question, as billions of people enter “We need a the income levels of mass scaling up of Yet these changes also harbour transport. great opportunities. First, the fastest new sustainable urbanisation in human history offers the So managing scarcity is a new challenge, chance for a new era of urban planning design, mass because, our whole era of modern and organisation. Billions of people will economic growth has been a fossil fuel be entering the urban environment in transit, high era. And we know that we are reaching the coming decades. Mistakes of the past fundamental limits. such as urban and suburban sprawl and density, lots an automobile-based society should not Era of instability be repeated. We need a new sustainable of walking for design, mass transit, high density, lots The fourth point is the scarcity of the of walking for a safe, high quality urban a safe, high environmental load to absorb the use environment. of those fossil fuels. We have already quality urban reached 390 parts per million of carbon Fundamental dioxide in the atmosphere. Leading breakthroughs environment.” scientists argue that 350 parts per million is the threshold beyond which we have Second is the convergence of technologies. serious damage to the global climate Transport and communications are always system. So we are already in the era of complementary. Together, the digital instability. era, the renewable energies era and new transport technologies create an opportunity for fundamental breakthroughs 46 in new design. It is not just about electric vehicles; it is Transport is not a technology, it is not a about a much smarter traffic flow design device, it is a complex system. It needs and lighter, safer urban vehicles that tap research and development and public into sustainable energy systems. acceptability. As the challenges are getting more complicated, we need Third in opportunities is building the new networking among and between infrastructure where it does not exist. Africa universities, industry, civil society and “We are in the is now a continent of a billion people. It will government in an extremely intensive be 2 billion people by mid-century. There, manner. We are in the lock grip of the lock grip of the infrastructure will have to be built for the 20th century technologies, at a time when first time, and this is an opportunity to be we need to move decisively to 21st 20th century harnessed properly: rail, highways, fibre, century solutions. I hope that you will help waterways. Similarly, new infrastructure to make that change happen. technologies.” in Central Asia can link China and Europe, with a better integration of the Middle East, North Africa and the Mediterranean. And all of this has to square with the transition to a low carbon economy.

“We need networking”

Ministers, you have a huge task. It is an unavoidable task; business as usual is no longer an option. All of this needs a new sustainability framework as the fundamental organising principle.

In terms of thinking about the necessary policy framework, Europe seems ahead of the curve. It is the only region that, in a politically as well as technically fully integrated manner, has taken a regional view of these issues. Europeans have put together the sustainability, the carbon, the climate and the quality of life dimensions. Their experience needs to be shared broadly.

Finally, there is the question of the political institutions and of governance arrangements. This is a tremendously complex challenge because transport goes together with public health, energy systems and land use.

Global transport networks become more and more complex 47 Meeting People’s Needs in Policy and Planning

Part 1 – Moving Passengers

How can the net benefi ts of transport Accommodating everyone’s desire to use for individual users be increased? private cars, as in the US or in Europe, will And what are the respective roles of not be possible in China. Trying to restrain companies, governments and individuals, urbanisation is neither possible nor desirable, as well as the costs and trade-offs? but it needs to be managed and public “Trying Are new governance structures needed so transport options must be made available decision-makers can better incorporate quickly. Here, the European experience is to restrain the individual user – and benefi ciary – into seen as particular helpful for China. the planning and provision of transport? urbanisation is These were the issues at the centre of the The share of public transport panel on “Moving Passengers” chaired by neither possible moderator Michael Portillo, former UK The renaissance of the Spanish transport minister and now a journalist. railway system in the past 20 years nor desirable, was presented as an example for a China’s Vice-Minister of Transport successful European experience by but it needs to hongfeng Gao, in his opening Teófi lo Serrano Beltrán, President statement, pointed to the merits of of RENFE. Environmental concerns and be managed.” international cooperation as embodied by congestion prompted investment in the International Transport Forum and reliable, fast and frequent train services – Hongfeng Gao expressed China’s interest in becoming an for commuters, and today the high- offi cial member. speed rail connection between Madrid and Seville, for example, moves more China is expanding its transport passengers than car and air travel infrastructure very rapidly, yet still has combined. Spain’s rail network has been diffi culties keeping up with growing developed despite vested interests demand and faces a major challenge to fi ghting it and is the key in making the ensure that growth is orderly and green. transport system sustainable.

Hongfeng GAO T e ó fi lo SERRANO BELTRÁN

Helle SØHOLT

48

Rainer OHLER Top experts discussing the future of passenger transport

This vision was shared by Alain flausch, Taking up the issue of long distance President of the International Association passenger travel, rainer Ohler, Senior of Public Transport (UITP) who presented Vice President for Public Affairs and results from a UITP simulation exercise. Communications with Airbus, noted the This suggests that under business-as- very strong expected rise in air travel. usual policies, mobility and emissions will increase by 50% by 2025, with the modal Aviation is still a young mode, as the share of public transport declining – a bad current generations are the fi rst for whom outcome from a sustainability perspective. fl ying is a routine option. Eighty percent UITP aims to double the modal share of of the potential global market is still in a public transport by 2025 instead, from development phase. Surveys suggest that 16% to 32%. current and potential passengers expect to fl y more, greener, faster, and more This will require a new business culture in comfortably. For this, more and better public transport, with an emphasis on high airplanes are needed. quality service and higher fares to fi nance growth, in a stable mobility framework The necessary investments make and strategy defi ned at the national level. government support for research and development inevitable. Reducing The need for space environmental impacts requires multiple approaches, including new technologies, The emphasis on public transport or regulatory improvements like the Single transit as the key to sustainable mobility European Sky, the use of biofuels and was not entirely shared by Danish carbon trading schemes – if they are architect helle Søholt, Managing neutral to competition. J e ff r e y SACHS Director of Jan Gehl Architects. If cities are to exist for people and there is to be accessibility for all, what is needed is not transit-oriented development, but people- oriented development.

The latter emphasizes the need for public space that accommodates the presence of people, so it focuses on non-motorized transport modes. It emphasizes proximity, not just density. Urban design needs to start from people, not from traffi c.

49 Alain FLAUSCH Meeting People’s Needs in Policy and Planning

Part 2 – Moving Freight

Freight transport drives the economy and Increased productivity has made longer helps ensure equality. The freight sector supply chains possible. But they are more is also an important employer. Higher complex and inter-related, making them productivity has sparked a long-term more vulnerable. And as FIATA president decline in transport costs and restructured Jean-Claude Delen put it, goods are the physical way the economy operates. only as good as when they are delivered. Containerisation has reduced unit costs, The supply chains face threats from fuel consumption and pollution. congestion and unreliability, increasing the importance of collaboration and There is a tension, however, between optimisation at all levels. consumer demand generating freight and societal demands for environmental quality. From road to rail Freight transport will continue to grow – in Germany alone, a 70% increase is expected The challenges can be met, with by 2025, explained German Minister Peter government in an important role. Minister Ramsauer. Road traffic would increase Ramsauer argued that governments should by 85% and transit freight by 150%. try to control the growth in road traffic and As Germany is a transit country, this has a shift freight transport to rail and waterway serious impact on safety and emissions. transport as much as possible.

Ministers and experts discussing scenarios for freight transport 50 Boris KOLESKINOV Michael PARKER John PORCARI

Jean-Claude DELEN Peter RAMSAUER

US Deputy Secretary of Transportation Ukraine’s network comprises 22 000 km, John Porcari echoed this view, stating with less than half of it electrifi ed. Plans that to tackle CO2 emissions, moving to add another 5000 km of electrifi ed goods should be kept on water and rail as tracks could bring down CO2 emissions long as possible, with trucks being used of rail by 45%. only for “the last mile”. In this framework, the role of the government is to follow The problem of piracy this policy through funding priorities. The role for the industry’s fi rms is to position Potential for cutting CO2 emissions also exist themselves as logistic solution providers in the maritime sector. The International within this framework. Maritime Organisation (IMO) has recently introduced the Energy Effi ciency Design Jean-Claude Delen reminded the panellists Index for new vessel as standard for energy that shippers appreciate fl exibility and consumption, which should enable 20-25% use the mode that is most economical. gains in fuel effi ciency, noted Michael In Europe, forwarders have tried to use Parker of the International Chamber of railways but face problems of reliability Shipping. But as old vessels are slow in and lack of competition. The role of being replaced, it may take 40 to 50 years “Reduce governments therefore, in Delen’s view, before new vessels will be introduced. is to reduce overregulation and promote overregulation simplifi cation. Securing the international supply chains poses great diffi culties. Many parts of the and promote Rail freight in the US has been successful transport system present opportunities for in comparison, and this is in fact terrorists and criminals, causing increased simplification.” attributed to deregulation. Currently, the expenditure on security. All panellists focus is on removing bottlenecks and shared the concern for the safety of – Jean-Claude Delen improving passenger capacity. maritime shipping. According to Michael Parker, around 600 seamen are held by The federal policy is to fund infrastructure pirates. Countermeasures are not working, projects with dual benefi ts for both the pirates are moving faster than the passenger and freight transport, said international community. Not many John Porcari. Ukraine’s Minister of countries are willing to bring criminal Infrastructure Boris koleshnikov cases against pirates. Use of the military illustrated the potential of rail: is a way to deal with the issue, but, as Minister Ramsauer concluded, the problem 51 of piracy needs to be solved at its root. Creating Liveable and Sustainable Societies

What is “sustainable” and what Environmental carrying-capacity on both a constitutes a “liveable” society – and local and global scale would be sorely tested just how creative is the transport sector should they be fully motorised. in delivering on these two objectives? Moderator Nik Gowing opened by The President of the Federation of pointing out that the idea of “liveability” the German Automotive Industry, confl ates societal objectives such as Matthias Wissmann, provided an access to quality employment, affordable upbeat assessment of his industry’s housing, safe streets and pleasant living progress in improving energy effi ciency surroundings. Many of these concepts and environmental performance. The “The future are open to interpretation, as B.k. rapid introduction of new technologies Chaturvedi, Member of India’s Planning and engine downsizing has allowed will see more Commission, made clear: In India, signifi cant effi ciency gains in each car liveability in the context of transport often market segment in Europe. The potential diverse urban means access to a paved road or a rail of internal combustion engine vehicles line, especially in rural areas. But beyond has not yet been reached; more effi cient

transport in that, more liveable can mean buying fi rst cars will continue to drive CO2 savings. a two-wheeler and then a car. But Wissmann accepted that the future which cars will see more diverse urban transport in Lichtenstein is faced with a doubling of its which cars will provide only part of the will provide affl uent population in the next 9 years. mobility options. Here, liveability means moving away from only part of car-based mobility towards public transport and soft mobility, as Deputy Prime Minister Peter VOSER the mobility Martin Meyer noted. Royal Dutch Shell CEO Peter Voser warned of the enormity of the options.” challenge posed by mass car ownership. Equally, the scale of the responses necessary – Matthias Wissmann to manage urban mobility is daunting: By 2050, 75 % of the projected global population of 9 billion will live in cities.

52 B.K. CHATURVEDI

Jan KUBIŠ Huge unused capacity

Mass motorisation will require shifting transport’s energy sources. For henry Li of Chinese car-maker BYD Auto, electric vehicles are an obvious solution that meets societal expectations. By shifting emissions to non-urban areas, e-vehicles can reduce pollutants and improve urban air quality. Electricity production still generates emissions in many instances – certainly in China, where coal power plants dominate. But households there view climate change with less urgency than Lively debate on how to achieve sustainability poor air. The high cost of battery electric vehicles means that focusing deployment Other panellists stressed the need for (and subsidies) on high-travel vehicle full life-cycle assessments to adequately segments may make sense. Urban buses compare different energy sources and and taxis in China are good candidates for transport technologies. Well-to-wheel electrifi cation, as they replace 30 and 10 accounting is improving but still far from private cars respectively. the rule. Biofuels are a good example of the problems faced in moving to multiple different energy sources. While the full Henry LI life-cycle greenhouse gas impacts of some biofuels seem clear, this is much less so for others, especially when looking at impacts such as indirect land-use change and water use. Beyond electricity and biofuels, Shell’s Peter Voser cautioned to keep an eye on rapidly emerging energy sources such as shale gas which has the potential to shift relative energy prices to the detriment of biofuels and electricity from renewable sources.

Robin CHASE

Martin MEYER 53 Matthias WISSMANN Informal, peer-to-peer and crowd- sourced car-sharing sites build on the same premise, as emerging internet services can multiply mobility options and further reduce car use without reducing access to cars or overall mobility. This, Chase argued, is a win-win outcome for society and a model that might be compelling for the developing world: Car-sharers can still tout their access to different, sometimes prestigious, cars without having to purchase them.

Cars use space too

But even a clean car fl eet takes space away from other city users, contributes to congestion and may cause injuries and fatalities. UNECE Executive Secretary Jan kubiš observed a disconnection between the sustainability and liveability sides of the equation. Is car-sharing the future? Urban centres must better balance attention and resources directed towards robin Chase, CEO of Buzzcar, vehicles of all transport modes with challenged the panel to be more attention for creating places more creative in their approach and argued adapted to humans. This shift requires a that “the car of the future is a shared consistency of purpose that outlives the car”. Most cars spend the majority short-term political cycle. It will require of the day unused, so separating the considerable input and creativity from service provided by cars from the cars private sector and government to themselves and to capitalise on their eliminate barriers and enforce regulatory huge collective unused capacity seems frameworks. to be a clear, innovative way forward. Commercial car-sharing (as opposed to car-pooling) has allowed city dwellers to use cars only when they make most “The car of sense, reverting to public transport, the future is a walking and cycling for other trips. shared car.”

– Robin Chase

Public transport is key to creating 54 liveable and sustainable societies

Making Transport Safer

Road traffic has become the leading Sweden led the way with the adoption killer of young people worldwide. Almost of its “Vision Zero” policy in 1997, driving 1.3 million people die each year on the road deaths to the lowest rate ever world’s roads, between 20 and 50 million recorded in 2010 at 2.8 fatalities per are severely injured. Although safety is an 100 000 population. As Minister Catharina absolute priority in transport operations, Elmsäter-Swärd explained, this approach crashes continue to take too great a changed the “mind set” of all stakeholders “The most human toll on the roads. In recognition and raised the level of ambition. The of this, the UN Decade of Action on Road approach is valid for all countries, whatever difficult part Safety was launched in May 2011, with their level of development. redoubled efforts by all stakeholders. is to change The UN Road Safety Collaboration Air, maritime and rail accidents are partnership has developed a Global Plan behaviour and far fewer but no more acceptable. The to support the UN Decade of Action. “safe system approach” is much better It provides guidelines for implementing mentality.” established in these modes. It is now a safe system approach, with the goal the basis for forward-looking road safety to stabilise and then reduce the global – Karim Ghellab policy with an emphasis on a long term road toll, especially in low and middle vision of zero fatalities and no serious income countries which bear 90% of casualties. Responsibility to make the the casualties. Implementing it will be system safe is shared between planners, a matter of political will, stressed WHO’s operators and users. Etienne Krug.

Road safety has to become part of the mind-set 55 Managing safety Strict and equitable enforcement is needed to change behaviour. “One can The top priority is to build institutional be unpopular, but useful to public health”, capacity for managing road safety, backed as thierry Mariani, France’s Secretary by an adequate regulatory framework and of State for Transport, put it. In response driven by a designated lead agency, said to a 14% increase in the number of “One can be José Luis irigoyen, Director of Transport people killed at the beginning of 2011, at the World Bank. The key legislative France has just strengthened policy for unpopular, but measures are rules on using helmets, speed cameras. Such technology can also seat-belts, child restraints, and preventing help provide objectivity, and help fi ght useful to public drink-driving and speeding; complemented corruption in the context of traffi c rules with effective enforcement. But only enforcement. More generally on this point, health.” 15% of countries worldwide have José Luis Irigoyen discussed the need to comprehensive laws that implement even change the culture of the police, stressing – Thierry Mariani these basic measures. the potential of the newly created ROADPOL network of police agencies for Morocco, where the risk of death on the improving performance. roads is around 15 times higher than in France, has recently achieved dramatic José Luis IRIGOYEN improvements. As Transport Minister karim Ghellab explained, a 2010 law implemented targeted measures including the introduction of speed cameras and a demerit point system on driving licences. The effects have been immediate, with a 20% reduction of road fatalities in the fi rst quarter of 2011. “Finance is not the main issue”, said Minister Ghellab, “the most diffi cult part is to change behaviour and mentality, and this requires an adequate Catharina legislative system”. ELMSÄTER-SVÄRD

Etienne KRUG

56 Thierry MARIANI Igor LEVITIN

Catherine KING

Karim GHELLAB “Dispel the

The next step raiser”, said King. myth that speed Asked from the audience whether road safety is ultimately about shifting to safer cameras are a Equity also requires harmonized rules modes, the panel agreed that cycling, between countries, and Russia’s Transport walking and increased use of public revenue raiser.” Minister igor Levitin highlighted a transport will contribute to a more need for more standardized rules for effi cient and safer transport system. But – Catherine King international freight transport. Russia and people will continue to drive cars, and it is France share a role as important transit a shared responsibility to make the roads countries and Thierry Mariani called safer for everyone. for adoption of the long due European Directive on transfrontier enforcement of speeding and traffi c offences. In France, 25% of speeding offences in the summer holiday months are committed by foreign drivers, who currently escape sanction by automated radar controls.

New technologies for safer roads provide huge opportunities and are “our next step”, said Catharina Elmsäter-Swärd. Uptake can be accelerated by regulatory means. Australia’s Parliamentary Secretary for Infrastructure and Transport Catherine king gave the example of Electronic Stability Control, which will become mandatory on all new cars in Australia from November 2011 and will save many lives. Automated speed cameras have proved their worth in many countries and need to be promoted to showcase their effectiveness and “dispel the myth that speed cameras are revenue 57 Sharing best practices in road safety eSafety Challenge Demonstrations

Advanced safety technology in action

Initial advances in protecting the lives Increasingly, however, further advances in of motorists were based on mechanical road safety are made possible by purely aides, such as the three-point safety belt, electronic devices that are integrated into the folding steering column or the head vehicles. Many of these are not intended rest. Later innovations, most notably to reduce the consequences of an impact the air bag, were based on mechanical in case of a crash, but to help to prevent safety mechanisms aided by electronic an accident in the fi rst place by aiding components. drivers, and even taking over for them, in potentially dangerous situations – hence not only protecting the lives and health of passengers and other persons in a highly effi cient way, but also preventing damage.

Once broadly deployed, such tools have the potential to save a huge number of lives on our roads. Courtesy of the eSafety Challenge, Ministers and VIPs were offered the opportunity to observe and participate in demonstrations of such advanced vehicle safety technologies over lunch on the second day of the Leipzig summit.

58 Technologies that were showcased included Anti-lock Braking Systems (ABS) for motorcycles, Electronic Stability Control, Emergency Braking Systems, Blind Spot Monitoring systems and e-Call. ABS for two-wheelers enables the rider to apply the brakes fully in an emergency and reduce the braking distance without fear of wheel lock. Electronic Stability Control (ESC) helps to prevent vehicles from skidding, one of the most common causes of crashes. Studies show that ESC can reduce the number of serious or fatal single vehicle accidents by nearly half, making it the most important vehicle safety system after the Promoting e-Safety in the exhibition area seat belt, more important than the airbag. E-Call is an automated emergency call Emergency Braking Systems detect the system. An e-Call can either be generated danger of an imminent rear-collision, warn manually by vehicle occupants or the driver of a potential crash and assist automatically through activation via in the braking process – automatically in-vehicle sensors in the event of a crash. activating the brakes if there is no E-Call directly establishes a voice reaction from the driver. Blind Spot connection with the relevant emergency Monitoring Systems detects other vehicles Public Service Answering Point (PSAP), moving into the sensitive “blind spot” zone and sends crucial information such as time towards the back and sides of a car and and location of the accident as well as a alerts the driver of the potential danger. description of the vehicle involved.

59 Innovators’ Platform

New ideas for transforming transport

“Large-scale What will the transport system of the henry Li, Senior Director of BYD Auto, future look like? This session has allowed China, focused on the question how testing of well- innovators to present new ideas that to electrify public transport. Reducing could fundamentally transform transport. pollution in cities is a key policy concern developed Electric mobility was the main focus of the in China, and e-buses and e-taxis are session, presented by Professor Anthony seen as a way of achieving this objective, ideas is the May as moderator. It featured dynamic as one city e-taxi can replace 30 private presentations by cutting-edge thinkers as cars and realise substantial environmental key to achieve well as opportunity for discussion with the benefi ts. audience. leverage over Important programmes of public transport electrifi cation are therefore politicians.” progressively put in place in China. Traditional limitations of electric vehicles, such as battery costs, range of autonomy Anthony MAY and refuelling time can be solved with adequate infrastructures, argued Li. Presently, a range of 250 km and 40 minutes refuelling time can be achieved for e taxis. Operational costs of e-buses and e-taxis are economically viable at high mileage use. Potentially, solar energy could cover all electricity needs of China, but it is still too expensive.

Reinventing the automobile and personal mobility was the focus of Lawrence Burns, former Head of R&D at General Motors and now a Professor at the University of Michigan. Burns argued that appropriate technological solutions exist for the side effects of the freedom to use automobiles, such as safety issues, congestion, energy source and environmental degradation.

Progress with respect to the automation of private vehicles makes it possible to put all the pieces together in an integrated fashion, at least for urban mobility purposes. To Burns, the limiting factor for the Lawrence BURNS automation of private vehicles is the lack of a “kick off” experiment. The transition to automated private vehicles could be tested 60 in a smaller city prepared to become a testing ground and ready to begin. The Superbus is an electric 23-seater

Once that happens, Burns predicts, a Involving people in an active mobility contagion effect would help diffusing the can have a leverage effect on urbanity. innovative concept of private automated Even though infrastructure for cycling driving. is sometimes very bad, here again, improvements and full scale testing may Wubbo OCKELS The Superbus is an electrically powered, have a contagious effect. high-profi le transport concept that Manfred NEUN combines the possibilities of both the This was the common denominator of all individual car and the high speed train. four presentations: Large-scale testing of Masterminded by former Dutch ESA well-developed ideas is the key to achieve astronaut and physics professor Wubbo leverage over politicians and could, to Ockels, it offers 23 seats and is intended some extent, help to reinvent mobility. to run on dedicated road infrastructures linking major cities, then switching to common roads as it approaches its destination.

So, while the Superbus is as fast as a high speed train, it can respond to individual travel forms. And the economic case for the Superbus seems to be stronger than for a high speed train. The superbus project is also part of a high profi le public transport system.

Quite another category of e-mobility than the Superbus is the e-bicycle. But, argued Manfred Neun, president of the European Cyclist Federation in his presentation, reinventing personal mobility implies that there should be no separate categories of mobility. A pyramid of mobility means integrating e-taxis, automated individual cars, the superbus project and other modes also needs to take the bicycle into account. Cycling has to be part of the Henry LI system, and human beings are defi nitely part of the system. 61 An inspiring presentation by Jaime Lerner, recipient of the Forum’s first Leadership in Transport Award, provided

food for thought for the Decisionmakers’ Platform on Day 3. Ideas for sustainable urban mobility were at the heart of debate among mayors from major cities and representatives from government and business. Better Transport, Better Communities “We Have to Better Understand the City”

Jaime Lerner on why making cities sustainable is not a question of money

To improve mobility, we have to better Another character in this book is the understand the city. Most people have automobile. It is the kind of guy who never a very pessimistic approach about the wants to leave when he is invited to a party. city. Mayors say: “Oh, my city is so big.” And he drinks a lot. He coughs a lot. Or: “We don’t have enough financial resources.” There are a lot of excuses. He transports one or two people on But from my experiences during the past average, and he is a very demanding 35 years, I am sure that every city could character: He wants more viaducts and succeed in achieving an improvement more freeways all the time. And I always Jaime Lerner in the quality of life of its citizens in like to say that the car is like our mother Architect and Urban less than three years, no matter what in law. We have to have good relationship Planner, Jaime Lerner the size of the city or what financial with her, but we cannot let her run our Institute, Brazil resources are available. It depends on life. In other words, if the only woman in political will, solidarity, good strategy and your life is your mother in law, you have how to achieve a good equation of co- a problem. responsibility. Work and live together Let us talk about strategies for working in a city. I want to introduce you to a Every city has a design. It may be radial, few characters from a book I wrote for it may be linear, but a city has a design. teenagers, trying to explain the city. Finding it can be archaeology. That is what we did in Curitiba, trying to regain old For me the metaphor of quality of life is streets, old roads and linking them with the turtle. This may seem a strange when what is important for us. Curitiba today we talk about speed and mobility that I has close to 2 million inhabitants and a am taking the turtle as an example. But metropolitan area of 3.5 million people. the turtle represents a structure of living, The design of the city is a structure of working and moving together. On top of working and living together. Land use is that, the shell of the turtle looks like an integrated with public transport. We have a aerial view of an urban area. If we cut the high density, together with a broad range of shell of the turtle, it is going to die. That public transport – this is how we organised is exactly what many cities in the world the whole city. Buses are running in are doing. Separating people, separating dedicated lanes. No money had to be spent urban functions. Living here, working for compensating expropriations; we use there, leisure there. Spending a lot of existing streets. energy, useless energy, because there is no structure. A city is a structure in A long time ago we started improving which living and working go together. access – the boarding facilities, high frequencies. In Curitiba you will not have to wait more than one minute for a bus, sometimes only 30 seconds. When we started in 1974, we had 25 000 passengers 64 a day. Today, the city’s public transport is moving 2.3 million passengers a day. A Bus Rapid Transit stop in Curitíba, Brasil

London, which has the oldest subway and The different systems are not competing is a much bigger city, transports 2.9 million in the same space. If you want to have persons a day. a subway, the secret is to have a smart subway. And a smart bus, a smart taxi. The secret of mobility Or smart individual transport without ownership like public bikes. The bike sharing We had to give very quick answers. that started in Paris now is all over in “The future of We did not have time, and we couldn’t Europe and has transformed the bicycle into build a whole network of subways. public transport. urban transport So we introduced the boarding tube for the Bus Rapid Transit. It is very simple, But there is also a future for small cars. lies on the but it provides the same function for the We designed the first prototype of a new bus as a subway station. You can board electric car we called the Dock-Dock. surface, not quickly, as you pay before entering the Electric alone is not the solution. The bus. You board on the same level as the problem is still space, and how to make underground.” platform, so there is no problem for the a car available without ownership – these disabled. The capacity is the same as a questions will be even more important. subway line, in some cases higher, and So the Dock-Dock is, I would say, a form you can go to every part of the city with of individual public transport. the public transport. Very simple, and it costs 100 times less than a subway. Individual public transport

My view is that the future of urban transport We want to introduce around 1000 Dock- lies on the surface, not underground. Docks in Curitiba, operating in dedicated But I do not want to argue, or prove lanes they will share with cyclists and that our system is the best. We have to connect to the public transport system. You understand that the secret of mobility lies in cannot have a big car in the city, that is not connections. smart. In the city you do not need a car that drives 100 km/h. The Dock-Dock travels at 25 km/h. There is no risk; it can share space with bikes and with the pedestrians. With the Dock-Dock you do not need to use a car that 65 was made for the road in the city. Jaime Lerner with a prototype of his Dock-Dock city car (right) and a standard sedan

My vision of the future is that we will Linked to this is the issue of the sustainable have to have one mobility system. You city. We had many discussions about what use the subway, you use the bus, you that means, what sustainability is. I am “I am obsessed use an individual public transport car or a obsessed with the question how to teach shared car – the vehicles are different, but children about sustainability. It’s becoming with the everything functions as one system. very important, because they will teach That is the proposal we made for their parents. Recently, we presented a question organising mobility during the Olympic movie at a film festival in New York for Games in Rio de Janeiro in 2016. films on sustainability. Incidentally, we won how to teach their award; it was not a big deal, as there Think everything together were not so many movies, but we won children about anyway. We were trying to find a way to Another example for a structure that make children understand, and our answer sustainability.” unites living and working is our proposal was a short movie called “A convenient for Sao Paolo. Since 84% of the people start”. It is on YouTube. travel on the surface, it is important to improve it. The metropolitan railroads The key fact about the whole issue of are being upgraded. But why not take sustainability is that 75% of carbon advantage of this structure and connect emissions are related to cities. It is it to its surrounding areas, creating a important to use new materials. It is synergic urban environment thus enabling important to design green buildings. It is a city like Sao Paolo to be without a important to tap new sources of energy. periphery, meaning universal access to Recycling and re-using are important. quality urban space and good transit? For instance, a long promenade could But the most important thing is to work be created above the railroad, where we on the concept of the city. What is at could have a huge park – two times bigger least as important is to use the car less. than the area of Central Park. I am not saying: Do not use your car. But for everyday routine travel, use your car The Park would be accessible for all less. Separate your garbage. Live closer income groups, from all kinds of buildings. to work. Think of sustainability as an In this park, you can have pedestrians, equation; an equation between what we you can have bicycles, you can have save and what we waste. electric cars. We have to understand that 66 when we talk about land use, we have to think everything together. Budget cuts help creativity All this we have to do fast. Why? Moving quickly helps us to avoid getting But most of all, I want to stress that the entangled in bureaucracy. The moment a “Think of issue is not money. Too much money decision is made and the discussion is is not good. If you want creativity, cut over, we should start immediately. If not, sustainability as one zero from your budget. If you want the process will be like a long Sunday sustainability, cut two zeros. If we want brunch in a huge family: you’ll never get an equation – solidarity, assume your identity and to leave. We also need to move fast to respect others’ diversity. Because we avoid falling victim to our own insecurity. between what cannot live in cities separated, with some You may have had a very good idea, but people living in very rich ghettos and after a while you start to think and we save and others in very poor ghettos. The more question it. So it can be done. It has to we mix, the better and the more human be done. But it has to be done very fast. what we waste.” is the city. Innovation is to start now.

Jaime LERNER stresses the need to move ahead quickly 67 Achieving Sustainable Urban Mobility:

Decision-makers’ Dialogue

Achieving sustainable urban mobility is When car users are in the minority, a formidable task. Cities will continue car-based mobility is an attractive and to concentrate population and activities liberating model; in fact this model has as the world moves from being 50% been fundamental in contributing to urbanised to three-quarters urbanised by democracy and prosperity. Historically, 2050. This growth will be particularly rapid this has been the case in OECD countries and challenging in megacities but all large and the underlying idea continues to drive urban agglomerations will have to contend motorisation in the developing world. “Participation, with growing demand for mobility. At the same time, many solutions are likely to Federating citizens participation, be expensive and public funds limited. What then, challenged Moderator Nik Once car-users are in the majority, however, and more Gowing are the priority areas that must the car-only model reveals its limitations as be better managed if we are to have more congestion, noise, pollution and the number participation.” sustainable cities? of crash injuries rise. Most constituents would like to continue driving their car, – Maria Vassilakou The response from the Mayors of Leipzig hoping at the same time that others will and Kumamoto, the Deputy Mayors of drive less, pointed out Michèle Vullien, Stockholm and Vienna and the Vice Mayor of Dardilly and Vice President of President of the Urban Community of the Urban Community of Lyon in France. Lyon were unanimous – the place of the The way forward in the view of Seishi car in the urban mobility mix must be kohyama, Mayor of Kumamoto City in re-balanced. This, they acknowledged, is Japan, is to federate citizens around a a challenging task given citizens’ strong, positive vision of a balanced and sustainable albeit confl icted, relationship with the car. urban mobility system. This message was consistently reinforced by other discussants – policies based on constraints and mobility restrictions will not win votes and will not be successful. Crafting this vision and ensuring that it has the staying power to guide policy beyond the short-term political cycle requires “participation, participation, and more participation” stressed Vienna’s Deputy Mayor for Transport and Urban Development, Maria Vassilakou.

Houston

Stockholm 68 Lyon

Leipzig Mayors and city offi cials debate urban mobility

Engaging the public in the creation of this In the Swedish capital, 80% of commuters vision means going beyond treating citizens leave their car at home, preferring to separately as “public-transport users”, travel by public transport, bicycle or by “car-drivers”, “cyclists” or “pedestrians”. walking. This is the result of a concerted Panellists stressed that people are all of the effort to offer citizens a wide range Delhi above at different times and that their needs of mobility options, conjointly with an are not mode-specifi c but are based on a attempt to control congestion via road desire to move around the city comfortably, pricing. The city integrates transit-oriented conveniently, inexpensively and quickly planning with high quality, but relatively without being overly inconvenienced by inexpensive and reliable public transport, the travel of their fellow citizens. The car including centralised information regarding has fulfi lled these needs historically. The all transport options and infrastructure challenge of the future is to provide a suite investment in public transport facilities of mobility options and services that are at such as traffi c monitoring and bikeways. least as attractive as those provided by cars At the same time, congestion is managed at comparable costs. An additional challenge, via the Stockholm congestion charge noted Mayor Kohyama, is to also ensure that which, despite continued ageing populations can retain a high level of population growth, has mobility even if they can no longer use a car. reduced road congestion by 17%. Managing parking is Light on cars, also an important part of the rich on mobility mix, as Michèle Vullien and Maria Vassilakou emphasised. Achieving a “car-light” but “mobility- rich” city is possible – yet it won’t happen by itself, warned Ulla hamilton, Deputy Mayor for Transport of Stockholm. Kumamoto City 69 Curitíba Vienna The need for innovative fi nancing models was also discussed. Peter Brown of BetterHouston, USA, noted that cities can capitalise on the fact that the creation or extension of public transport facilities generates tangible value for citizens and businesses. The city of Houston, for example, has customised local ordinances and regulations in certain transit-oriented development areas in order to capture this value. Taxes on the incremental property value created by allowing denser and Many cities offer innovative transport solutions mixed uses near public transport stops are fed back into the neighbourhood to One key element in making alternatives fi nance further improvements. to the car more attractive is to bundle alternative mobility options with value- Medium size fi rst! added services. Many cities provide mobility-related smart phone applications. Panellists underscored that city size Some, such as Stockholm, make public may play a role in the implementation of data freely available to open-source urban transport policies. Jaime Lerner, entrepreneurs who bundle this data former three-time mayor of Curitiba, into innovative location-based services. Brazil, pointed out that rolling out new “Services with everything” was a recurrent solutions may be hindered in large cities, theme with Lyon’s Michèle Vullien and suggesting that medium-sized cities and Leipzig’s Mayor Burkhard Jung. Transport neighbourhood-scale projects may be information can be merged with data for more successful. locating services that travellers value, such as dry-cleaners, grocery stores and cafés in National circumstances matter as well. public transport terminals. In Delhi in India, current shares of public transport use, walking and cycling are Tangible value higher than in many European cities, “Cities draw explained Arvinder Singh, Minister of New technologies such as electric cars and Transport of the Government of Delhi. strength from e-bikes also give rise to new opportunities But the urban transport system as a for value creation. Facilitating infrastructure whole is far from sustainable, with high the networks such as public recharging stations will be levels of air pollution due to poor quality required, and cities will have to engage fuels. Reducing pollutant emissions from that connect with the private sector to develop new the public transport fl eet by switching and innovative solutions. Neil Walker to natural gas and other cleaner fuels them.” of Bombardier Transportation cited the continues to be a priority for the health of example of his company’s PrimoveCity the city’s 17 million inhabitants. – Matthias Ruete inductive charging solution as an innovation that liberates electric vehicles from the weight and cost-constraints imposed by high-range batteries. Implementing such a system on a city-scale will require fundamental changes to how urban roads 70 are fi nanced and managed.

Andreas SCHEUER Cities cannot be considered in isolation to At the same time, freight transport the areas that surround them nor to the should not be treated separately and networks in which they are embedded. should be fully integrated into a region’s Matthias ruete of the European vision for future mobility. Options Commission stressed that “Transport proposed by public authorities should is a network industry … cities are not align personal desires and societal islands isolated from each other but draw objectives and ultimately serve to strength from the networks that connect enhance, rather than restrict, mobility them”. Here national and supra-national and access. organisations have a role to play in ensuring that continental and international transport Ultimately, Mayor Jung pointed out, people networks support the development of are attracted to attractive cities and this vibrant and attractive cities. means working on all fronts – jobs, housing, and transport – together with citizens. In particular, care should be given to the Achieving sustainability, emphasised Lerner, interface between strictly urban transport will require successfully avoiding the trap of networks and inter-city and inter-regional thinking that urbanisation is the principal networks. Parliamentary State Secretary “problem”. The city, he argued, is the Andreas Scheuer of Germany’s Federal solution to many of the issues discussed Michèle Transport Ministry warned that the focus at the 2011 Summit. VULLIEN on sustainability in cities should not be to the detriment of citizens in rural areas. Nor should it come at the expense of people’s natural desire to move. Peter BROWN

Ulla HAMILTON

Arvinder SINGH

Maria VASSILAKOU

Neil WALKER

71 Matthias RUETE Beyond expert panels and keynotes, the 2011 summit offered many opportunities to explore new ideas and

to network. The exhibition featured state-of-the art technology and innovations. A VIP cycling tour of Leipzig highlighted active transport. Partner events, technical visits and cultural tours also added extra flavour. Where Ideas Meet International Transport Forum Awards 2011

Achievements that have made a diff erence

Every year, the International Transport “Through his ideas and work as an Forum Awards aim to highlight exemplary architect and politician, as a teacher and achievements in transport that have visionary, Jaime Lerner has made a real made a difference. In 2011 the two difference in the lives of people by making established Awards – for contributions to transport better”, said Short. “There can transport by a budding academic and an be few people who are as deserving of operator or institution respectively – were being the fi rst to receive our Leadership complemented with a third prize category, award.” the Leadership in Transport Award. Young Researcher Leadership in of the Year Award Transport Award Why do people buy electric vehicles – Every year, this new prize will honour or why don’t they? Dr. Jonn Axsen, a a public persona that has demonstrated Canadian who carried out his research at leadership and that has lead to major the University of California at Davis in the advances in transport - be it through US, won the 2011 Young Researcher of a single, high-impact initiative or through the Year Award for identifying factors that a sustained commitment over a long shape consumer choices about sustainable period of time. Jaime Lerner, legendary mobility – and thereby giving policy- urban reformer and public transport makers an additional lever to infl uence pioneer from Brazil, voted one of the such decisions. 25 most infl uential thinkers of the world Transport Achievement Award by Time magazine in 2010, came to Leipzig to receive the fi rst Leadership in Transport Award. Secretary General Jack Short presented the Award in a festive atmosphere during the Gala Dinner in Leipzig’s impressive Glass Hall.

Gala Dinner 74

(centre) Jaime LErNEr Award winner Kristine Burr, John Porcari, Jan Mücke and Jack Short present the Young Researcher Award to Dr. Jonn Axsen

For the jury, German Parliamentary State Arriva’s Commercial Director Jonas Permin Secretary Jan Mücke saluted Axsen for received the Award from Secretary opening up a new perspective on how General Jack Short, who was joined on e-mobility can be promoted. In accepting stage by Alain Flausch, President of UITP, the Award, Axsen emphasised that “the Jean-Claude Delen, President of FIATA, barriers are not really in technology, and Marco Sorgetti of CLECAT the barriers and the opportunities lie in representing the Award’s partner people; in understanding the dynamics of organisations. Two special mentions culture, of consciousness and how we can attested to the high level of applications: develop values of sustainability through one for Istanbul Electricity, Tram and leadership.” Tunnel (Turkey) for their Bus Rapid Transit across the Bosporus, and one for DHL Transport Global Forwarding (Germany) for a Achievement Award custom-built road-to-rail terminal.

The winner of the Transport Achievement Award was honoured on Day 2 of the Leipzig summit for excellence in meeting the needs of their clients, with two other companies each receiving a special mention from the jury. Arriva Denmark’s “Better Bus Ride” won this Award for the many ingenuous ways it puts people first, which included its improvements to the transport experience for both clients and staff. 75 Active Transport Tour

Leipzig by bike

At Augustusplatz, a range of bicycle models – both regular end electric bikes – were available to choose from, thanks to various partner organisations. After donning bright yellow International Transport Forum safety vests, the hand-waving peloton embarked on a route meticulously planned by the Mayor’s offi ce in collaboration with the Leipzig chapter of the German Cyclists Association, ADFC. UN Road Safety Ambassador Grover of Sesame Street waved back.

A police motorcycle escort accompanied the group along the inner city ring past Leipzig Central Station towards a fi rst A unique opportunity to experience the host city fi rst-hand stop over at Leipzig Zoo, where director Jörg Junhold welcomed the delegates In glorious sunshine, nearly 100 delegates and provided a short introduction to the of the 2011 summit gathered on Leipzig’s zoo’s fascinating history and current central square, the Augustusplatz, on projects based on a ”Zoo of the Future” the afternoon of Day 1 for a true fi rst in development plan. In another world the history of the International Transport premiere, the Zoo opened its gate for Forum: an hour-long bicycle tour through the fi rst time ever for cyclists, and central Leipzig, with Lord Mayor Burkhard participants were able to appreciate the Jung as the group’s personal tour guide. beauty of the zoo from their bikes. “We want to show our guests the most beautiful sights of Leipzig and enable them to experience our ‘city of short distances’ concept”, explained Jung.

76 Continuing through the scenic Rosental Park, Mayor Jung led his fellow cyclists to Leipzig's Waldstrassen quarter, a beautiful residential area built at the turn of the 20th century. Fortunately for the city, most of the richly ornate Wilhelminian buildings escaped destruction during World War II. On route to the fi nal destination, the magnifi cent palace of the Federal Administrative Court, the tour also passed Neues Rathaus, where Mayor Jung resides, and a number of other Leipzig sights before leaving their bikes and a memorable tour behind to proceed to the Presidency reception in the town hall.

77 Childrens’ University

Kids quiz transport experts

Around 50 schoolchildren aged 8 to The Children’s University was held 12 years gathered in a seminar room for the fourth consecutive year under of Leipzig University on the afternoon the auspices of the International of Day 1 of the 2011 summit, waiting Transport Forum and again proved to for the opportunity to meet – and quiz be an excellent way of reaching out to - real politicians and senior transport the broader public, while at the same experts. Outside the university building, time helping to educate children about sponsor DEKRA had set up a cycling mobility issues. “Children need our obstacle course to provide the kids with utmost attention when it comes to an opportunity to test their cycling skills traffi c”, explained Parliamentary State after the more theoretical part inside. Secretary Jan Mücke of Germany’s Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Development: “We need to adequately prepare them for a responsible integration with traffi c.”

Mücke was one of the adult guests speakers accompanying Secretary General Jack Short to discuss better road safety with the young crowd; Leipzig’s Mayor Burkhard Jung and Arndt Birkigt of DEKRA Germany were the others. The event kicked off with a funny video of Sesame Street’s famous blue-furred star character, Grover, demonstrating how to safely ride a bike – namely wearing a helmet, elbow-pads, kneepads and a cushion to protect one’s backside. Obviously, the young audience was Helping to educate thrilled when Grover himself walked children about through the classroom door live-sized mobility issues after the video had ended.

78 The Childrens’ University in action: “Some of these children could be the engineers of tomorrow”

After much hugging and picture-taking visions were voiced: Cars should be able with the other VIPs, Grover, who is a to capture their own emissions, process veritable United Nations Ambassador for and then re-use them; why do bicycles Road Safety, sat down in the auditorium not have airbags; could cars not run on to follow the proceedings. tracks like trams, so they cannot collide? “Some of these children could be the Speed limits, the dangers of crossing the engineers of tomorrow”, Jung noted. road and pollution were recurrent “The children were so enthusiastic about themes in the children’s interventions. their involvement”, said Secretary When Mayor Jung asked the youngsters General Short in summing up the event: to share their ideas on improving road “They really offered many insightful traffi c and security, a fl ow of ideas and opinions.”

79 Summit Exhibition

The future of transport on display

Strategically placed around the Exhibitors included many major transport main meeting halls and outside manufacturers, among them Daimler, the main entrance, the exhibition Porsche and Bombardier Transportation. allowed delegates to see cutting- Porsche presented an electric version of edge innovations in transport its popular Boxster roadster. Porsche’s technology and policy from a wide fi rst all-electric car ever, the Boxster E range of organisations, companies runs on a 29 kWh lithium-iron phosphate and institutions, covering all aspects battery that gives it a range of up to 170 of transport. The exhibition featured kilometers. Its two electric motors drive stands focussing on subjects ranging all four wheels, to accelerate the two- from electric mobility and toll collection seater from 0-100 km/h takes a mere to bike sharing and transport project 5.5 seconds. The Boxster on display fi nancing. All transport modes were in Leipzig, one of only three prototypes, represented and demonstrated the vast would have drawn attention even without array of possibilities to build transport its bright-orange-and-silver racing look. systems that will serve its users even better than today. Among the operators featured in the exhibition, Spain’s RENFE presented its High Speed Rail network, while Germany’s Deutsche Bahn (DB) focussed on seamless solutions: DB offered visitors a look at its “call-a-bike” system, a bike-hiring system that does not require the user to return the bike to a stand. Rather, he can lock and leave the bike anywhere he wants; DB’s service will take care of fi nding and returning it. For this, bikes are fi tted with an embedded microcontroller.

80 Networking in the exhibition area

Outside the conference centre, The vision of its inventors, based at live demonstrations showcased Delft’s Technical University in the innovative projects and products. Netherlands, is to operate the Superbus Two of the highlights were Toll Collect’s on dedicated lanes between big cities, demonstration tours of its road charging where it could then also use normal infrastructure which even involved streets and thus combining the the tour bus being pulled over for advantages of high speed rail with a (planned) inspection by German individual mobility. authorities. One of the most fascinating and spectacular projects on display in Leipzig was the Superbus, a 23-seat electric sportscar with a maximum speed of 250 km/h.

81 Partner Events at the 2011 Summit

Linking the issues

Partner organisations used the 2011 summit to present their transport-related activities highlighting a wide range of important aspects that complemented the main programme.

The controversy about the Peak The World Bank’s Leipzig event brought transport hypothesis was at the centre of together researchers and practitioners to a panel organised by BMW Group’s share their expertise on Gender Needs institute for Mobility research (ifmo), and Constraints in transport. The bring together proponents and critics in a discussion centered on how gender lively discussion. Although it is clear that measures can best be integrated into the rate of growth of the demand for car national transport policies to ensure transport in some of the richest economies equality and how to build capacities for has been zero or even negative in recent addressing gender differences in years, the understanding of what causes transportation. this remains limited. Several factors are likely to matter, including higher prices and limited income growth. Yet drivers in the most advanced economies may also no longer be interested in driving more, even if they could afford to.

82 Top experts exchanging views NL Agency Ministry of Infrastructur and the Environment

The Regional Offi ce for Europe of the A partner event organised by the Ministry World health Organization (WhO) of infrastructure and Environment, focused on Bringing health into Netherlands and NL Agency addressed transport Planning. The growth of road transnational collaboration on Biofuels in transport affects health and the transport. The event was conceived as environment, posing costs to society part of a wider process of identifying estimated at 8% of GDP. To promote potential future topics for the ERA-NET walking and cycling as an answer, the Transport (ENT), which aims to step up WHO’s Transport, Health and Environment the cooperation and coordination of Pan-European Programme (THE PEP) research activities carried out at national launched Health Economic Assessment or regional level. The workshop resulted in Tools (HEAT) for cycling and walking in a shortlist of topics, which will help to Leipzig. HEAT can help transport planners improve collaboration in biofuels. to estimate the economic savings due to cycling and walking and provide a basis for improved investments.

83 Media at the 2011 Summit

Making headlines

More than 120 journalists attended the Great media interest was also given to 2012 summit – fully 50 per cent more the Call for Action on Piracy, launched than last year. Almost 40% of them in Leipzig by the International Chamber had come from abroad, representing of Commerce: At the end of 2010, more 18 nations. The large presence of non- than 1000 seamen were held hostage on European journalists, many supported a total of 49 hijacked vessels - fi gures by the International Transport Forum’s that did not fail to impress journalists. newly launched Media Travel Grant programme, was particularly enriching. Finally, the summit itself produced Among the Media Travel Grant recipients positive news: At the offi cial press were journalists from Argentina, conference on Day 2, following the Australia, Canada, Chile, Columbia, Ministerial session, Secretary General India, Japan, New Zealand and the US. Jack Short and German Minister Peter Ramsauer presented Carole Coune of More than half a dozen press Belgium as Jack Short’s successor. conferences, on top of the offi cial Minister Ramsauer also announced programme, provided ample additional Germany’s continued special support for input for media coverage. On Day 1, the the summit until 2017, thus ensuring that International Transport Forum launched the International Transport Forum’s its signature study, the Transport fl agship event will retain its venue in Outlook for 2011, to a packed audience. Germany. Last but certainly not least, Chief Economist Kurt Van Dender set Short and Ramsauer informed the media out scenarios for a transport sector that of China’s decision to join to the will have to provide mobility for a global International Transport Forum. population of 9 billion people.

Another media highlight was the European launch of the U.N. Decade of Action for Road Safety at a press event jointly hosted by the International Transport Forum and WHO. Road safety was also the focus of a press conference held by the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA) which highlighted the need to better manage health and safety for employees in the road transport sector.

The European Cyclists Federation (ECF) had chosen Leipzig to take the case for cycling directly to Transport Ministers, and at the same time used the 84 opportunity to brief the media on the “Charter of Seville”. Technical Visits and Cultural Programme

The summit on the road

The International Transport Forum’s BMW Leipzig 2011 summit offered technical tours to delegates providing a unique opportunity BMW Leipzig was another very popular to see how transport policies translate tour. The plant, built in 2000, turns into actions. Many delegates used this out up to 750 vehicles every day. After great opportunity to visit some of Leipzig’s manufacturing began in March 2005, by various transportation sites. June 2010 a total of some 700 000 cars had come off the assembly line, meeting Q. Cells Solar Cell domestic targets. The plant is the only Manufacturing Plant one in the world to build the three-door 1 series, the 1 Series Coupe and the 1 The technical tour Series Cabriolet convertible. It is one of to Q. Cells allowed the greenest plants in the world and also summit delegates has a centre of excellence for electric to understand the cars. precision, detail and processes Porsche Leipzig needed to manufacture The Leipzig plant of Porsche, renowned solar cells and modules, which Q. Cells manufacturer of high-end sports cars, believe will contribute to the energy encompasses a gigantic logistics centre solution through providing photovoltaics and a modern pilot and analysis centre. as an efficient, sustainable, and Two of the company’s top car models, environmentally sound technology. the Cayenne SUV and the Panamera, are built in the 25 000 m2 assembly hall which DHL incorporates the latest advances in car manufacturing. Deutsche Post DHL, the leading logistics provider, welcomed delegates to its Cultural Programme state-of-the-art airfreight hub in Leipzig Delegates also had the option to enjoy – a popular tour, despite the cultural aspects of Leipzig and nearby taking place at 10 pm. Dresden. The DHL hub raises the bar in industry standards, The Leipzig walking tour highlighted the with the largest sorting signifi cant changes since the reunifi cation system in Germany and of Germany, with the restoration of a hangar fl oor space of historical buildings and the development 27 500 m2. On average, of a modern transport infrastructure. 60 aircraft take off and land each night at the hub. Up to 1 500 tonnes of parcels The tour to Dresden – a jewel of German and documents are delivered, re-sorted culture and civilisation – included visits to and reshipped within a few hours to every the historic inner city, including the corner of the globe. Semper Opera House and the 85 Frauenkirche church. Sponsors and Exhibitors

The International Platinum Sponsor Gold Sponsor Sponsors Transport Forum wishes to thank all sponsors, partners, supporters and exhibitors for their contribution to the success of the 2011 summit. Partners and Supporters

List of Exhibitors

„„The Administrator of Railway „„Japan International Transport Institute (JITI) Infrastructures (ADIF) „„Kumamoto City „„AGES Maut System GmbH & Co. KG „„Michelin „„AustriaTech – Federal Agency for Technological Measures Ltd. „„Ministerio de Fomento „„Civitas „„NETHUN SpA „„Connekt/ITS Netherlands „„Netzwerk Logistik A CO2 Emission „„Daimler „„Nextbike GmbH responsible „„Deutsche Bahn AG „„The Organisation for Economic Summit: Co-operation and Development Each year the „„Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment „„Porsche AG carbon(CO 2) „„Renfe Operadora emissions generated „„DVV Media Group by the on-site „„European Agency for Safety and „„Shell International Limited activities of the Health at Work (EU-OSHA) „„Superbus International „„European Commission „„Transed Transport Forum’s „„European Cyclists’s Federation „„International Union of Railways (UIC) annual summit „„The European Investment Bank and are offset through „„International Association of Sustainable Transport Lending Public Transport (UITP) investment in climate „„German Federal Ministry of United Nations Economic Commission protection projects „„ Transport, Building and Urban for Europe (UNECE) – Transport Division which generate Development „„Walk21 carbon credits. „„Forum of European National Highway Research Laboratories „„WBT Datensysteme „„The International Forum for Rural „„World Road Association (AIPCR/PIARC) Transport and Development 86 „„Intelligent Transportation Society of America (ITSA) Recent Publications

trends in the transport Car fleet renewal Schemes: Better Economic regulation: Sector. 1970-2008 Environmental and Safety the role of the regulator ISBN 978-92-821-0271-8 impacts. ISBN 978-92-821-0327-2

transport Outlook 2011. key transport Moving freight with Better Meeting the Needs of Statistics 2011 trucks: improving Safety, 9 Billion People Productivity and Sustainability ISBN 978-92-821-0293-0

improving the Practice of Stimulating Low-Carbon Drugs and Driving: transport Project Appraisal. Vehicle technologies Detection and Deterrence ISBN 978-92-821-0129-2 ISBN 978-92-821-0291-6 ISBN 978-92-821-0275-6

highlights of the international Safety and regulatory implementing transport forum 2010. transport & reform of railways Congestion Charges. innovation: Unleashing the Potential ISBN 978-92-821-0284-8 87

List of Speakers

Aguerrebere, Roberto Frye, Ann Director, Instituto Mexicano de Transporte, Mexico Director, Ann Frye Ltd, UK Al, Joris Gao, Hongfeng, Director, Rijkswaterstaat, The Netherlands Vice Minister of Transport, China Beilharz, Nico Ghellab, Karim Deputy Head, Aviation Security, Minister of Equipment and Transport, Morocco Deutsche Lufthansa AG, Germany Glover Blackwell, Angela Birkigt, Arndt Founder and Chief Executive Officer, PolicyLink, USA Director, Technical Control Centre, DEKRA, Germany Gowing, Nik Brown, Peter International Journalist Director and Founder, BetterHouston, USA Gutierrez, Gabriel Burns, Lawrence Project Director, Cintra Infraestructuras, Spain Professor, University of Michigan, USA Hamilton, Ulla Cervero, Robert Deputy Mayor for Transport of Stockholm, Sweden Director, University of California Transportation Center, USA Hanlon, John Secretary General, European Low Fares Airline Chase, Robin Association Chief Executive Officer, Buzzcar, France Hozaki, Yasuo Chaturvedi, B.K. Executive Officer, West Nippon Expressway Company, Member of the Planning Commission, India Japan Cockroft, David Hwang, Kee Yeon General Secretary, President, Korean Transport Institute International Transport Workers' Federation Irigoyen, José Luis Costa, Paolo Director of Transport, The World Bank President, Venice Port Authority, Italy Jung, Burkhard Crane, Melinda Mayor of Leipzig, Germany International Journalist Karlström, Urban Delen, Jean-Claude President, Forum for Innovation and Strategies of President, International Federation of Freight Transport, Sweden Forwarders Associations Kazatsay, Zoltan Delmas, Sylviane Deputy Director General, DG-MOVE, European Inspector General, RATP Paris, France Commission Dragnich, George King, Catherine Executive Director, Social Dialogue, International Parliamentary Secretary for Infrastructure and Labour Organization Transport, Australia Duchène, Chantal Kohyama, Seishi Director, ChD Mobilité Transport, France Mayor of Kumamoto City, Japan Dunmore, Geoff Kolesnikov, Boris Network Security Manager, London Underground, UK Vice-Prime Minister and Minister of Infrastructure, Ukraine Ehm, Thomas Vice President, Employment, Training & Krug, Etienne Competence Management, Airbus Director of the Department of Violence and Injury Prevention and Disability, World Health Organization Elmsäter-Swärd, Catharina Minister for Infrastructure, Sweden Kubiš, Jan Executive Secretary, United Nations Economic Exell, Oksana Commission for Europe Executive Director, Asia-Pacific Gateway Skills Table, Canada Lerner, Jaime Architect and Urban Planner, Jaime Lerner Institute, Flausch, Alain Brazil Chief Executive Officer, STIB, Belgium, and President, International Association of Public Transport (UITP) Lestau Saenz, Marta 88 Director, Safety and Security State Agency, Spain Leunig, Tim Porcari, John Professor, London School of Economics, UK Deputy Secretary, Department of Transportation, USA Levitin, Igor Portillo, Michael Minister of Transport, Russian Federation International Journalist Lewis, David Ramsauer, Peter Senior Vice President, HDR Corporation, Canada Federal Minister for Transport, Building and Urban Development, Germany Li, Henry Senior Director, BYD Company, China Rifkin, Jeremy President, The Foundation on Economic Trends, USA López, José Blanco Ministro de Fomento (Transport), Spain Ruete, Matthias Director General, Mobility and Transport, European Lord Macdonald of Tradeston, Commission Special Advisor, Macquarie Infrastructure and Real Assets Sachs, Jeffrey Director, The Earth Institute, Columbia University, Mariani, Thierry USA Secretary of State for Transport, France Scherp, Jan Matthews, Martin Principal Administrator, European Commission Chief Executive, Ministry of Transport, New Zealand Scheuer, Andreas May, Anthony Parliamentary State Secretary, Federal Ministry of President, World Conference on Transport, Building and Urban Development, Germany Transport Research Society Serrano Beltrán, Téofilo Metz, David President,, RENFE, Spain Visiting Professor, University College London, UK Short, Jack Meyer, Mar tin Secretary General, International Transport Forum Deputy Prime Minister, Liechtenstein Singh, Arvinder Millar, William Minister of Transport of the Government of Dehli, President, American Public India Transportation Association, USA Søholt, Helle Mizrahi-Walden, Hélène Founding Partner and Managing Director, Gehl Head of Transportation, BNP Paribas, UK Architects, Denmark Molnar, Eva Suchier, Jean-Marc Director, Transport Division, United Nations Senior Vice President, SAFRAN Morpho, France Economic Commission for Europe Tiwari, Geetam Mücke, Jan Professor and Chair, Indian Institute of Technology, Federal Parliamentary State Secretary, Ministry of India Transport, Building and Urban Development, Germany Toussaint, Jean-François Neun, Manfred Director, Institute for Biomedical Research and Sports President, European Cyclists' Federation Epidemiology, France Ockels, Wubbo Vassilakou, Maria Professor, Delft University of Technology, Deputy Mayor for Transport and Urban Development, The Netherlands Vienna, Austria Ohler, Rainer Viegas, José Manuel Senior Vice President, Public Affairs and President, Transportes, Inovação e Sistemas, Portugal Communications, Airbus Voser, Peter Pan, Haixiao Chief Executive Officer, Royal Dutch Shell Professor, Tongji University, China Vullien, Michèle Parker, Michael Mayor of Dardilly, Vice President of the Urban Board Member, International Chamber of Shipping Community of Lyon, France Peñalosa, Enrique Walker, Neil Director, Institute for Transportation Co-Manager, PrimoveCity, Bombardier Transportation and Development Policy Wissmann, Matthias Pikrallidas, Susan President, Federation of the Secretary General for Automobile Mobility and German Automotive Industry Tourism, Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile 89 “Seamless Transport: Making Connections”

The powerful vision of seamlessly connecting people, infrastructure and markets is driving the development of new forms of mobility and of economic growth. It increasingly shapes the agenda of policymakers and business leaders.

The annual summit of the International Transport Forum is the leading global platform for debate on the future of transport. At the summit, Ministers from more than 50 member countries engage decision-makers from industry, civil society and research to explore the trends that will shape mobility in the 21st century.

The International Transport Forum’s 2012 summit on “Seamless Transport: Making Connections” will consider all aspects of connectivity in transport: How can we improve the way people and goods move, globally and within our communities?

„„Connecting systems: Implementing advanced technologies and new practices. „„Connecting people: Improving urban and inter-urban mobility. „„Connecting markets: Smoothing end-to-end journeys. „„Connecting sectors: Integrating transport with energy,  nance, urban planning, tourism. „„Connecting ideas: Applying new thinking to transport.

Why you should participate: How you can participate:

„„Find out how decision-makers are planning „„As a delegate: To request an invitation for this exclusive event, for the new era of mobility. please contact rachael.mitchell@oecd.org „„Identify trends that will drive future breakthroughs in transport. „„As a sponsor: Raise your pro le among top transport decision- makers as a sponsor of the 2012 summit. Please contact „„Explore ways of overcoming barriers between systems, [email protected] for details. networks, modes and regions. „„As an exhibitor: Put your products and ideas on display where „„Network with top players, understand their views, Ministers and top decision-makers meet. Please contact in uence decision-making. [email protected] for details. © OECD/ITF 2011

No reproduction, copy, transmission or translation of this publication may be made without written permission. Applications should be sent to OECD Publishing [email protected] or by fax +33 1 45 24 99 30.

This work is published on the responsibility of the Secretary General of the International Transport Forum. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily refl ect the offi cial views of the governments of its Member countries.

Design/Layout: Corinne Hayworth; Scheunemann PR Consulting Berlin – www.scheunemann-pr.de

Photo credits: Simone M. Neumann – Internet: www.simonemneumann.de – E-Mail: [email protected] Marc-Steffen Unger – Internet: www.ms-unger.de – E-Mail: [email protected] Marco Urban – Internet: www.marco-urban.de – E-Mail: [email protected]

www.istockphoto.com; www.gettyimages.com; www.shutterstock.com p. 15: © Greg Randales; p. 20/21: © Gary Yim; p. 34: © Roland Horn / Deutsche Bahn AG; p. 36: © Ola Dusegård; p. 40: © Xavier Arnau; p. 45: © K.K. Arora / Reuters; p. 47: © Steven Hunt; p. 54 (top): © Daimler AG; p. 54 (top): © Sean Randall; p. 60: © GM Co.; p. 61: © BYD; p. 65/66: © Instituto Jaime Lerner; p. 68: Houston: © Allan Baxter; Leipzig: © TommL; Lyon: © Anna Bryukhanova; Stockholm: © Chris Hepburn; p. 69: Curitiba: © Jose Luis Stephens; Vienna: © Franz Pfl uegel; Kumamoto: © German; Delhi: © Grant Faint; p. 70: © Andresr & Pincasso; p. 85: © Q-Sells SE; p.85 (bottom): © Klaus Hollitzer

ISBN: 978-92-821-0368-5 (PDF)

Highlights 2011

Transport is intrinsic to societal activity, and one of its greatest enablers. It allows people to reach their workplaces; provides individuals with access to education and services; and is increasingly important for leisure. It drives trade and creates jobs.

A world without the very real daily benefits of mobility has become unimaginable. But all too often transport is taken for granted, and societal demands on transport are constantly increasing. Transport systems must be adapted to better serve us all, but these systems are complex, and not easy to change. Opportunities for more open, effective dialogue on the development of transport systems should be pursued in order to facilitate a better understanding throughout society of transport issues.

So how can transport provide even more benefits for our citizens and societies? How can all transport modes – for passengers as well as freight – contribute to growth that is sustainable? Transport Ministers and business leaders, mayors of major cities, top researchers and representatives of non-governmental organisations met together at the International Transport Forum’s annual summit on 25-27 May 2011 in Leipzig, Germany, to examine these strategic issues. This publication condenses their main findings.

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