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Dynamic Systems Inc. Gleeble Tel: 518 283-5350 Fax: 518 283-3160 NEWSLETTER Internet: www.gleeble.com Email: [email protected] Summer 2011 Gleeble Application Story Come See Us at the Shows The Gleeble at the University of Recap: Gleeble User Workshop (GUWI) and BlueScope The BlueScope Steel Metallurgy arena. In this capacity it provides opportu- The 3rd Gleeble User Workshop Centre, was nities for academic staff to play a greater and National Conference on Thermo- established in 1995, consolidating a part in supporting the local steel industry Mechanical Simulation using Gleeble long history of collaboration between and for technologists from industry to Systems was held September 16–18, the University and BlueScope Steel. It contribute to academic development. It 2011 at JSW Steel Ltd., Vidyanagar, undertakes strategic, basic and applied also gives students access to industry, as Near Bellary, Karnatata State, India. research that complements the in-house well as giving them advanced educational Building on the success of the ear- research capacity of BlueScope Steel and opportunities in steel products and pro- lier two Gleeble User Workshop and provides related undergraduate and post- cesses. Since 1997 the Centre has con- Conferences that were held in 2008 graduate education. Operating funds are ducted research on numerous competitive and 2010, the conference featured shared between UOW, BlueScope Steel grant projects with a total budget of nearly well-known researchers and speak- and the Federal Government’s Australian $10 million. ers from manufacturing, industry and Research Council (ARC) through compet- Research activities are conducted in research institutes. itive research grants. BlueScope Steel is a several key areas focusing on the chang- Topics included: global steel producer and the leading steel ing needs of BlueScope Steel as the com- • Continuous casting company in and . pany has responded to changes in its com- • Rolling and forging The Centre focuses on research out- mercial environment. The Pyrometallurgy • Welding comes, development of research capacity, Research Group focuses on iron and steel • Strip annealing and the fostering of an awareness of steel making processes, and on sustainable • New applications and innova- research in the national and international Continued on Page 4 tions • Challenges in Gleeble testing and solutions For additional information, please contact Mr. Suyash Nadkarni at [email protected]

1st Workshop on Gleeble Welding Process Simulation & Gleeble Welding Group Meeting Gleeble Welding Group Workshop and Meeting will be held Feb. 27–28, 2012 in Graz, Austria. It will focus on the exchange of information about experiments related to welding pro- cesses carried out with any Gleeble machine. Continued on Page 3 The busy Gleeble laboratory at the BlueScope Steel Metallurgy Centre, University of Wollongong. Recent Gleeble Papers

476 grain structures primarily using a sever- the welding behavior of this alloy has plastic-deformation method, such as equal been evaluated, and it has been shown The Mechanism of Brittle Fracture channel angular pressing (ECAP), 3D that a softened region in the heat-affected in a Microalloyed Steel: Part I. forging, torsion straining with or without zone (HAZ) is a principal feature of the Inclusion-Induced Cleavage applying axial pressure, and accumulative weld zone. A model of this softening, by D.P. Fairchild, D.G. Howden, roll bonding (ARB) technique. Recently, based on classical theories of precipitate and W.A.T. Clark a new multi-axis restraint deformation coarsening and isothermal softening data, technique (MAXStrain®) was developed was developed and found to provide a rea- The cleavage resistance of two microal- to study ultrafine-grained materials. This sonable description for weld thermal cycle loyed (steels A and B) was studied technique promised to easily produce much simulation (Gleeble) experiments. Recent using several tests, including the instru- larger-size metals, compared to other meth- work has shown, however, that softening mented precracked Charpy and Charpy V- ods developed. In this study, we adopted in real welds is not always well predicted notch (CVN) techniques. Ductile-to-brittle this multi-axis restraint deformation tech- by this model, so that additional effects, transition temperatures were measured for nique and developed the ultrafine grain which are not captured in conventional the base-metal and simulated heat-affected structures of a commercial aluminum alloy Gleeble thermal cycle simulations must be zone (HAZ) microstructures. Steel B AA5083 using the MAXStrain thermal- addressed. In Particular, the stresses asso- showed inferior cleavage resistance to steel mechanical simulator. The grain structures ciated with real weld HAZ’s may modify A, and this could not be explained by dif- of the deformed AA5083 were character- the softening kinetics. In the current work, ferences in gross microstructure. Scanning ized using electronic microscopes as a Gleeble simulations in both stress-free and electron fractography revealed that TiN function of strain. Mechanical properties stressed conditions have been conducted inclusions were responsible for cleavage were also evaluated and correlated with the and the kinetics compared. The accuracy initiation in steel B. These inclusions were resultant grain structures and the related of the thermal model predictions have also well bonded to the ferritic matrix. It is processing parameters. been considered regarding their impact on believed that a strong inclusion-matrix estimated hardness values. bond is a key factor in why TiN inclusions 485 are potent cleavage initiators in steel. 487 Strong bonding allows high stresses in a Effect of Boron on Hot Ductility of crack/notch-tip plastic zone to act on the Low Carbon Low Alloyed Steel Segregation of Phosphorus and inclusions without debonding the interface. by H.-W. Luo, P. Zhao, Y. Zhang, Sulfur in Heat-Affected Zone Hot Once an inclusion cleaves, the strong bond and Z.-J. Dang Cracking of Type 308 Stainless Steel allows for transfer of the TiN crack into the by L. Li and R.W. Messler, Jr. ferritic matrix. It was estimated that only The influence of boron on the hot ductil- 0.0016 wt pct Ti was tied up in the offend- ity of C-Mn-Al-Cr steel has been investi- The Auger microprobe analysis method ing inclusion in steel B. This indicates that gated. At < 980°C M(CB) precipitated out was employed to indentify the presence extended times at high temperatures during and about half of the boron content was and characterize the degree of interfacial the casting of such steels could produce in solution in austenite at < 900°C. It was segregation of P and S associated with TiN-related toughness deterioration at even found that solute boron atoms segregate to weld heat-affected zone hot cracking in modest Ti contents. austenite grain boundaries and occupy the Type 308 austenitic stainless steel. Crack vacancies induced by deformation. This surface samples for Auger analysis were 482 prevents the formation and propagation produced under a controlled evacuated of microcracks at boundaries and results and argon back-filled atmosphere on a Development of Ultrafine Grained in improved hot ductility and a reduced Gleeble® thermomechanical simulator. AA5083 Using MAXStrain® Thermal dynamic recrystallisation temperature. Sulfur was found to strongly segregate to Mechanical Simulator the intergranular fracture surface, while by W. Chen, D. Ferguson, H. Ferguson, 486 segregation of P, confirmed by earlier R. Mishra and Z. Jin EDS analysis, was undetected by the Stressed Heat Affected Zone Auger equipment employed. The rela- Ultrafine grain structures of metallic Simulations of AerMet® 100 Alloy tively stronger tendency for S to segregate materials have become more and more by Joseph D. Puskar correlates well with this elements’ higher attractive to academic and industry diffusion rate compared to P and with researchers due to their high strength and AerMet® 100 is a high strength, high frac- cracking susceptibility test results, which high toughness. Several techniques have ture toughness alloy designed for use in showed S to be more detrimental that P to been developed to produce the ultrafine aerospace applications. In previous work HAZ cracking. Using Type B Thermocouples Come See Us at The use of type B thermocouples is not use type B thermocouples for impor- the Shows becoming more popular among Gleeble tant temperature measurements below operators because they have greater sta- 800°C. Continued from Page 1 bility at high temperatures and are not We recommend power control for the Topics will include: affected by oxygen as are tungsten ther- initial heating of the specimen. As starting • Welding processes: conventional mocouples. Before you use a type B ther- place for power control when transitioning arc welding, resistance (spot) weld- mocouple, however, there are some things to thermocouple control using a type B ing, solid state welding such as fric- you should know: thermocouples with a 10 mm steel speci- tion stir welding, etc. • Because of a double-valued perfor- men, try the following: • Metallic materials: steels, alumin- mance curve and extremely low setback • Set power angle to 40° ium, titanium, magnesium, nickel, etc. coefficient at low temperatures, the type • Wait tcl > 400°C • Similar and dissimilar joining B thermocouple is virtually useless below • Ramp tcl to 1200°C in 100 sec. • Discussion about problems and 50°C. It will not perform the same as For more information about the speci- solutions of Gleeble experiments other thermocouple types at room tem- fications and performance of type B ther- Registration deadline and fees: perature. mocouples, consult: • Presentation (title and short • Accuracy for type B thermocouples http://www.omega.com/temperature/z/ abstract) — Dec. 17, 2011 is specified > 800°C (+/–0.5C). Below pdf/z036-040.pdf – Workshop and dinner (1st day) 800°C, the type B thermocouple is not http://www.omega.com/temperature/z/ – Gleeble Welding Group Meeting specified for any accuracy. As a result, do pdf/z212-213.pdf (2nd day) • Participation — Jan. 30, 2012 – 1st day (fee 50€) – 2nd day (fee 50€) High Temperature MCU Introduced – Ph.D. students (50% discount) A special MCU (Mobile Conversion ters. A special two-color high temperature Please register via email or Unit) designed for tensile and thermal pyrometer is used for thermal control. fax stating first and family name, testing at sustained operating temperatures The high temperature MCU includes address, telephone number, email up to 3,000°C is now available for use on an atmosphere control tank for testing in address, and send it to: Gleeble 3500 or 3800 systems. gas or vacuum and can be retrofitted to Mag. Isabella Scheiber The new MCU features modified water existing Gleeble 3500 and 3800 systems. Tel.: +43-316-873-7182 cooling circuits to protect jaws, grips, load For more information about the high Fax.: +43-316-873-7187 cell and other MCU components when temperature MCU, please contact us here [email protected] operating at high temperatures and also at DSI. For additional information, contact: has special heat shielding of extensome- Asst. Prof. Dr. techn. Cecilia Poletti Tel.: +43-316-873-1659 [email protected] Dipl.-Ing. Martina Dikovits 9th International Trends in Welding Tel.: +43-316-873-1677 Research Conference [email protected] The 9th International Trends in Welding • Transport Phenomena Research Conference, to be held June 4–8, • Weldability European Gleeble Users 2012 in Chicago, features five days of • Welding Processes, Procedures and Group Meeting technically-intensive programming focus- Consumables European Gleeble Users Group ing on both fundamental and applied top- • Other Experimental/Modeling meeting—to be held in Delft, ics related to welding and joining. Investigations Netherlands, Spring, 2012. Watch for Top researchers and colleagues from For further information on the 9th more information about this event. around the world from industry, govern- International Trends in Welding Research ment and academia will present the latest event, contact ASM at: in experimental and modeling develop- ASM International ments in the following areas: Member Service Center • Friction Stir Welding 9639 Kinsman Road • Microstructure Materials Park, Ohio 44073-0002 USA • Phase Transformations (800) 336-5152 • Properties and Structural Integrity of (Toll-free in the US and Canada) Weldments Fax: (440) 338-4634 • Residual Stress and Distortion email: memberservicecenter@ • Sensing, Control and Automation asminternational.org • Solidification www.asminternational.org Gleeble at Univ. of Wollongong and BlueScope Steel

Continued from Page 1 of scale build-up under different atmo- Tubular-shaped specimens are used and smelting technologies for low greenhouse spheres, for example to simulate condi- a dry or humid oxidizing gas was passed gas emissions. The Physical Metallurgy tions in hot and cold rolling, plane strain through the central bore during the heat- Group concentrates on thin strip continu- compression tests on very thin (1.6 mm) ing cycle. After heating, the outside wall ous casting technology, thermo-mechani- samples and ultra fast quenching to reveal of the sample is cooled by water quench- cal processing, steel product development prior austenite structure for steels with ing. Oxidation on the inside wall of the and physical metallurgy of welding. The low hardenability, and welding simula- specimens is then studied. The oxidation casting part of this program contributed tions on a wide range of steel grades and products are similar to that observed in to the development of the recently com- conditions. Additional investigations focus standard ERW pipe. This experimental mercialised thin strip casting process, on simulation of thin strip casting and hot simulation will prove useful in the assess- Castrip®. rolling with complex programs including ment of ERW steel weldability prior to the Practically, this means there are con- several rapid cooling and re-heating steps. current (expensive) approach of conduct- stantly multiple large joint research proj- Tom Schambron, product develop- ing full-scale pipe mill production trials. ects running, which currently involve five ment metallurgist at BlueScope, says, The development of this technique has Ph.D. students and a number of under- “Since world research and been a collaborative effort graduate projects. In general, BlueScope innovation are cornerstones between researchers at the Steel makes a sizeable contribution of our business, the Gleeble University of Wollongong and towards purchasing analytical equip- is key to meeting the objec- Bluescope Steel. The concept ment, while the university operates and tives of BlueScope. It assists for the technique was first maintains it and provides support staff. in product development and proposed by Mr. Mark Reid Project costs are then usually split. A very improvement—such as trial- (Research Fellow), and it positive side-effect of this arrangement is ling new steel grades, processing param- was developed by Mr. Matthew Franklin that it ensures the university graduates are eters, and so forth—and in tracking and (PhD Student) and Mr. Robert DeJong highly skilled in those fields that are rel- solving of quality issues.” (Gleeble Manager). Valuable contribu- evant to BlueScope Steel. For example, BlueScope has used the tions were made by Dr. Frank Barbaro The BlueScope Steel company special- Gleeble for measuring critical processing from Bluescope Steel, Professor Rian izes in the production of premium metallic parameters (Tgc, Tnr, Ar3) for new steel Dippenaar, and Professor John Norrish coated and painted steel building products grades, which has enabled the company from the University. and supplies customers in Australia, New to adjust the composition and to design Details of the experimental technique Zealand, , the US, , the Middle the processing schedule. In addition, the were presented by Mr. Matthew Franklin East, the Pacific and elsewhere. Gleeble was used to determine the tem- at the Materials and AustCeram 2009 BlueScope employs 21,000 people in perature range of low ductility during slab conference, Gold Coast, , 17 countries, with over 100 manufactur- and thin strip casting, vastly reducing the Australia, 1–3 July, 2009. ing facilities worldwide. The steelworks number of casting cracks. The Gleeble has For three years, Dr. Ali Dehghan- at Port Kembla in is also been instrumental in proof of concept Manshadi (Research Fellow) has been the largest steel production facility in work for patent applications. conducting a number of experiments on Australia and one of the world’s low- Investigations conducted using the the Gleeble and the Hydrawedge. These est-cost producers of steel products. Gleeble assisted in the development of a include studies on: dynamic, static and BlueScope Steel is widely recognised for new generation of high strength pipeline meta-dynamic recrystallization of differ- fostering the development of innovative steels and provided valuable interac- ent grades of steel, deformation behavior steel solutions through its own research tion and exchange between academics of centerline precipitates in low Mn, low and through strategic alliances with from the University of Wollongong and C pipeline steels, transformation-precipi- world-leading technical partners. BlueScope Steel researchers. Further, tation interaction in steel structures, and A wide variety of tests and physical results obtained from Gleeble experiments hot deformation and recrystallization in simulations are performed on the Gleeble led to numerous peer-reviewed publica- titanium alloys. He has also been inves- at the BlueScope Steel Metallurgy Centre. tions. tigating strain induced phase transforma- These include plane strain compression A unique experimental technique tion in titanium alloys using the Gleeble’s tests on high strength steels to simulate was developed at the University of pocket jaws. thermomechanical processing for alloy Wollongong to simulate the extreme ther- Schambron says, “The Gleeble makes and process development, simulation mal and atmospheric conditions experi- our investigations easier through its ability of novel thin strip casting and hot roll- enced during electric resistance welding to test outside the range of the capabilities ing processes to assist in setting up the (ERW) of steel pipe. The technique uti- of our production facilities. It allows us to world’s first Castrip® Plant, and hot tensile lizes the Gleeble 3500 thermal-mechanical systematically change individual process tests to measure ductility at elevated tem- simulator in pocket jaw configuration. parameters, and it gives us quick set-up peratures to simulate slab casting and thin Specimens are rapidly heated from 25 to and turn-around time which translates into strip casting. 1300°C in 0.5 seconds, then held at this the ability to get results instantly and at Other studies encompass investigations temperature for various time periods. low cost.”