E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y Are we building competitive and liveable cities?

Guidelines for developing eco-efficient and socially inclusive infrastructure The guidelines for the development of eco-effi cient and inclusive urban infrastructure have been developed by the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia Are we building competitive and liveable cities? and the Pacifi c (ESCAP), the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America Guidelines for developing eco-effi cient and socially inclusive infrastructure and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and the United Nations Human Settlement Programme (UN-HABITAT), in partnership with the Urban Design Lab (UDL), the Earth Institute, at Columbia University in the City of New York, in the context of the project “Eco- effi cient and Sustainable Urban Infrastructure in Asia and Latin America”.

The objective of the project is to promote the application of eco-effi ciency as a key Increase your city’s competitiveness and quality of life through criterion for economic competitive, socially inclusive and environmentally sustainable environmental improvements: urban development and for expanding fi nancing opportunities. Responding to the challenges posed by rapid urbanization, Activities included expert group meetings, case studies, pilot projects and training of globalization and climate change requires an urgent shift in the urban managers and planners. way urban infrastructure is planned, designed and managed: it The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication must be eco-effi cient and socially inclusive. do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or Eco-effi cient and socially inclusive infrastructure can: area, or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. • be a driver of economic growth and competitiveness The content and views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and • increase employment opportunities not necessarily refl ect the views or policies, or carry the endorsement of any of the • contribute to poverty alleviation co-publishing organizations. Reference to a commercial entity or product in this • improve quality of life publication does not imply endorsement. • enhance energy security • improve the environment The co-publishing organizations do not guarantee the accuracy of the data included • avoid future costs and risks. in this publication and accept no responsibility for any consequence of their use.

Reproduction and dissemination of material in this publication for educational or non- Do more with less commercial purposes are encouraged, with proper acknowledgement of the source. Eco-effi ciency is a management philosophy that encourages municipalities, Reproduction of material in this, or associated information products for sale or for businesses and communities to seek environmental improvements that other commercial purposes, including publicity and advertising is prohibited without generate parallel economic and social benefi ts. Doing this in an inclusive the written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission, with a statement of purpose and extent of reproduction, should be addressed to the way guarantees equal opportunities for all people. Director, Environment and Development Division, United Nations, ESCAP. Deliver services to all United Nations publication Applied to infrastructure, the concepts of eco-effi ciency and inclusiveness ST/ESCAP/ – ISBN 978-974-680-292-5 are concerned with expanding the access to and quality of services, such as Copyright © United Nations 2011 housing, transport, energy, water and waste treatment, while reducing costs Clung Wicha Press Co., Ltd. Thailand and environmental problems, such as pollution, ineffi cient energy use and traffi c congestion. Core team: ESCAP: Rae Kwon Chung, Masakazu Ichimura, Lorenzo Santucci, Joris Oele Achieve win-win situations ECLAC: Joseluis Samaniego, Ricardo Jordan, Beatriz Valenzuela Infrastructure systems need to be rethought and redeveloped according to UN-Habitat: Raf Tuts, Bernhard Barth eco-effi ciency and inclusive principles and criteria. Essential strategies for UDL, The Earth Institute, Columbia University: Richard Plunz, Morana M. Stipisic cities to achieve win-win situations and develop into attractive, competitive and liveable places are leadership, long-term vision, integration across This publication was printed with vegetable oil based ink on green series paper sectors and institutions, public participation and building the business case made from 100% EcoFiber, utilizing Ecological type which uses 50% less ink. for eco-effi cient solutions. page 1 Forewords

Dr. Noeleen Heyzer Under-Secretary-General of the United Nati ons and Executi ve Secretary of the United Nati ons Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacifi c (UN-ESCAP) “Cities in Asia-Pacifi c already suffer from severe environmental problems, while the basic needs of millions of citizens are yet to be met. The rapid urbanization of the region poses an even greater challenge for providing services to all. We need to urgently promote eco-effi ciency and social inclusiveness to make our cities competitive, vibrant and liveable.”

Alicia Bárcena Under-Secretary-General of the United Nati ons and Executi ve Secretary of the United Nati ons Economic Commission for Lati n America and the Caribbean (UN-ECLAC) “Urban regions consume 75% of the planet’s resources. In Latin America and the Caribbean today, the challenges of development and equality are linked to those of urban management, including infrastructure, housing, transportation, and access to water and sanitation. The adoption of eco-effi ciency as a core urban value will require a thoroughgoing change in the way cities function and develop. Making eco-effi ciency a main criterion for decision-making on these issues represents a step towards the development of sustainable cities.”

Dr. Joan Clos Under-Secretary-General of the United Nati ons and Executi ve Director of the United Nati ons Human Sett lements Programme (UN-HABITAT) “A new strategy based on more effective urban planning, strengthened local institutions and governance processes as well as the enhanced economic contribution of cities is needed. Only Infrastructure that is energy and eco-effi cient, that serves the economic development of cities and supports the betterment of all citizens can be sustainable.“ page 2 Executive summary Developing eco-efficient and socially inclusive infrastructure page 3 Why focus on cities? CITIES OF HOPE, Why do we need eco-effi cient and socially inclusive CITIES OF urban infrastructure development? DESPAIR 80% of people in Latin America live in cities Urbanization: towards a global city In Latin America 80% of people live in urban areas. This figure will rural 20%20% urban grow to 85% by 1 80%80% 2030.

In 2030, about 2.6 billion people will live in cities in Asia Adding a new city nearly the size of Singapore and the Pacific.2 every month for the next 20 years This growth is equivalent to adding an entire new city of 3.5 million people, every month for the next 20 years. 20 x 12 x 3.5 million Social issues: urbanization of poverty 30% of citizens in Asia live in slums Approximately 30% of urban residents in Asia 70% and the Pacific live in slums,3 without basic services. The number of people living in urban 30% slums in India4 now exceeds the entire 45 million people in Brazil live in slums population of the Philippines.5

In Brazil 45 million people live in urban 6 45 million slums. This is almost 3 times the entire population of Chile.7 page 4 Executive summary Developing eco-efficient and socially inclusive infrastructure page 5 ECOLOGICAL Why focus on cities? Why focus on cities? CITY FOOTPRINT ECONOMIES Environment: Cities use 75% of the Earths resources Asia needs US$10 trillion over 10 years for infrastructure Finance: need for enormous footprint investment Cities occupy 3% Infrastructure of the Earth’s investment in Asia land surface, and the Pacific house half of the must reach an estimated US$10 human population, 75%75% use 75% of the trillion over resources,8 and the next 10 years account for to keep up with approximately 2/3 its consumption of all used energy and construct- 12 and greenhouse gas ion needs. emissions.9 This enormous investment requirement is comparable with two times the whole Latin America and the The Ecological Caribbean region’s Footprint yearly GDP.13 measures how much We need more than one planet Earth 80% of Asia’s GDP is produced by the cities of the Earth Infrastructure or how many investment planet Earths it requirements in would take to Latin America and regenerate the the Caribbean are resources we use are an estimated and to absorb the ? US$1.3 trillion waste we produce. to keep up with In 1990, our consumption and humanity started LAC needs 3% of annual GDP for infrastructure construction demanding more needs.14 than one planet Earth to support Economic issues: our current engines of growth lifestyle.10 In Asia and the Pacific over 80% of the region’s GDP is produced in ci-ties and towns.15 Bangkok Carrying capacity alone accounts is defined as the for 38% of maximum population Thailand’s GDP.16 that can survive indefinitely in a The GDP of Buenos given environment. Aires outsizes It depends on some of the the available region’s national resources and GDPs like those the consumption of Ecuador and habits.11 GDP of Buenos Aires is larger than GDP of Paraguay Paraguay.17 page 6 Executive summary Developing eco-efficient and socially inclusive infrastructure page 7 SHAPING Why focus on infrastructure? Why focus on infrastructure? CHOOSING OUR Are traffi c congestion and high energy costs eating up OUR CITIES your competitiveness? Cities are at a crossroad FUTURE Infrastructure has key implications for urban development. It is diffi cult Choices made today will determine the competitiveness, quality of life and costly to modify. Once built, it locks cities into specifi c consumption and environmental sustainability of cities for decades to come. Cities in patterns for decades. Constructing, operating and maintaining Asia and Latin America are at a crossroads in developing and expanding infrastructure is resource intensive: taking up energy, water, materials infrastructure in support of fast economic growth and rapid urbanization. and land thereby causing major environmental impacts. Traffic congestion “We can’t solve costs can be as problems by using high as 10% of a the same kind of city’s GDP.18 thinking we used when we created Traffic congestion them.” in Bangkok is Albert Einstein responsible for 2.1% loss of the whole country’s GDP.19

Traffic congestion in Lima, Peru contributes to the loss of ? approximately ? ? 10% of GDP every 18 year. Traffi c congestion: sign of economic growth or low competitiveness? Business-as-usual: Eco-effi cient and inclusive urban development: leads to: leads to: • cities for cars • cities for people • more traffi c congestion • fast, safe, affordable transportation • more pollution • vibrant streets and green areas • health problems • clean and healthy environment • high energy bills • lower energy bills Along their life- • higher costs on the long run • more value for money cycle, buildings • less competitiveness • attraction of foreign investment alone are estima- ted to consume • less jobs • more jobs Cities will grow. up to 40% of all • decreased quality of life • increased quality of life energy use and There is no ques- cause up to 30% of tion about that. GHG emissions.20 How we build them, Building construction: good investment or long-term cost burden? though, is up to us. page 8 Executive summary Developing eco-efficient and socially inclusive infrastructure page 9 URBAN Why focus on eco-efficiency? Why focus on eco-efficiency? MORE METABOLISM WITH LESS Eco-efficiency: Cities as living organisms a driver for competitiveness and liveability People dwell in cities to have access to jobs, education, health, goods and Principles of eco-effi cient and sustainable urban development: services. Resources like raw materials, land, water and energy are the • maximize quality of life inputs required to deliver these goods and services that present a value for • maximize competitiveness the society, while producing waste and emissions in the process. • maximize environmental sustainability

Reducing the These principles ality of lif consumption of input: qu e are not in resources and conflict, but can the impact on reinforce each nature is critical other. The concept goods and for achieving employment of eco-efficiency increase services sustainable seeks to develop eco-efficiency development with water value for society synergies, rather increased value than just balance for society. trade-offs. nt and s ie us more ntal sus ic ta e ta ff i economic quality m in e n n a - a return of life o b ir o b il v i c l t e n y land e output: e less

u r b re a u $ n ct less infrastru energy etitiven emissions impact on mp es reduce consumption of resources biodiversity co s

$ raw reduce materials waste water impact on nature disposal pollution

“A moral point of The quality of life of our citizens as well as competitiveness and Eco-effi ciency is expressed as the creation of more value with fewer ECO-EFFICIENCY view is compatible environmental sustainability of cities depend on the effi ciency of this resources and less impact, or doing more with less. with efficiency.” “urban metabolism”. Antanas Mockus, Eco-effi ciency is a management philosophy that encourages municipali- Economic and social value former mayor of ties and businesses to seek environmental improvements that generate EE = Bogotá, Colombia social as well as economic benefi ts. It promotes innovation, growth and Environmental impact competitiveness while protecting our environment.21 page 10 Executive summary Developing eco-efficient and socially inclusive infrastructure page 11 WHAT What can we do? What can we do? WHAT DOES NOT Prioritize the right policies Prioritize the right policies DOES WORK WORK

Counter-intuitive examples of bad policies: Focus on the basics:

Roads are congested Roads are congested • Why not build more roads or fl yovers? • Build the city for people, not cars. Develop walkable and Expanding roads has proven to be ineffective and even counter-productive bikeable cities and invest in public transport. in easing congestion because it attracts an even higher volume of cars.

Waste is increasing Waste is increasing • Why not plan more landfi lls? • Invest in Reduce, Reuse, Recycle (3R) measures. Landfi lls bury waste that could be recycled or reused, contaminates ground water, releases greenhouse gases, and uses up valuable land.

Water demand is growing • Why not utilize more fresh water reserves? Water demand is growing Waste water treatment and reuse can greatly enhance water supply, as • Invest in wastewater treatment and rainwater harvesting. well as reducing contamination.

Energy demand is growing • Why not build new power plants? Energy demand is growing Building new power plants is much more expensive than reducing demand • Invest in energy effi ciency and conservation. and, in many cases, using renewables on the long run.

“Trying to solve traffic problems by building bigger roads is like putting out a fire with gasoline” Guidance on choosing and prioritizing appropriate policies and policy Enrique Peñalosa, instruments is further elaborated in the complete publication of the former mayor of Guidelines for developing eco-effi cient and socially inclusive infrastructure. Bogotá, Colombia page 12 Executive summary Developing eco-efficient and socially inclusive infrastructure page 13 STRATEGIC How can we prioritize the right policies? How can we prioritize the right policies? STRATEGIC PRINCIPLES Integrate eco-effi ciency into decision making Integrate eco-effi ciency into decision making PRINCIPLES Eco-effi ciency can be used as a driver to promote win-win soluti ons that maximize competi ti veness, quality of life and environmental sustainability. To guarantee eco-effi cient outcomes, the following strategic principles are criti cal.

“You must be the 1. Lead the change page 17 4. Recognize the value of sustainable infrastructure page 23 “Our waterways and change you wish to Drive the change you wish to see in the city. Put sustainable infra- Consider all values (monetary and non-monetary) of natural resources reservoirs should see in the world.” structure on top of your agenda. and the environment. Take a life-cycle approach. do more than Mahatma Gandhi meet our water needs. They should enhance our living environment and lifestyle.” Lee Hsien Loong, Prime Minister of Singapore

“If we are facing 2. Bridge the gap page 19 5. Turn “green” into a business opportunity page 25 “The concept of in the right Link short-term goals to long-term vision. Build the business case for eco-effi cient solutions. incentivizing direction, all we clean energy so have to do is keep that it’s the on walking.” cheaper, more Buddhist proverb effective kind of ? energy is one that $ is proven to work and is actually a market-based approach.” Barack Obama

3. Link sectors and actors page 21 6. Build the city for people together with the people page 27 Integrate across sectors and between institutions. Sustainable outcomes can be achieved only through broad-based $ participation. $ “A good city is a good social event. What interests “There is no ideal $ system except people the most integration.” $ are other people. Jaime Lerner, Build cities for former mayor of the people.” Curitiba, Brasil Jan Gehl, architect page 14 Executive summary Developing eco-efficient and socially inclusive infrastructure page 15 Lead the change THE POWER OF LEADERS Being the one to walk the unpaved road towards changing your city’s future requires courage because of potential initial resistance from a STRATEGIC number of stakeholders who doubt the benefi ts of the new intervention. Experiences such as those in Seoul, Republic of Korea and Curitiba, Brazil 1 however, show that in spite of initial resistance sustainable infrastructure PRINCIPLE development projects can be very successful, not only in eco-effi ciency and sustainability outcomes but also in increasing the popularity of the mayor or politician pushing the agenda.

Lee Myung Bak “Anyone who has never made a President of the Republic of Korea mistake has never Lee Myung Bak, President of the Republic of Korea, started his political tried anything career as mayor of Seoul in 2002. Mr. Lee owes much of his electoral victory new.” Albert Einstein to two large-scale sustainable urban development projects he successfully completed as the mayor of Seoul: the restoration of the Cheonggyecheon waterway and the reformation of the public transportation system in Seoul. These sustainable infrastructure initiatives immediately made Mr. Lee a top presidential contender.

Curitiba, Brasil Jaime Lerner “The city is not URBS Rapid Bus System Three-times Mayor, two-times Governor, architect, planner the problem, it’s Off-board fare collection, along with the bus lane, is the key innovative Curitiba, Brasil the solution. And strategy in “Metronizing” the Bus Transit System and is making it it’s a solution indeed rapid. The most important element in urban planning was a Following his three mayoral terms, Jaime Lerner won election twice as for the problem of climate change.” linear growth pattern, which served to protect both density and green governor of Paraná State after which he retired from his political career to devote himself to the practice of architecture, planning and worldwide Jaime Lerner, public spaces. A combination of land-use zoning and public transport former mayor of lecturing on sustainable urban design. Among many sustainable initiatives improvement led to a decrease of traffi c in the city centre and the Curitiba, Brasil development of services, housing, and industries along vertical axes. that Mr. Lerner initiated the “Metronizing” Rapid Bus System stands out as an example of a successful practice that made many cities follow. Mr. Seoul, Republic of Korea Lerner is a visionary leader and a strong advocate of the liveable city Cheongyecheong designed for people. The historic waterway had to make place for an elevated expressway. In 2003, however, “When the best Seoul City embarked upon leader’s work is the restoration of the 5.8 km done, the people waterway by peeling back say: ‘We did it pavement to make this public ourselves!’.” space tho-roughfare a part of the Lao Tzu, Chinese citywide eco-friendly initiative. Taoist Philosopher page 16 Executive summary Developing eco-efficient and socially inclusive infrastructure page 17 Bogotá, Colombia Link short-term goals to long-term vision BRIDGE shows that different short- term political agendas can be THE GAP One of the main reasons why sustainable approaches are often not harmonized along one long-term prioritized is because of the time gap between costs (mainly in the short- vision, in this case the rebirth of STRATEGIC term) and benefi ts (mainly in the long-term). Short-term results are a city based on the principles of important. They are important for citizens, who need to see interventions inclusiveness and quality of life. 2 improving their daily lives. They are also important for politicians, who PRINCIPLE Two mayors, Antanas Mockus need to show tangible results within their mandates in order to be re- and Enrique Peñalosa, built on elected. each other’s achievements and ma-naged to transform Bogotá But competitive and liveable cities are not built overnight through quick from a degraded city into one fi xes. They are built though actions that produce long-term and sustainable of the most competitive and benefi ts. Infrastructure has a long time span. Therefore, sustainable urban liveable cities in Latin America in infrastructure solutions need to be thought and implemented decades just one decade, while becoming in advance in order to anticipate needs. This requires undertaking not very popular in their own right. only policies that provide short-term solutions (e.g. expanding roads to ease traffi c congestion) but also those that provide long-term solutions (e.g. changing land use and developing a public transport network). How to reconcile short-term costs and long-term benefi ts, as well as different time horizons? How to “bridge the gap”?

First of all, with a shared long-term vision based on sustainability. A vision based on sustainability will help prioritize policies and projects that provide long-term solutions. Moreover, it will bring together and motivate Seoul, Republic of Korea citizens, businesses and bureaucrats around a common purpose. Second, The reform of the bus system by translating this vision into action and linking short-term goals with in Seoul shows that ambitious medium and long-term objectives through proper planning. reforms can be carried forward through the short-term political What does this mean for the city and its people? cycles thanks to proper planning • The city will be able to embark in the long-term projects required to and stakeholder participation. make it liveable, attractive and competitive in the international arena, In 2004, after a series of failed ready for future challenges. reform attempts, a consensus- • Creating a shared vision to establish a liveable future will make people based long-term plan was de- embrace change. Temporary inconveniences will be accepted if people see veloped. Today, the Seoul bus where the city is going and they had a say in it. system forms the backbone of “In our personal an integrated multi-mode transit ambitions we are network. It enjoys broad biparti- individualists. But in our seeking san political support as well as ? for economic and record levels of patronage across political progress the board; yet also signifi cantly as a nation, we more manageable levels of traffi c all go up or else congestion, improved safety and all go down as commuting time, and reduced one people.” greenhouse gas emissions. Franklin Roosevelt page 18 Executive summary Developing eco-efficient and socially inclusive infrastructure page 19 Ulsan, Republic of Korea Link sectors and actors URBAN Eco-industrial-park (EIP) The eco-industrial-park in Ulsan SYNERGIES Infrastructure development is still driven mainly by sectoral policies and demonstrates how linking-up multiple actors are involved, including national and local governments various actors can promote eco- STRATEGIC and the private sector. But most gains in eco-effi ciency can only be effi ciency and generate win-win made by fi nding integrated solutions among sectors, such as transport situations. In an eco-industrial 3 and land-use planning. This calls for integrated policies and appropriate PRINCIPLE park, the waste generated by institutional arrangements and coordination mechanisms to be in place. one company can be used as a An integrated approach to urban development that is refl ected in urban resource for another one, thereby “If you don’t improving eco-effi ciency. In Ulsan, management stands on four pillars: understand the for example, an investment of Assets based assessment – as opposed to needs assessment. Starting structure of US$5 million to exchange steam with assets and opportunities enables “development from within”, the city, it is between the Sung-am municipal promotes partnerships to collaboratively address issues of importance to difficult to work waste incineration facility and the community and creates development opportunities. on it.” Jaime Lerner, Hyosung Company generated Horizontal integration – between sectors. This enables to address former mayor of development challenges that are crosscutting, and to identify new profi ts of US$7.1 million per year, Curitiba, Brasil with a payback period of less opportunities for development arising from the interfaces between the than 9 months, allowing hiring sectors. 140 new employees. Vertical integration – between institutions and actors. This is required for the design and implementation of policies and strategies derived from the decentralized, multi-actors arena. Implementation and management platforms – to upgrade local capacities to initiate, lead and sustain local development.

What does this mean for the city and its people? • Better solutions that address people’s needs. • Cost savings that can be invested in social policies and job creation.

water infrastructure transportation infrastructure sewage An integrated infrastructure and sustainable An eco-industrial park (EIP) approach to urban is a community of businesses development that cooperate with each other blue/green enables cities to infrastructure and with the local community waste respond to current challenges of to effi ciently share resources, dynamics of infrastructure urban expansion, leading to economic gains, gains urban infrastructure resource in environmental quality, and communications depletion, equitable enhancement of human infrastructure energy quality of life resources for the business and infrastructure and increased local community. competitiveness. page 20 Executive summary Developing eco-efficient and socially inclusive infrastructure page 21 Recognize the value of sustainable infrastructure VALUES

Current infrastructure approaches are generally biased towards unsustain- FOR able approaches because environmental and social costs and benefi ts are SOCIETY not factored into decision-making. One of the major planning concerns of today is to do justice to the specifi c value that people associate with the STRATEGIC city. In this regard, “green” has become more valuable in the city, not only from an environmental point of view but increasingly from a social and 4 economic point of view. PRINCIPLE

Public transport, for example, has numerous co-benefi ts, such as reduced air pollution, improved road safety, reduced congestion, or increased land value. Similarly, developing blue-green infrastructure (i.e. parks and waterways), cleans the air, improves quality of life, provides employment and increases property value. The multiple values of sustainable infrastructure need to be integrated into policy-making in a holistic manner.

The case of Singapore shows a re-orientation of policy and thinking. From the historically grounded engineering approach that regards infrastructure resources as an economic good, water is now seen as a means to improve the quality of life of people and the attractiveness of the city as a whole. Water infrastructure management has been integrated as part of the planning and design of the city, so that the local community can begin Bogotá, Colombia to embrace its waterways as attractive and positive features in the urban Transmillenio Rapid Bus System landscape. combined with walkable and The case of Bogotá, Colombia shows that cities can be reborn by green areas. Enrique Peñalosa redesigning them not primarily on economic principles of profi t, but on won prizes for his efforts related to those of social equity and quality of life. Developing infrastructure that transportation, land use, housing all citizens, especially the poor, could benefi t from, such as developing for the poor, pollution abatement, public transport, sideways and bike lanes, improving parks and building the critical need for public spaces new ones, and upgrading slums, turned Bogotá into one of the most and their environmental benefi ts and overall contributions to the competitive and liveable cities in Latin America. quality of urban life. What does it mean for the city and its people? • Local people as well as international business will embrace the Singapore city because of its aesthetic, healthy and dynamic living and work Active, Beautiful and Clean (ABC) environments. The city will become a place to not only live and work but Waters Programme also enjoy life to the fullest. “Water for All: Developing Conserve, Value, Enjoy” infrastructure is • Shift from cost to value not an objective • Shift from economic necessity itself. It’s purpose is to to social relevance improve the lives • Shift from mono-use to multi- of citizens. functionality page 22 Executive summary Developing eco-efficient and socially inclusive infrastructure page 23 Turn “green” into a business opportunity GREEN

Investing in eco-effi cient and sustainable infrastructure contribute to AND economic growth, create jobs and generate profi ts. But governments PROFITABLE (both national and local) need to create the condition for this to happen. Infrastructure projects generally have large spill-over costs and benefi ts, STRATEGIC but these are not refl ected into market prices and, thus, into business cases. Moreover, business cases usually consider only the construction 5 phase of infrastructure while operation and maintenance are neglected. PRINCIPLE However, a great share of the cost of unsustainable choices is incurred during these phases. This requires a life-cycle approach to infrastructure Suncheon City, Republic of Korea development. Suncheon City has demonstrated The private sector can be the main driver for the development of eco- how investing in ecosystems can effi cient and sustainable infrastructure and for green growth in general, stimulate economic growth that but this cannot happen as business-as-usual practices are more profi table is green and sustainable. Instead that the eco-effi cient and sustainable ones. Governments need to tilt the of reclaiming its tidal wetlands balance in favour of sustainable practices and channel private sector to host major petro-chemical investment into eco-effi cient and sustainable infrastructure projects. In complexes and steel mills like other words, governments need to build the business case for eco-effi cient neighbouring cities, Suncheon and sustainable infrastructure. This requires a mix of policy instruments, City turned its tidal ecosystem such as: into a source of competitive Regulatory instruments – such as building codes, labeling of building advantage. The city government energy performance, restricting parking and car ownership or imposing and its citizens worked to restore recycling regimes for specifi c materials. the ecosystem of Suncheon Bay, Economic instruments – such as fi scal incentives to developers, fuel enabling the city to emerge taxes, congestion charging, subsidies for public transport or taxes on as a centre of eco-tourism, waste disposal. attracting more than 2.3 million Information instruments – such as public campaigns on energy savings visitors (more than 10 times its potential in buildings, marketing for public transport or waste recycling/ population) and creating 6,400 reduction competitions among neighborhoods. To make an impact jobs and economic benefi ts What does it means for the city and its people? on society, eco- amounting to US$100 million. • New and more sustainable sources of growth, profi t and employment. efficiency must go beyond simply Dushanbe, Tajikistan • Better goods and services and a more healthy and liveable urban improving existing A study on energy savings in public buildings in Dushanbe shows environment. processes. It the clear business case for green buildings. Public buildings in must also involve Dushanbe are subject to high levels of energy losses due to the changing existing poor thermal insulate on and heating systems. Energy consumption processes, $ could be reduced by an estimated 30-50% through energy effi ciency creating new measures. The thermal insulation for wall structures of a nice-storey policies and changing or building, for example, can provide savings of US$900,000 a year $ influencing with a payback time of only 4 years, making such an investment a markets with new clear business opportunity. ideas and rules. page 24 Executive summary Developing eco-efficient and socially inclusive infrastructure page 25 Build the city for people together with the people CITY

Public participation should be understood as a process in which all concerned FOR THE parties, including the affected people, are involved in the decision-making. PEOPLE While strong leadership is required to steer the process, broad-based public participation in planning and developing infrastructure is essential STRATEGIC in order to guarantee win-win outcomes and the overall sustainability of 6 solutions. 5 PRINCIPLE The prime element of any infrastructure system is its users, the people. Public participation can help ensure that action taken and services provided more adequately refl ect the needs of the people and that the benefi ts of development are more equally shared.

Participatory approaches can provide an institutional framework for such an integrated planning that can help to address the cross-cutting issues and deal with the problems of confl icting objectives of development. Participation of all stakeholders, including the community, can improve the quality of planning and decision making and facilitate the implementation of actions. In fact, without participation of all concerned actors it may not be possible to explore all available options and implement “diffi cult” policy choices, such as demand management measures in a transport development strategy.

Morón, Argentina What does it means for the city and its people? Participatory budgeting • Greater ability to deliver within budget, faster implementation, less public This popular participation mechanism in which the community of resistance. Morón can actively make decisions on how to spend part of the public • Better response to local needs, increased community cohesion and resources has resulted in improving public information access to the increased understanding of problems. executuion of more than 163 urban, cultural, sport, environmental, sanitary and housing initiatives in fi ve years. Based on the implementation of the various methodologies of civic participation, the inhabitants of the district were able to determine the priorities of Public Private their neighbourhoods and to suggest proposals. Partnerships (PPPs) Surabaya, Indonesia need to focus on Waste generation reduction increasing the local This city achieved a reduction of responsibilities and attracting more than 20% in waste genera- the private sector tion over a period of four years by through transparency actively promoting composting of of planning and organic waste and successfully budgets. involving communities in solid waste management activities. page 26 Executive summary Developing eco-efficient and socially inclusive infrastructure page 27 How to put the strategic principles into practice?

Big changes To integrate eco-effi ciency principles and criteria into current planning come in stages. and urban development activities, these guidelines are organized around a four-stage strategic planning approach.

The planning process has four stages that entail ten steps. Each of the ten Specifi cs in the steps is broken down into more detailed tasks in the complete guidelines. complete guidelines.

STAGE A: Where are we now? re are we n he ow? Step 1 GET STARTED W Get organized and secure commitment, form an executive committee and a planning team,

IDENTIFY evaluate capacities, plan the process.

STAKEHOLDERS A Step 2 IDENTIFY STAKEHOLDERS E G GET A ANALYSE Identify stakeholders, establish the stakeholder group, ensure smooth communication, make a T S STARTED & plan for engagement.

ASSESS S ?

2 T A o Step 3 ANALYSE & ASSESS

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G g r

E Create a profi le of the city, identify legal frameworks and drivers of infrastructure development, 1

e 3 NN

A I B o

L NG conduct and eco-effi ciency assessment.

P t

w ADJUST

IC P ESTABLISH

& t e R

G O A

n MODIFY E STAGE B: Where do we want to go?

g C VISION

T a

e 10 E Step 4 ESTABLISH A VISION A

4 w

S

t R

t S Review main challenges, collect ideas, formulate a vision.

T

e

i

n S

w Step 5 SET OBJECTIVES g

MONITOR $

o Identify and organize issues, restate issues as objectives, ensure they are eco-effi cient, select indicators. t & O

h 9 d Y 5 SET EVALUATE F e C E OBJECTIVES e STAGE C: How do we get there? r S N r e T C E A O I - IC e Step 6 IDENTIFY ACTIONS & STRATEGIES ? G EFF h E

8 Generate action ideas to achieve your objectives, organize, screen, rank actions, develop strategies. D 6 W

IMPLEMENT IDENTIFY ACTIONS 7 Step 7 SELECT ACTIONS & C ACTIONS Assess consequences of actions, prioritize best actions and strategies, assess mainstreaming E STRATEGIES G SELECT A T opportunities and refi ne actions and strategies. ACTIONS S Step 8 IMPLEMENT ACTIONS

Identify and address institutional and governance gaps, identify lead agency, mainstream actions

H ? into established plans, programmes and processes, develop an action plan. o w ere d o w e get th STAGE D: Are we getting there? Step 9 MONITOR & EVALUATE Prepare a monitoring and evaluation framework and a work plan, decide whom to involve, when and how to document and report, evaluate results. Step 10 ADJUST & MODIFY page 28 Executive summary Developing eco-efficient and socially inclusive infrastructure page 29 Towards eco-effi cient and socially inclusive cities WIN-WIN SOLUTION The need for inclusive and sustainable cities Cities are fast-growing concentrations of people, economic growth, develop- ment and poverty and enormous footprints calling for investments to keep up with consumption needs.

Infrastructure has key implications for urban development Constructing, maintaining and operating infrastructure is very resource inten- sive and once built, infrastructures lock cities into specifi c consumption pat- terns for decades. Choices made today will determine the competitiveness, quality of life and sustainability of cities for decades to come.

Eco-effi ciency: a driver for competitiveness and liveability Doing more with less means maximizing the quality of life, competitiveness and environmental sustainability of cities.

A new way to build competitive and liveable cities By initiating change, linking sectors and actors and identifying the multiple values of natural resources, we can turn green into a business opportunity and start to (re)build infrastructure that will be embraced by people, the city, the planet and our shared future.

The guidelines By refl ecting on the key principles and criteria of eco-effi ciency in detail, by giving best practice examples and by paving the path forward, the guidelines provide crucial lessons and steering in developing infrastructure and cities in a sustainable way. With tools and methods to apply eco-effi ciency principles to infrastructure development, you will be able to prioritize appropriate policies and interventions and develop strategies and plans for implementation. The guidelines inform and guide inspired politicians and planners who believe that cities are crucial for improving the quality of our lives.

Keep the holistic view: think globally, act locally! page 30 Executive summary Developing eco-efficient and socially inclusive infrastructure page 31 Endnotes and references Carbon footprint Glossary 1 United Nations, Urbanization Prospects website the 2009 Revision: Percentage of population is a measure of the impact our activities have on the environment, and in particular living in urban areas in Latin America and the Caribbean in 2030: 84.87%. Available from http:// climate change. It relates to the amount of greenhouse gases produced in our day-to-day esa.un.org/unpd/wup/index.htm (accessed 22 April 2011). lives through burning fossil fuels for electricity, heating and transportation, etc. It is 2 United Nations, Urbanization Prospects website the 2009 Revision: Urban population in Asia in a measurement of all greenhouse gases we individually produce and has units of tons (or kg) 2030: 2,598,358. Available from http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/index.htm (accessed 22 April 2011). of carbon dioxide equivalent. 3 UN-HABITAT, State of the World’s Cities 2010/201, Bridging the Urban Divide (2010): Percent- To calculate your carbon footprint, go to: www.carbonfootprint.com/calculator.aspx age of urban population living in slums in Asia and the Pacific in 2010: Eastern Asia: 28.2%; Source: Carbon Footprint TM. Online: www.carbonfootprint.com (both visited 4-11-2010) South Asia: 35%; South-East Asia: 31%; West Asia: 24.6%; Oceania: 24.1%. Available from www. Carrying capacity unhabitat.org/pmss/listItemDetails.aspx?publicationID=2917 (accessed 22 April 2011). can be defined as the maximal population size of a given species that an area can support 4 United Nations, UnData website, Slum Population in India in 2007: 109,501,151. Available from without reducing its ability to support the same species in the future. Specifically, it is http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=slum+population&d=MDG&f=seriesRowID%3a711 (accessed 22 April a measure of the amount of renewable resources in the environment in units of the number of 2011). organisms these resources can support. 5 United Nations, UNData website, Population of the Philippines in 2008: 93,617,000. Available Source: Roughgarden (1979) from http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=population&d=PopDiv&f=variableID%3a12 (accessed 22 April 2011). Eco-efficiency 6 United Nations, UNData website, Slum population in Brazil in 2007: 45,707,606. Available from is defined as the delivery of competitively-priced goods and services that satisfy human http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=slum+population&d=MDG&f=seriesRowID%3a711 (accessed 22 April needs and bring quality of life while progressively reducing ecological impacts and resource 2011). intensity throughout the life-cycle to a level at least in line with the Earth’s estimated 7 United Nations, UNData website, Population of Chile in 2010: 17,135. Available from http:// carrying capacity. data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=population&d=PopDiv&f=variableID%3a12 (accessed 22 April 2011). Source: WBCSD (2000) 8 Girardet, Connections (1995) Available from www.ourplanet.com (accessed 19 Octobre 2010) 9 International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook Report executive summary (2008). Available Ecological footprint from www.worldenergyoutlook.org/docs/weo2008/WEO2008_es_english.pdf (accessed 06 June 2011) is a measure of how much biologically productive land and water an individual, population 10 Global footprint network online. Available from www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/ or activity requires to produce all the resources it consumes and to absorb the waste it page/data_sources/ (accessed 19 Octobre 2010). generates using prevailing technology and resource management practices. Today, humanity 11 The Sustainable Scale Project online: Available from www.sustainablescale.org (accessed (19 uses the equivalent of 1.5 planets to provide the resources we use and absorb our waste. Octobre 2010). If everyone lived the lifestyle of the average American, we would need 5 planets. Turning 12 United Nations: The state of Asian Cities 2010/2011 (2010). Available from www.unhabitat.org/ resources into waste faster than waste can be turned back into resources puts us in global pmss/getElectronicVersion.aspx?nr=3078&alt=1 (accessed 22 April 2011). ecological overshoot, depleting the very resources on which human life and biodiversity 13 International Monetary Fund, world economic outlook database: nominal GDP list of depend. countries, Latin America and the Caribbean. Available from www.imf.org/external/ (accessed 25 Source: Global Footprint Network. Online: www.footprintnetwork.org (visited 4-11-2010) July 2011). Eco-Industrial park (EIP) 14 ADB, ADB’s infrastructure operations: responding to client needs (2007, p 17). Available from is a community of businesses that cooperate with each other and with the local community www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Infrastructure-Operations/ (accessed 25 July 2011). to efficiently share resources (information, materials, water, energy, infrastructure and 15 United Nations: The state of Asian Cities 2010/2011 (2010). Available from www.unhabitat.org/ natural habitat), leading to economic gains, gains in environmental quality, and equitable pmss/getElectronicVersion.aspx?nr=3078&alt=1 (accessed 22 April 2011). enhancement of human resources for the business and local community. 16 United Nations, Environmental Programme: Local Authorities Statement (2010). Available from Source: Chertow: Uncovering Industrial Symbiosis (2007) www.unep.org/civil-society/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=5K38DQP4vg8%3D&tabid=2910&language=en-US (accessed 22 April 2011). Life cycle analysis and thinking 17 PricewaterhouseCoopers, Global city GDP rankings 2008-2025: GDP of Buenos Aires 2008: US$362 implies that everyone in the whole chain of a product’s life cycle, from cradle to grave, billion (13 million inhabitants). Available from www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/Media-Library/Glob- has a responsibility and a role to play, taking into account all relevant external effects. al-city-GDP-rankings-2008-2025-61a.aspx (accessed 05 May 2011). From the extraction of the raw material through refining, manufacturing, use or consumption 18 Congreso de Transporte de Lima. Organizado por la Municipalidad de Lima (2000) to its reuse, recycling or disposal, individuals must be aware of the impact that this 19 United Nations, Sustainable Infrastructure in Asia: Overview and Proceedings. Seoul Initia- product has on the environment and try to reduce it as much as possible. The impacts of all tive Policy Forum on Sustainable Infrastructure. Seoul, Korea, September 6–8, 2006. Available life cycle stages need to be considered when making informed decisions on the production and from www.unescap.org/esd/publications/st/2448/Sustainable%20Infrastructure%20in%20Asia.pdf consumption patterns, policies and management strategies. (accessed 19-10-2010). Source: UNEP (2003) 20 United Nations, Environmental Programme: Building and Climate Change; Summary for Policy Mak- ers (2009). Available from www.unep.org/SBCI/pdfs/SBCI-BCCSummary.pdf (accessed 22 April 2011). Sustainable development 21 World Business Council for Sustainable Development, Eco-efficiency: Creating More Value with The Brundtland Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development defines Less Impact (North Yorkshire 2000). Available from www.wbcsd.org/web/publications/eco_effi- sustainable development as follows: “Humanity has the ability to make development sustainable ciency_creating_more_value.pdf (accessed 22 April 2011). – to ensure that it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meets their needs.” Sources of quotes are not referenced. We kindly ask for the understanding of the authors. Source: United Nations (1987) page 32 Executive summary Developing eco-efficient and socially inclusive infrastructure page 33 Photographs Cover: Kibae Park, ESCAP/ page 2: Kibae Park/ page 3: top – ESCAP, bottom – ECLAC/ page 4: Kibae Park/ page 8: Kibae Park/ page 9: left – Fang-zhou Zhou, right – Ulsan Metropolitan City/ page 16: top – Stephanie Vacek, middle right – Morana M. Stipisic, bottom left – Lina Faria/ page 18: top right – Enrique Peñalosa, botoom left – ESCAP/ page 20: Ulsan Metropolitan City/ page 22: top – Flaminia Maietti, middle right – Enrique Peñalosa, bottom left – Public Utilities Board (PUB) Singapore/ page 24: top – Suncheon City, bottom – Kibae Park/ page 26: top – Kibae Park, middle left – ESCAP, bottom right – ECLAC, page 30: Evert Doorn

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