Document of The World Bank £O
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
CONFIDENTIAL Public Disclosure Authorized Report No. 4633-SL
SIERRA LEONE
WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION
SECTOR STUDY Public Disclosure Authorized
July 7, 1983 Public Disclosure Authorized
WHO/IBRD Cooperative Programme Water Supply Division West Africa Projects Department Public Disclosure Authorized
This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE
Currency Equivalents
Currency Unit = Leone (Le.) US$1 = Le 1.25 Le 1 = US$0.8
Measures and Equivalents
1 Kilometer (Km) = 0.62 mile 1 Meter (m) = 3.28 feet 1 cu. m. (m3 ) = 1,000 liters (1) = 220 Imperial Gallons 1 Hectare (Ha) = 2.47 Acres
Acronyms and Abbreviations
AfDB African Development Bank EEC European Economic Community FCC Freetown City Council GVWC Guma Valley Water Company IADP Integrated Agricultural Development Project IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development IDA International Development Association MAF Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry MDEP Ministry of Development and Economic Planning MEP Ministry of Energy and Power MOF Ministry of Finance MOH Ministry of Health MOW Ministry of Works NAP National Action Plan NDP National Development Plan NWC National Water Council (U.K.) PWC Provincial Water Company RWSU Rural Water Supply Unit (WSD/MEP) SLWC Sierra Leone Water Company WHO World Health Organisation WSD Water Supply Division (Ministry of Energy and Power) F0R OFFICIAL USE ONLY REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE CONFIDENTIAL
Water Supply and Sanitation
Sector Study
Index
Page
INTRODUCTION ...... e-o.....1
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS...... 1
I. COUNTRY AND SECTOR BACKKROUND...... o..... 4
Geography and Climate.i...... 4 Administration and Populationu l a t .....io...... 4 Public Heat e... alth. .. .. oo .. .. 5 Economic Backg ound...- .- o.- -o...... o. 6 Economic Performance.r .... 0 6 National P lanig... n n i ngo*...*ooo. . 6 Water Resources ... - ...... - . .. . 0... 7 Institutional Responsibilities...... *...... 7
II. SECTOR DEVELOPMENTA ALYSISN.A L Y SI.....S..... 10
Present Service Levels...... o.6...... 10 Service Level Targets.e...... 0 ...... 12 The National Action Plan (1981-1990).....-...... 13 Past Sector Investments..o... .o*9ooe. o. ..o .o. 14 NAP Financial Feasibility..as i.. i .y..l i .t . .. 14 Financial Performance & Operations - GVWC. 15 Financial Performance & Operations - WSD ... 19
III. SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES...... -.. 22
Introduction (Storm water, Solid Wastes, Sanitation, and M O H ) 22 Water Resources o . . . . 23 Water Supply.p ..... ply . . . .o. 23 Institutional Developmento. oo...ooo...... ***.... 24 Transitional Aspects.e...t...... 25 Costs and Income ...... - ..oo ...... o ... 26 National Water Council. .. . o. .i ...... 0... l. 26 Future Programme.o.g...... -0 ..... 00.0. ..0. 28
This report is based on the findings of a combined mission which visited Sierra Leone in April/May 1982, comprising Messrs. Andersen and Aikins-Afful (World Bank), Jackson and Nur (WHO/IBRD CP Geneva) and Willis (Consultant). The team wishes to thank all Government officials and staff of the various agencies and donor organisations, as well as individuals, who contributed candidly and supportively to many discussions held in Sierra Leone. The recommendations of the report were discussed with and supported by the Government in February 1983. 'This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.
REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE
List of Annexes
Annex 1 Table I - National and Provincial Population Projections Table II - Number of Localities by Size of Population Table III - Population Projections for the 75 Urban Places Annex 2 Registered Cases of Communicable Diseases in 1979 Annex 3 Guma Valley Water Company Organisation Chart Annex 4 Water Suply Division Organisation Chart Annex 5 Details of Water Supply Division's Treated Water Supplies Annex 6 Details of Water Supply Division's Untreated Water Supplies Annex 7 Localities under Study within EEC Water Project Annex 8 Shallow Well Programmes included in Agriculture Projects Annex 9 Scope of Freetown Solid Wastes Project Annex 10 National Action Plan (1980-1990) Annex 11 Water Supply Division Investment Programme 1974-1980 Annex 12 Water Supply and Sanitation Investment Programme 1981-1986 Annex 13 Guma Valley Water Company - Value of Items in Store Annex 14 Guma Valley Water Company - Tariffs Annex 15 Table I - Guma Valley Water Company Balance Sheets Table II - Guma Valley Water Company Revenue Accounts Table III - Guma Valley Water Company Source and Application of Funds Table IV - Guma Valley Water Company Recurrent Expenditure Breakdown Annex 16 Water Supply Division Recurrent Expenditure Annex 17 Water Supply Division Revenue Estimates Annex 18 Water Supply Division Tariffs Annex 19 Water Supply Division Staff Deployment Annex 20 Cost Estimate for New School of Hygiene Annex 21 Some Institutional Reorganisation Options Annex 22 The Sierra Leone Water Company Annex 23 Cost Estimate for Rehabilitation and Provision of Essential Facilities Annex 24 Transitional Arrangements Annex 25 Numerical Comparisons WSD and GVWC Annex 26 National Water Policy and National Water Council
List of Naps
Map 1 Major River Systems Map 2 Rainfall Map 3 Political Map Map 4 Guma Valley Water Company Supply Area REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE
WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION
SECTOR STUDY
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this report is to:
(i) define the existing operations (engineering, financial and administrative), standards and performance of the sector institutions;
(ii) review recent capital investment strategy and the proposed National Action Plan (NAP) for 1981-1990 and to make a preliminary assessment of its implications; and
(iii) review the institutional aspects of the sector and make recommendations for its future management.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AMD RECOMMENDATIONS
E.1 The estimated 1982 population of Sierra Leone is some 3.2 million people of whom approximately 10 percent (over 0.3 million) are served by the Guma Valley Water Company (GVWC). The remainder (nearly 2.9 million) come within the jurisdiction of the Water Supply Division (WSD) of the Ministry of Energy and Power (MEP). About 0.75 million reside in 75 urban areas each having a population in excess of 2,000 people; the remainder (approximately 2.1 million) live in some 17,365 rural localities.
E.2 The residents of the GVWC area of supply enjoy a safe and reliable public water supply. The company has the benefit of well-qualified staff in all spheres of management, operations and finance. It pursues effective cost recovery policies through appropriate tariffs and is considered to be financially viable. Its annual accounts are maintained under the historic cost convention and are reasonably up-to-date; they are free from any audit qualification. This performance has been achieved through the substantial autonomy endowed by its legislation and which has been used constructively in meeting the needs of its customers.
E.3 On the other hand, the WSD performance reflects all the problems of a Government Department ill-equipped and constrained in all aspects from meeting the needs of its customers. Its management has no vote control over its limited budget for which it relies entirely on Government subvention, as little revenue is billed or collected (which in any case is handed into the Treasury). Its water supply facilities in some 30 urban centres are poorly and irregularly operated due to lack of finance for chemicals, fuel and spares--the basic design philosophy of expensive surface water systems must be seriously questioned. The WSD lacks suitable workshops, depots, stores and office facilities outside of Freetown. It does not have even a bare minimum of vehicles and mobile plant to effectively move men, materials and spares to operational locations. WSD suffers from overmanning at the lower levels and inadequate numbers of appropriately qualified senior staff. Cost recovery is absent and its tariff scale is 15 years old. No accounting, administrative or commercial support systems are in operation and a limited annual budget oriented service only is provided by WSD's parent Ministry.
E.4 There is an overwhelming recognition in Sierra Leone that there is a prime and urgent need for improvement in management, organization and financing of water supply arrangements in the areas supplied by WSD, especially the urban areas. This cannot be achieved effectively through the existing WSD and there is unanimous official support for institutional change which is seen as a precursor to any substantial increase in sector investment or donor participation.
E.5 The preferred option emerging from the analysis is to create a Sierra Leone Water Company (the SLWC option) having a national mandate, essentially for urban areas and a clear authority to introduce cost recovery through tariffs. Initially, it would take over existing water supplies for the larger provincial urban centers and progressively broaden its coverage to all urban centers. Responsibility for rural water supply operations would remain within the Government.
E.6 The details of the SLWC option, and others, are articulated in paragraph 3.06 of this report. The need to develop a national water policy through a non-executive ministerial National Water Council is set out in paragraph 3.13 and Annex 26.
E.7 Generally, the existing arrangements for dealing with sanitation are adequate, although the report notes that the MOH could help itself and Government by reviewing its cost recovery arrangements for refuse collection, cesspit emptying and pail collection. Rural sanitation programmes also need to be determined by MOH. Responsibility for sewerage may be located better in Freetown City Council.
E.8 Transitional issues and a programme of implementation are discussed in the report (paragraphs 3.10 and 3.19 and Annex 24). They can now be put in hand as the Government has confirmed in writing:
(i) the need for institutional reform based on the creation of the SLWC to be staffed and managed on commercial lines;
(ii) the need for a detailed organisational study and detailed manpower plan to determine the staffing requirements and redeployment of surplus staff; and
(iii) The introduction of appropriate cost recovery and tariff action for those urban areas to be transferred to SLWC in pursuit of financial viability and assurances regarding adequate and timely recurrent subvention in the interim for those urban areas. - 3 -
E.9 Most of the problems of managing the change could be addressed through a programme of technical assistance and rehabilitation, preferably through a technical cooperation arrangement with a water utility from a developed country. Such assistance could address a detailed organisation study and manpower plan; assist in drafting the legislation; provide electrical and mechanical expertise for rehabilitation of existing water supply facilities; and help to develop training programmes as well as instal financial and commercial accounting.
E.10 External funding would be required to meet the costs of this technical assistance as well as to procure spare parts for rehabilitation; construction of workshops, depots and stores; provision of essential vehicles and mobile plant and to meet initial working capital requirements. - 4 -
I. COUNTRY AND SECTOR BACKGROUND
Geography and Climate
1.01 Sierra Leone, which lies along the Atlantic seaboard between latitudes 7' and 100 North and longitudes 10° and 13° West, occupies an area of some 72,500 sq km in the bulge of West Africa. To the north a 650 km border is shared with Guinea whilst Liberia provides the boundary along some 250 km to the south.
1.02 Much of the western half of the Country lies below 200 m, rising from mangrove swamps which parallel the coast to the higher and less level ground of the interior lowlands. East of these lowlands the ground again rises to the interior plateau, reaching an altitude of over 900 m in the Tungi and Loma mountains and a maximum of 1,950 m in Mount Bintumani, the country's highest peak.
1.03 Map 1 shows the location of the nine major river systems which traverse the country, providing perennial water for agriculture and domestic use. Seasonal rainfall causes variations of up to 18 m in the river levels, the upper reaches becoming shallow during the long dry season whilst the lower reaches are subject to tidal flooding. Most of the rivers are navigable for some miles upstream from the sea and towns have grown from early trading settlements established at their heads of navigation.
1.04 Climatically the year is divided into well defined dry and wet seasons, the latter of which extends from May to mid-November. In general, as indicated by Map 2, mean annual rainfall decreases from an average of some 500 cm in the South to under 200 cm in the North. Temperatures throughout the year are in the 25-30°C range, the hottest periods being at the beginning and end of the dry season between which the Harmattan wind from the Sahara blows almost daily conveying fine dust which hazes the landscape.
Administration and Population
1.05 In April 1961, Sierra Leone became an independent nation within the British Commonwealth and in June 1978 a Republican One-Party State headed by an Executive President. Under the 1978 Constitution, the Country remains a parliamentary democracy with 85 Members of Parliament being elected on a constituency basis through universal adult sufferage. Additionally, a further 12 members, who are Paramount Chiefs, are selected by and represent the Chiefdoms. Two Vice-Presidents and the Government Ministers, who must be Members of Parliament, are appointed by the President.
1.06 For administrative purposes the country is divided into three Provinces (Northern, Southern and Eastern) and the Western Area. The Provinces (see Map 3) are further sub-divided into 12 Districts within which there are 147 Chiefdoms each headed by a Paramount Chief who is assisted by Section Chiefs responsible for their respective sections or divisions within the Chiefdom. In each of the Districts, Chiefdom Councils constitute the administration which is headed by a District Officer, whilst the Provincial Administration is headed by a Provincial Minister of Cabinet rank assisted by a Provincial Secretary to whom the District Officers report. - 5 -
1.07 In the Western Area, local government is exercised by Rural District or Area Councils. The Sherbro Urban District Council covers the town of Bonthe and York Island. Freetown, the national capital, and the three Provincial capitals of Bo, Makeni and Kenema are administered by a City and Town Councils respectively.
1.08 The most recent census of 1974 established a national population of 2.74 million, of which 0.75 million (27 percent) resided in 75 urban localities, defined as places which contain at least 2,000 inhabitants. Overall population growth is considered to be 2.3 percent within which urban growth is estimated at 4.5 percent. Currently the total population is estimated as 3.3 million with an urban component of about one-third (1.1 million), some 0.4 million of whom reside in Freetown. Annex 1 presents the distribution of population by Province (Table 1), the number of localities by size of population (Table II) and a list of the urban places by name together with population projections (Table III).
Public Health
1.09 Some vital statistics abstracted from the Sierra Leone Country Health Profile of 1980 are as follows: Crude Birth Rate 4.4 percent Crude Death Rate 1.8 percent Maternal Mortality Rate 4.5 per 1,000 deliveries Infant mortality Rate 1/ (under age of 1) 130.3 per 1,000 live births Early Childhood Mortality Rate (under age of 5) Up to 30 percent Live Expectancy at Birth 46.9 years (male) 50.1 years (female)
Emphasis by Government on Maternal and Child Health is expected to exert an impact on the reduction of the infant mortality rate. In the under fives the major causes of death are measles, gastro-enteritis, neonatal tetanus, broncho-pneumonia, malnutrituion, whooping cough and tuberculosis. Expanded immunization, the extension of basic health services and increasing levels of social and economic development are expected to lead to a regression in the future mortality rates of this age group.
1.10 Annex 2 lists the incidences of communicable diseases reported by out-patient services in Sierra Leone during 1979. By far the largest proportion (67 percent) involves malaria, but diseases associated with poor environmental conditions are significant contributors, diarrhoeas, for example, being placed fourth in the list at almost 5 percent and h,lminthiasis second at some 14 percent.
1/ Derived from a survey carried out during 1969-71 in the Western Area where health and other facilities are better than in the rest of the country. -6-
Economic Background
1.11 After a decade of continued growth, the economic situation underwent a drastic (negative) change during the 1970's. The economy stagnated because of the contraction in mining output as a result of the depletion of alluvial diamond deposits and the closure of the Marampa iron ore mine in 1975. At the start of the 1980's, the economy was behind where it had been in the early 1970's: per-capita real income had declined by nearly 2 percent a year. In other words, during this period, income growth had not even kept pace with population growth, indicating a fall in real per-capita income.
1.12 This decline of economic growth adversely affected social progress. Inadequate public health facilities have been a major factor contributing to the prevalence of high-mortality rates, especially among the early childhood group. Substantial segments of the rural population still do not have access to basic facilities like safe-drinking water, primary health services, schools and access roads. Although the literacy rate has improved in recent years, it is still low, at about 15 percent.
1.13 The most immediate development issue, therefore, is how to bring a halt to long-lasting economic stagnation by building the dynamics of growth into the economic structure. Improvements in Government financial operations and long-term structural changes will be needed to tackle this problem. The Second National Development Plan, 1982-86, not yet finalized, envisages giving utmost priority to a restoration of stability to public finances and the mobilization of financial and other resources required for resumption of growth and poverty alleviation objectives.
Economic Performance
1.14 Agriculture is the single largest sector in the economy; it contributes more than 30 percent of GDP, provides the principal livelihood for nearly 60 percent of the population and, under favourable world market conditions, also accounts for more than 30 percent of export earnings. In real terms, the GDP declined during the First National Development Plan, 1974- 79; rates of domestic saving (5.5 percent of GDP) and domestic investment (13.5 percent of.GDP) were exceptionally low for a developing country.
1.15 The overall balance of payments position is negative and the current account deficit is widening due to inadequate import, export and foreign exchange controls. Imports amounted to 27.5 percent of GDP in 1980-81. The overall Treasury situation was in deficit; Government has relied heavily on foreign borrowing to finance its capital expenditure. As of June 1979, external public debt outstanding, including arrears of principal, amounted to US$329.7 million, or about 34 percent of GDP. The debt service ratio is expected to decrease from 28 percent in 1980 to 22 percent by the end of this current year, 1981-82. Per-capita GNP was estimated at US$250 in 1980.
National Planning
1.16 The responsibility for macro-economic planning rests with the Central Planning Unit of the Ministry of Development and Economic Planning (MDEP). Sierra Leone's first National Development Plan (NDP) became effective in FY1975, covering the five years until FY1979, but later extended to FY1980. -7-
1.17 The Second NDP (1981-82/1985-86), envisages that the public sector will be responsible for about 59 percent of the total investment. While the allocations of private sector investment cannot be estimated at this stage, public sector priorities are agriculture with 25.8% of total public investment, electricity 24.4%, transport and communications 23.5% and social services 16.9%. Provincial water supplies account for about 4.7% of proposed sector outlays; Freetown water supply investments are undertaken by the private sector.
Water Resources
1.18 Reticulated drinking water supplies throughout Sierra Leone are almost entirely based on the use of surface sources, the country being adequately served by perennial rivers (see para 1.03) fed by a high level of annual precipitation. Traditional sources in the rural areas also rely heavily on surface waters although shallow wells are utilized to a lesser extent and only recently has Government, through the water supply component of Integrated Agricultural Development Projects, introduced a shallow well development programme.
1.19 Because of the ready availability of surface water, very little has been done to investigate the extent of underground resources and the use of such sources is not normally considered when the feasibility of a reticulated project is being investigated. There has been no allocation of responsibility within Government for the assessment, management or allocation of water resources and whilst at present the known resources are adequate to meet the demands made upon them, it would be prudent for Government to regularize the matter and to take steps to quantify the extent of the resources, both surface and underground, in anticipation of growing demands from the domestic, agriculture, power and industrial sectors.
Institutional Responsibilities
(i) Water Sector Organisation
1.20 Before 1961 Freetown City Council and the (then) Public Works Department were responsible for water supply in Sierra Leone. The Guma Valley Water Ordinance 1961 established the Guma Valley Water Company (GVWC) with an area of supply of 42 square miles in and around Freetown, and now supplying population of about 0.35 million. Water supply for the remainder of the country became a duty of the Ministry of Works (MOW), until in 1974 it was transferred to the Water Supply Division (WSD) of the new Ministry of Energy and Power (MEP), which now operates reticulated systems supplying an estimated population of 0.45 million. The remainder of the population, estimated at 2.5 million, takes its water supplies from traditional community or private sources.
1.21 Water supplies outside the GVWC area are regulated by the Water (Control and Supply) Act 1963. This Act apparently envisaged the setting up of one or more independent 'Water Authorities', each with members appointed by a Minister, but none have to date been established. The Act provides that, in their absence, the (then) Director of Public Works should be responsible, and this function has passed, via the MOW, to the MEP. - 8 -
(ii) Water Supply Institutions
1.22 GVWC is a company whose powers are exercised by a board of six directors appointed by Freetown City Council (1), the Commonwealth Development Corporation (1), the Commonwealth Development Finance Company (1), and the Government (3). It operates on a commercial basis, meeting operating costs and debt charges from revenue without Government or other subventions, and- publishes audited annual accounts-. The area of supply is compact, mainly urban and almost entirely served from a single source (the Guma reservoir).
1.23 In contrast, the WSD is operated as a department of Government with its operations financed by funds released from time to time by the Ministry of Finance against annual Reve-nue Estimates. Payment of debt charges, provision of accommodation and other services are provided by other departments of Government, and these costs are not assigned to those of water supply. Accountancy and administrative services for WSD are performed by the headquarters of MEP, and not by the Division itself. There is a water tariff, but little is actually collected; and what is collected is credited to the Government's Consolidated Revenue Fund and not directly offset against the costs of water supply. The WSD's works comprise individual systems for localities scattered around the country (see paras 2.04-2.06).
1.24 WSD also has a responsibility for rural (i.e. non-reticulated) water supplies, and exercises this through its Rural Water Supplies Unit (RWSU). The improvement of water supplies in rural areas forms part of each of a number of Integrated Agricultural (or 'Rural') Development Projects which now cover almost the whole of the country. The Projects receive financial support from various external sources and are coordinated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF); each is under a Project Manager. The water supply element embraces the provision of improved wells with community self- help, and this necessarily includes some 'sanitary education'. This work is organised and managed by RWSU, which is partly directly funded by UNDP and partly from the funds of the individual Projects.
(iii) Water Resources
1.25 As noted in para 1.19, nobody is charged with the overall study, management or development of the water resources of Sierra Leone. The Water Department of the Land and Water Development Division of MAF makes studies and collects data on ground and surface sources, but the work is limited, and angled towards the irrigation use of water.
1.26 WSD is responsible for finding sources for water supply, but does no survey or exploratory work in this field, other than the augering carried out by RWSU before siting new village wells.
1.27 The National Power Authority Act 1982 (Section 48) empowers that Authority to prepare hydro-electric schemes, which implies a power to undertake water resource studies for this purpose, as well as to take water out of the River Seli specially for the Bumbuna Hydro-Electric Scheme. -9-
(iv) Sanitation
1.28 The only public sewers in Sierra Leone are two small ones in Freetown, which are maintained by WSD. A recent "Master Plan for Wastes in Freetown" proposed much more extensive sewering, but to date no action has been taken on the recommendations. Otherwise all sanitation is the responsibility of the Ministry of Health (MOH), operating through Health Inspectors under Provincial Medical Officers, which empties cesspits and pail latrines, and controls nuisances by a system of notice and prosecution.
(v) Solid Wastes
1.29 MOH collects solid wastes in Freetown, through the medium of a contractor, and in five other centres by direct labour.
(vi) Storm Water
1.30 Storm water drainage and flood control are almost exclusively associated with road works, and are the responsibility of MOW, with the possible exception of minor roads in Freetown, where the City Council has some similar duties.
(vii) Water Quality
1.31 Checking the quality of Water supplies is a duty of MOH, but no real facilities exist. GVWC carries out some monitoring of the quality of the water which it supplies, but WSD has not the means to do this, although RWSU is acquiring a water quality laboratory which should become available, in time, to other parts of the Division. GVWC sends samples of water weekly to the MOH Laboratory at Connaught Hospital for bacteriological analysis and records of the results are maintained by the Company. GVWC also sends monthly samples to the U.K. for chemical, physical, and biological analysis. - 10 -
II. SECTOR DEVELOPMENT ANALYSIS
Present Service Levels
(i) Urban Water Supply (GVWC)
2.01 The limit of supply of the GVWC, whose simplified Organisational Chart is attached as Annex 3, is shown on Map 4. The principal source is the Guma Dam, situated at an altitude of 261 m above sea level and capable of storing 20.9 million cu m of impounded water to provide a reliable yield of 81,000 cu m per day. Treatment facilities, each of capacity 27,900 cu m per day have been developed in 1965, 1973 and 1982 (currently under construction!'), consisting of sedimentation and rapid gravity filter units together with chemical dosing equipment (alum, lime and chlorine). The principal subsidiary source is the Kongo Dam which impounds 200,000 cu m and has a reliable yield of 1,500 cu m per day. No treatment facilities apart from chlorination are provided at the Kongo source. Some 12 additional small intakes are also in service but in general these are wet weather sources only, no treatment facilities have been provided and not all have provision for chlorination.
2.02 Freetown is fed by a high level and a low level system of distribution. The low level system serves some 90 percent of the service area by gravity from Guma through 9 service reservoirs providing some 43,000 cu m of storage (3 of which are currently under construction totalling 8,000 cu m). The high level system is primarily fed from the Kongo Dam through the Babadori reservoir (62,000 cu m) and 13 service reservoirs of total capacity 23,000 cu m. The high level system is inadequate during the dry weather period and water is boosted to it from the low level supply. No records are available in GVWC on which to base an estimate of the length of distribution mains in the supply area.
2.03 GVWC estimates that some 0.35 million people are served within its supply area, living in 27,500 properties. Approximately 8,700 unmetered domestic connections, of which 500 serve Government quarters, provide a service to about one-third of this population. The balance of population derive their supply from 535 public standposts and in addition there are some 700 connections to commercial premises and a further 100 to buildings under construction. During 1980 production averaged 51,500 cu m per day of which non-accounted for water represented some 20-25 percent. It is estimated that of the balance 85 percent was utilised for domestic and 15 percent for non- domestic consumption, average domestic consumption being thus of the order of 95 liters per capita per day.
(ii) Urban Water Supply (WSD)
2.04 Annex 4 illustrates the simplified Organisation Chart of WSD. Annex 5 gives details of the 33 treated water supplies operated by WSD which
l/ The cost of the ongoing project is being met from a Caisse Centrale Loan of FF 15.0 million and local funding of Le 1.0 million. - 11 -
serve 29 urban places and 5 non-urban localities 1/. The population of these 29 towns is currently estimated at 0.37 million or some 50 percent of the urban population outside Freetown. Twenty-six of the supplies are based on river abstraction, treatment being provided by settlement and filtration with chemical dosing including chlorination. The other three supplies utilize wells as the source, chlorination only being provided. Thirty-one of the 33 treatment plants are of the Degremont type.
2.05 Several of these systems have been visited and all, apart from the most recently commissioned, are in poor condition. In most instances, standby plants were inoperative, as the pumps and generators had been cannibalised for spare parts, the majority of public standposts had been blanked off to prevent wastage from broken taps and most supplies were operative for only some 3 hours per day because of insufficient operating funds to purchase fuel. At one location visited there had been no fuel deliveries for several months. The supply of chemicals is also somewhat erratic. Production during 1981 in the 29 urban systems amounted to some 9,200 cu m per day or a consumption of less than 20 liters per capita per day assuming 25 percent losses.
2.06 In addition to the treated water supplies, Annex 6 details 39 non- treated supplies which are in existence, three of which serve urban places having a combined population of some 10,000. The majority of these supplies are operated by local authorities, with some technical back-up support from WSD, and their state of repair was also reported to be poor.
2.07 Currently, the EEC is funding a project executed by consulting engineers to prepare designs for 50 Rural Water Supply projects. There is a likelihood that EEC will fund construction costs in due course. The 50 areas being studied are listed in Annex 7 and of these 14 are noted as being urban.
(iii) Rural Water Supply (RWSU/WSD)
2.08 Details of the shallow well programmes being undertaken by WSD through Integrated Agricultural Development Projects (IADPs) are given in Annex 8. IADPs reach 30-35 percent of the people in project areas and by the end of 1982 they will cover virtually the whole country. A continuation and extension of the domestic shallow well programme within the IADPs accordingly appears to be an excellent vehicle for the provision of protected water supplies to the rural population. WSD through its RWSU has now designed a standard well of average depth 15 meters to replace the ad hoc well designs formally utilised, and this will approximately double unit costs to some Le 6,000 per well, exclusive of handpumps as bucket and rope pulleys are used in the first phase of development. The standardized well design provides for protection of the well and the use of properly constructed lining rings will ensure that premature collapse is avoided. It also has the benefits of greater convenience for the user population and a greater assurance of water being available on a perennial basis.
1/ The Koidu system serves 2 urban localities - Koidu and Yengema. - 12 -
(iv) Urban Sanitation
2.09 Except for the small sanitary sewer system existing in Freetown, estimated to serve some 4,000 people, pit latrines, cesspits, septic tanks and night soil bucket collection systems are generally used for the collection and disposal of human excreta in the urban areas. Cesspit emptying is undertaken by the MOH which also supervises the night soil service carried out by contract in Freetown and by direct labour in Bo, Kenema and Makeni. In Freetown, some 2,500 night soil buckets are each emptied two or three times per week by a task force of 117 men at a monthly cost of Le 8,000. Revenue at Le 1.80 per bucket per quarter meets only some 20 percent of the cost. Final disposal of the night soil is not well controlled as it is reportedly being emptied into trenches, streams, storm drains, the sanitary sewers and directly to the sea.
(v) Rural Sanitation
2.10 Two rural sanitation projects are under implementation - the Tombo Pilot Fisheries Project, funded through KfW provides non local materials for the slab and superstructure of pit latrines and CARE has an ongoing project in Moyamba District. Unit costs in the Tombo Project, excluding village labour, are of the order of Le 300 per pit which, on a user basis of 15 people per house, equates to US$17 per head. CARE costs are also of the order of Le 300 per double pit, the slab cost alone being Le 60 to cover materials, labour and transport. MOH proposes to introduce a pit latrine programme through the provision of slabs to households in parallel with the village well programme, but as yet no funding has been obtained.
(vi) Solid Wastes
2.11 Solid Waste collection and disposal in Freetown is undertaken by a contractor on behalf of MOH at a fee of Le 0.1 million per month. 320 labourers are employed and MOH equipment (46 trailers, 4 tractors and 2 trucks) is utilised, the contractor supplying an additional 3 trucks. MOH operates solid waste collection systems by direct labour in Bo, Kenema, Koidu, Magburaka and Makeni. No household charges are made in Freetown or elsewhere to offset costs. Solid wastes are reportedly transported to open dumps and crudely disposed of without proper spreading, compaction or covering giving rise to nuisances from fires, odours and scavengers and providing breeding grounds for disease vectors.
2.12 KfW has funded a contract with a consulting firm from the Federal Republic of Germany valued at DM 7 million for the procurement of equipment and the establishment of a workshop and garage facilities for the Freetown solid wastes system. Details of the scope of the contract are given in Annex 9. MOH intends to set up a solid wastes management section within its Environmental Health Division to operate the system after it has been established by the consultants.
Service Level Targets
2.13 The Sierra Leone Decade National Action Plan (NAP) envisages provision by 1990 of about 75% of total population with safe drinking water. This includes 70% in rural areas and 100% in urban towns. The plan sets out the Government's goals and objectives to be attained by 1990 as follows: - 13 -
(a) Urban Water Supply: reorganizing and strengthening of the WSD, building up support services and providing logistic support for the Division to deal with its increased workload. Upgrading and extension of existing water supply systems, in order to meet growing water demands as well as extension of distribution networks to urban- fringe areas, through fully-treated pipe-borne schemes or untreated water from springs for some 200 communities with populations over 1000.
(b) Rural Water Supply: providing safe-drinking water through hand-dug wells with bucket and rope (later with handpumps) for communities with over 100 inhabitants who do not enjoy this facility.
(c) Urban and Rural Sanitation: providing technical and financial assistance to urban dwellers to enable each household to have its own privy and promoting health education in rural communities and technical assistance for the construction of pit latrines.
The National Action Plan (NAP), 1981-90
2.14 The two-phased National Action Plan (1981-90) is estimated to cost in constant 1981 prices Le 77.3 million (US$61.8 million). The mission was not able to fully test the field situation outside of Freetown in order to assess whether these expenditures would meet the objectives in para 2.13. The total cost of all items considered under the two phases is detailed in Annex 10 and summarized as follows:
Investment Proposals 1981-1996 (excluding Freetown) (Le. '000)
Phase I Phase rI NAP 1981-86 1987-90 Total
1. Upgrading and extensions to existing Urban Systems 3,180 3,620 6,800
2. New Water Supply Schemes
Urban 4,710 6,790 11,500 Rural 8,540 25,060 33,600
3. Supporting Services (including buildings, workshops, regional offices, vehicles) 7,780 1,000 8,780
4. Programme Support (institutional', financial studies an'd human resources development) 4,300 140 4,440
5. Sanitation facilities
Urban 2,000 8,000 10,000 Rural 600 1,600 2,200
Total (1981 Prices) 31,110 46,210 77,320 - 14 -
2.15 Urban water supply investments outside of Freetown, including new systems and the upgrading of existing ones, would require Le 18.3 million or 35 percent of total water coverage outlays to serve an additional 0.71 million people. Investment requirements for Freetown are deliberately left out of the NAP in an attempt to redress the great imbalance in the water supply and sanitation coverage between urban, provincial and rural dwellers. Of the roughly Le 52 million (US$41.6) be spent on water supply coverage - excluding supporting services - during the NAP period, about 65 percent would go to rural communities, benefitting an estimated 2.1 million additional rural people.
2.16 Somewhat ambitiously, the NAP forecasts full coverage by 1990 of urban population with sanitation facilities and about 50 percent of those people living in rural settlements. Total outlays would amount to Le 10 million (US$8.0 million) for urban and Le 2.2 million (US$1.8 million) for rural inhabitants. The NAP proposes that technical and financial assistance be given to urban households to provide a pit latrine in each house. The individual households will carry out all the construction work, with technical know-how being provided by the WSD. A survey of existing excreta disposal facilities in urban areas (towns with over 2000 people), to be undertaken, will determine the number of households requiring pit latrines. Rural dwellers will also be encouraged to provide pit latrines coupled with health education campaigns through primary health care programmes and in association with IADP well programmes where possible.
Past Sector Investments
2.17 Actual sector investments in the past have totalled Le 6.5 million (US$5.2 million) over the First National Development Plan period (1975/76- 1979/80), an average of Le 1.3 million (US$1.1 million) per annum in current prices. Adjusted to 1981 price levels, the average annual investment over the last plan corresponds to about 30 percent of the projected second plan investment requirements until 1986. Almost the entire expenditure was on the construction of Degremont-type treatment plants financed by French-Government backed loans. Degremont is being increasingly replaced by the International Contracting Company (ICC), a local firm which is presently completing the last four treatment plants under Degremont agreements at the total estimated cost of Le 24.5 million, of which Le 20 million is foreign currency. For further details on past Government investments, which exclude GVWC, see Annex 11.
NAP Financial Feasibility
2.18 Of total investments of about Le 77 million needed to meet NAP sanitation and water supply targets outside of Freetown, about Le 31 million are required during the first five years and Le 46 million during the remaining five years of the Decade. On a yearly basis, this means about Le 6 million from 1981 to 1986 and Le 10-11 million from 1987 to 1990. Actual sector investment in 1979-80 amounted to Le 2.4 million, representing 2.4 percent of total Government development expenditure. Thus, planned Decade expenditure, expected to reach about 4.7 percent of public sector investment, 1981-86, implies doubling of the sector investment level during the first phase and quadrupling the present resources and capability during the final phase of the NAP. Projected expenditure during 1981-86 and the expected sources of funds are given in Annex 12 for the whole sector, including GVWC. - 15 -
Whereas GVWC can probably attract the funds necessary to implement its programme and has the capability to execute it, the rest of the sector offers neither. Some institutional order must be introduced for managing areas outside of Freetown before either the absorptive capacity can be generated or the foreign funds attracted. The Government's own budgetary problems also raise the very significant question of the doubtful availability of counterpart funds; donors may have to consider provision of total investment requirements.
Financial Performance and Operations - Guma Valley Water Company (GVWC)
(i) Introduction
2.19 The Ordinance establishing the Company requires GVWC to conduct its business on sound commercial principles and to order its affairs in such a way that year-by-year costs are covered, proper provision is made for reserves and a reasonable return on capital is earned. A full commercial accounting system is in use which provides for an appropriate account code based on structuring the company's finances into debt and equity capital and incorporates accruals and depreciation accounting; regular balance sheet and income/expenditure reporting is carried out. In general, the Company has succeeded in meeting these financial objectives. While the Sierra Leone Government assisted in meeting interest charges prior to the commissioning of the Guma Dam in 1967, the Company has, since that date, operated without Government subvention and has met all loan amortization and debenture redemption payments. In 1980, a very large loss-on-exchange in meeting its AfDB loan payments resulted in the company experiencing its first deficit since 1967. The country's shortage of foreign exchange is now affecting the Company's ability to make external debenture and amortization payments on time.
(ii) Payments
2.20 There are no written financial regulations currently in use by GVWC. The Management issues instructions and directives from time to time, as may be necessary, to be followed by financial staff. However, at the beginning of each financial year (1 November to 31 October), a capital budget is approved, indicating authorization levels and defining responsibilities. So as to regularize this matter the mission considers that the establishment of formal financial regulations and an accounting manual is required. Within the budgetary provisions, the General Manager, with the Financial Controller, is authorized to disburse any amount for the Company's purposes. Tenders, project variations, cost overruns and extra works requiring additional financial allocations are subject to the Board's approval. Proposals for recurrent expenditure containing various cost elements are prepared by the Chief Engineer and estimates are approved by the Board. Either the Chief Engineer or the Financial Controller can approve payments up to Le 50. Any payment above this limit is authorized only by the General Manager who also approves orders for works, goods and services. Usually, neither transfers between expenditure items nor supplementary budgets are accepted.
(iii) Stores
2.21 The stores which mostly comprise imported pipes, fittings and chemicals, are adequately kept with a stock card system for recording incoming - 16 -
supplies and deliveries. The Financial Controller is responsible for receiving and storing, for the security of materials and for the distribution of all materials, supplies and equipment used by the Company. Details are given in Annex 13 regarding the value of itemus in store, all of which, with the exception of small diameter pipes utilized for house connections, can be imported free of duty. Workshop facilities are cramped and additional equipment, for example, heavy duty hydraulic jacks, a lathe and portable generator and welding plant, is required. A meter repair workshop is available, but is not fully equipped.
(iv) Billing and Collection
2.22 Me ers are installed for recording water supplied to non-domestic consumers 1 . Bills are produced by machine, issued monthly and payable within 14 days. The Company operates a priority routine to ensure that bills to large consumers are despatched as near to the 15th of the month as possible. Bills for general water rate as well as for water supply to non- metered consumers are prepared annually and issued to the consumers during November of each year. The amount demanded may be paid in two equal instalments, the first by 15 February and the second by 15 June each year. Failure to pay either instalment may lead to disconnection after these due dates. All bills for water service charges are sent by the normal mail service and are payable only at the Head Office of the Company, no other locations being available. Payments are received in cash, by cheque or through bank transfers.
2.23 Cash receipts are acknowledged by the cashier who issues receipt vouchers to the billing ledger account for mechanical posting. Responsibility for cash collection and the keeping of billing records is clearly separated. Cheques received are listed by the financial controller, who transfers them to the accountant, and are then endorsed by the cashier for banking purposes. Disconnections of metered consumers may be effected if bills are unpaid after 14 days. With regard to debt collection, generally the Company engages a firm of solicitors on an annual retainer and also other solicitors from time to time to try and reduce the accounts receivable. While a reasonable measure of success was achieved in the private sector, it is reported that payment of water rates and charges from the public sector has been far from satisfactory. A surcharge not exceeding 10% is applied on all water rates and charges not paid within three months after being demanded.
(v) Water Tariffs
2.24 The essential elements of GVWC's tariffs are set out in detail in Annex 14. There is a general water rate, which is based on the annual valuation list of premises (27,500 properties) as assessed by the Freetown City Council and payable on all premises (private, industrial, commercial, Government, military, etc.) within the water supply area, with the exception of schools, colleges and hospitals. The amount payable in respect of any
1/ In practice, meters are read during the first two weeks of the month; the billing commences towards the end of the second week of the same month and continues through until the end of the month. - 17 -
premise is assessed by the Company according to the method of assessment, for the time being, provided by the collection of local authority rates. The rate for unmetered private domestic connections has deliberately not been increased for over 10 years and now forms an insignificant part of the Company's income derived from domestic consumers. Connection fees (average of Le 200) and reconnection fees (flat rate of Le 4) are designed just to recover costs incurred by the Company.
2.25 The metered supply rate applies to all non-domestic consumers (industrial, commercial, institutional, shipping, etc.) and ranges from Le 0.82 per 1000 gallons for schools and colleges to Le 3.30 per 1000 gallons for shipping services. Meter rents have remained unchanged for over 10 years. Illegal connections are not common in Freetown, due to an annual survey of all connections. Based on the development of recurrent expenditure, an annual increase of 10% for metered supplies is applied. Every four years, a tariff review is undertaken by the Company to forecast future revenue growth and identify any constraints to improved financial performance. The last tariff revision was made two years ago. Any alteration in water rates or charges must be advertised in the Gazette not less than two months before the alteration is to take effect and, unless objection is made, the alteration will have effect from the date specified in the notice.
2.26 The present tariff structure is simple and adequate for the present situation. Only the introduction of domestic metering, which is being seriously considered, will clearly facilitate the design of a more suitable tariff structure taking into account equity considerations.
(vi) Financial Results
2.27 Available information suggests that GVWC's revenues between 1967 and 1979 have been sufficient to cover cash operating expenses and debt service, as well as financing inventory additions, and accumulated surplus cash to help finance development activities. In 1980, for the first time since 1967, the company sustained a loss (Le 0.4 million). Total operating and financial expenses were Le 3.13 million which exceeded revenue from all sources by nearly Le 0.2 million. The principal reason for this situation was a loss on exchange of Le 0.9 million as a result of the declining rate of exchange of the Leone against SDR in which currency its loans from the AfDB have to be repaid. For FY 1981, GVWC achieved net income of Le 0.9 million and restored its accumulated surplus Le 0.7 million. A subsidiary problem, but one of increasing proportion, is the difficulties now being experienced by the company in collecting moneys mainly from the public sector consumers and the need, year by year, to increase the provision for bad debts. However, with a current ratio of 2.8 in FY1981, the company is more than sufficiently solvent to meet its current commitments.
2.28 The audited balance sheet at 31 October 1981 indicates a reasonable financial position and utility characteristic, debt-financed capital structure with 54 percent of the company's net assets of Le 17.8 million financed through equity (share capital and reserves) and 46 percent through term loans and debentures. All fixed assets are included in the financial records and accounts at historical cost and straight-line depreciation is allocated during the assets' anticipated useful life. No depreciation is provided on freehold - 18 -
and long leasehold land. The assets of GVWC have not been revalued since the inception of the company in 1961. For more details, see the Audited Balance Sheets, Revenue Accounts and the Statement of Source and Application of funds for the Year ended 31 October 1977 through 31 October 1981 contained in Annex 15, Table I, II and III and the detailed breakdown of recurrent expenditure for 1980 in Annex 15, Table IV.
(vii) Personnel
2.29 The total staff of GVWC is about 380 (a ratio of about 1.1 per 1000 consumers), of which some 30 are employed in accounts and stores. Present finance and accounting staff have acquired sufficient skill to do most of the routine work required due to their length of service. Additional skills, for example in cost analysis, internal auditing and asset evaluation, may be needed from time to time. The engineering staff is largely employed on operation and maintenance and on designing and constructing major pipeline developments; consultants being employed solely for the design of major new works and contractors for the major civil works construction.
2.30 The Personnel Office maintains employee records to provide information on each individual's work history. It handles matters relating to labour relations, employee loans, etc. and informs the Financial Controller of staff increases who, in turn, passes this information to Wages and Salaries Senior Accountant to prepare the necessary monthly payrolls.
2.31 Every year, during budget preparation, the staff position is reviewed and any necessary increases approved. A Board committee interviews candidates for senior positions and selects those suitable for appointment, while a management committee consisting of the General Manager, Financial Controller, Chief Engineer and Personnel Officer considers the selection of less senior staff to be appointed by the General Manager. Labourers are recommended by the superintendent for approval by the General Manager. Their daily rate currently ranges between Le 2.70 and Le 3.20 (effective 1 May 1982).
2.32 The level o f remuneration for sub-professionals is determined by the Trade Group Council - ; within-grade increases and promotions are approved by the Company's Management. Compensation for staff above supervisory level is left to the Management to decide upon.
2.33 In addition to contributory pension schemes, low-interest loans for car purchase, car and travel allowances, GVWC has some quarters near the Guma treatment works for staff employed at these treatment works and a few houses in Freetown for senior staff. Only a nominal rent is paid. In general, conditions of service are better than those in the public service, but less advantageous when compared with those of other commercial organisations.
1/ Trade Councils have been set up for different categories of labor and agree, under collective bargaining arrangements, changes in pay rates and conditions of service for the Trade Groups e.g. Power and Water operatives. - 19 -
Recruitment and retention of staff poses, therefore, little problem for GVWC's Management.
Financial Performance and Operations - Water Supply Division (WSD)
(i) Introduction
2.34 WSD is subject to normal Government-accounting practice as set out in the Financial Orders, 1963 Edition, which require WSD's development and recurrent expenditures to be budgeted under heads and subheads approved by the Ministry of Finance. Budget changes, including supplements and transfers between subheads (virements), require central Government approval. Funds are drawn down at quarterly intervals from the Consolidated Revenue Fund against estimated expenditure in the following period and unspent funds may not be held over from one year to the next. Details of major items of expenditure are shown in Annex 16. All revenue from water rates collected is directly paid to the sub-treasuries. Transactions are accounted for on a cash, rather than accrual-basis. Capital items are written off when purchased rather than depreciated over their useful lives or other period. The Division has no financial structure and no balance sheets or other annual accounts are produced.
(ii) Payments
2.35 The Division is entirely dependent for administrative and accounting support from the MEP. Even though authority is granted to the Permanent Secretary (PS) to delegate powers to Division heads for vote control, the Chief Engineer, WSD has not received this authority. He only prepares the payment vouchers when invoices are received and submits them to the PS as the Vote Controller for scrutiny and forwarding to the Expenditure Control Unit and Financial Secretary of the Ministry of Finance. If approved by the Ministry of Finance, vouchers are transmitted to the Accountant-General who, after checking the legal and financial regularity of vouchers, passes these on to the Bank of Sierra Leone with instructions to pay the beneficiary. This process is estimated to require a few months to be completed, leading to considerable delays and chronic shortage of funds.
2.36 Further, because of irregularities in the provincial Sub-Treasuries, the above procedure of authorizing and disbursing Government funds has been considerably tightened up with effect from 1 February 1982. Recent instructions of the Ministry of Finance mainly affect provincial payments above Le 50 for Government purchases of goods and services, the processing of payment vouchers and the signing of local purchase orders (LPO's).
2.37 The slowness of the budgetary process leads again to delays and severe shortages of materials and money. A corollary effect is that senior executive personnel spend an inordinate amount of time attending to petty administrative details and financial difficulties, while the technical staff are frequently underemployed, awaiting direction. - 20 -
(iii) Stores and Workshops
2.38 Store facilities are available only in the main WSD workshop complex in Freetown; no such depots being maintained in the provinces. Stocks are depleted, although an adequate system is in operation for their receipt and issue.
2.39 Adequate space is available for workshops at the Tower Hill, Freetown, site although the buildings available are in a neglected state of repair. Virtually no equipment is available, even hand tools being in short supply. It is difficult to visualize how the 180 daily paid employees at the depot, with a wage component of some Le 16,500 per month, can be gainfully utilized particularly as only a few (reportedly 3) vehicles are roadworthy out of the 17 which are on WSD's books.
(iv) Billing and collection
2.40 At the year end, the regional officer (seven regions) is expected to prepare and mail the bills. Occupiers of connected premises are requested to pay their accounts within 28 days to the Sub-Treasury's Office. Most of the bills remain unpaid; regional officers report that consumers are reluctant to pay since the majority of stations are not able to supply water for most of the year. On the basis of receipt vouchers provided by the Sub-Treasury, arrears are identified and reminders are sent again by the regional officer. Theoretically, the only way left to enforce collection is disconnection, which reportedly is made, in exceptional cases, if bills are unpaid within about a year of the billing date.
2.41 At regional level, revenue registers are kept, showing amounts due, receipts and arrears to be collected; at WSD level, an attempt has been made to compile yearly statements of returns, but not a single year was complete at the time of mission's visit. As shown in Annex 17, WSD water revenues cover only a very small percentage of recurrent expenditure (less than Le 10,000 in 1981, compared to expenditure of Le 2.3 million). Since WSD would not benefit from any revenues received, which are paid to the Treasury, there is no incentive for the Division to improve revenue collection. The gap between estimates and actual collection is large and the possibilities of recovering the arrears are minimal unless water supply services are immediately improved and regular supply is secured.
(v) Water Tariffs
2.42 WSD tariff for water supplies is based on the number of taps installed in premises. The rates, as shown in Annex 18, have remained unchanged since mid-1960's. The few non-domestic connections are metered and pay Le 0.3 (US$ 0.24) per 1000 gallons monthly. No general water rate is levied. Much of the water consumed is through public standpipes which are free of charge although, as noted elsewhere, many of these are now out of commission because of a lack of spares to repair them.
(vi) Personnel
2.43 The total staff of WSD is of the order of 1,100, a ratio of some 2.4 per 1,000 consumers or over double the similar ratio for GVWC. Details of the - 21 -
staff employed at each waterworks have been given in Annex 5 and these details are summarized together with information of non-Regional staff in Annex 19 to indicate the deployment of total WSD employees.
(vii) Financial Constraints
2.44 From the foregoing the following can be summarized as the major financial constraints:
a) WSD has an inadequate tariff structure, no direct income and is entirely subject to Government subvention which can be altered without consultation or prior notice;
b) Budgetary provisions are not included in Government recurrent estimates for the payment of water bills and accordingly both WSD (and GVWC) are owed considerable amounts;
c) WSD has no direct involvement in mobilising the external component of project funding requirements and in its present form WSD is unattractive to foreign investors; and
d) For its rural programme, WSD has been dependent on the water supply component of the IADPs but to ensure a wider coverage, additional funding, either internally generated or from external sources, is required.
The foregoing matters are taken into consideration in formulating the institutional proposals which follow in the next Section of this report. - 22 -
III. SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES
Introduction
3.01 From the information presented in the foregoing Chapters, it can be stated that:
(a) there would appear to be no reason to alter the present arrangements for handling storm water drainage;
(b) likewise, the current arrangements for dealing with sanitation and solid wastes disposal seem adequate except that:
(i) the services provided by MOH would be improved by better financial control and accountability, with clear identification of total and unit costs and responsibility for expenditure. The introduction of charges for refuse collection services and a review of the charges currently made for cesspit emptying and pail collection services is a matter to which Government may wish to devote attention; the objective being to meet, in so far as is feasible, the considerable recurrent cost burden which the provision of these services presently imposes upon Government;
(ii) if the public sewerage system in Freetown is extended in the future, the arrangements for maintenance should be reviewed as WSD has no concurrent responsibilities in the area and clearly is, and will be, fully extended by its water supply commitments elsewhere. Freetown City Council would seem to be the appropriate body to undertake this duty. (Although it is understood that GVWC would be willing to do so on a fully commercial basis, this may not be compatible with the longer term role as part of the new company - see para 3.08);
(iii) rural sanitation programmes in each District require to be identified by MOH as part of their Primary Health Care activities and integrated in so far as possible with the well construction components of the IADPs.
3.02 The MOH will be required within the next few years to establish a School of Hygiene to replace the existing school in Freetown for the training of Public Health Inspectors, as the present school is likely to lose its status from the Royal Society of Health (West African Examination Board) because of a lack of facilities. A new Para-Medical School at Bo has recently been completed and in order to centralize training facilities, MOH is considering the addition of facilities at the school to cater for an intake of 30 public health inspector trainees per annum. The estimated 1982 cost, exclusive of contingencies or allowances for price escalation, amount to Le 1.0 million (see Annex 20). - 23 -
3.03 Additionally MOH, if it is to satisfactorily discharge its functions for the monitoring of water quality, will have to be equipped with a suitable laboratory. MOH envisage that such a laboratory could also be sited at the new training complex at Bo, but no firm proposals or cost estimates have as yet been prepared. This is a matter to which priority attention should be directed.
Water Resources
3.04 There is a need to coordinate water resource investigations, to determine priorities, and to allocate responsibilities so as to avoid overlap and to ensure availability of data. With one exception this is not a very high priority, but could be obtained at low cost and trouble as discussed below under "National Water Policy". The exception is the exploration of groundwater and gravity sources for water supply. Very little seems to be known about this subject, but these sources might provide a low-cost alternative to the surface sources now being used and developed. It is therefore desirable that they should be better studied as soon as possible, and this should be the responsibility of the water supply organisations.
Water Supply
3.05 There is a sharp contrast between the institutional arrangements for water supply, and their effectiveness, in the Freetown area served by GVWC and in the rest of the country - comprising the three Provinces and most of the Western Area - served by the WSD. GVWC is seen as a stable organisation, able to match costs with income and to satisfy both creditors and customers, and to attract and motivate sufficient and competent staff. On the other hand the arrangements governing the WSD supplies stand judged by an unhappy list of performance failures, including:
a) irregular supplies, b) failure to maintain assets, c) excessive manpower, d) sluggish and complex procedures, e) low standard of service, f) failure to generate or collect revenue, g) (therefore) excessive burden on central funds, h) no management accountancy, and so no real cost control, i) forward planning frustrated by short-term financing, and uncertain availability of funds, and j) prospect of further deterioration.
The prime and urgent institutional need in the sector is to improve the arrangements for water supply in the areas served by WSD, so as to remedy these failures.
Any change in organisation must be designed to secure:
a) acceptable levels of service (i.e. in accordance with determined policy), b) least cost, c) care of assets, d) continuity and forward security, and e) national mandate - 24 -
To meet these primary objectives in the water supply field the institutional structure must be able to provide:
a) clear objectives in detail for all staff, b) defined resonsibilities for meeting those objectives, c) responsible management with power to ensure this is done, d) effective costing and control of expenditure, e) stability and continuity (which implies either realistic tariffs and effective billing and collection, or equivalent secure source of income).
This cannot be achieved by any imaginable reshuffling of the WSD. A new approach to management of the sector is required.
Institutional Development
3.06 GVWC deploys an impressive corpus of skills and experience in the running of a successful but small water supply utility. When redesigning organizations, it is always best to try to build on success; to have sought to spread the skills of GVWC by helping to raise the standards of water supply throughout the urban centers towards those enjoyed by Freetown is attractive. But, because GVWC has only a small cadre of qualified staff, there is the inevitable risk of 'levelling down' or damaging the standards of GVWC. This risk is not acceptable'to GVWC and to the Government. Several alternative choices of action were examined with the mission. Suggestions for a National Water Authority, for three Provincial Water Authorities or for GVWC plus a Provincial Water Company (see Annex 21 for details) were considered but dismissed in favour of the creation of a single water company. The preferred option and recommendation of the mission is the creation of the Sierra Leone Water Company (SLWC).
3.07 The creation of a single water company to serve ultimately all urban centers in Sierra Leone is achievable by the gradual incorporation of each urban centre. The SLWC would have a national mandate for urban water supplies and a clear authority to introduce cost recovery through tariffs as water supplies become more reliable.
3.08 SLWC would expand its style and experience gradually into provincial urban areas where the needs are the greatest. The objective would be to achieve rapid and disciplined improvements to water supplies in those areas. This would have the element of gradual development instead of unleashing on SLWC the immediate responsibility of serving the whole country. The first priority would be to rehabilitate the water supply facilities of the 30 + urban areas serving approximately 400,000 people. Simultaneously, SLWC would review the best way to serve the remaining 300,000 provincial urban people and prepare cost recovery plans for those areas. The approximately 2 million people in rural areas would continue to be catered for by the Government by mostly non-reticulated systems.
The advantages of this SLWC option are:
(i) it would be primarily a commercial organisation staffed and organised on commercial lines; - 25 -
(ii) the gradual assimilation of urban water supplies would lend itself to disciplined and controlled planning;
(iii) the staff transfer to SLWC would be more selective;
(iv) basic legislation would be simple (although the transitional arrangements for the step-by-step progress would need to be carefully evolved);
(v) the desired harmonization of water supply practice throughout the country would be secured;
(vi) it would avoid the setting up of parallel organisations and all the problems of eventual integration and make the best use of Sierra Leone's limited resources of qualified and experienced manpower.
3.09 While the standards of GVWC have to be preserved in the Freetown area it is no use preserving these standards to the disbenefit of the urban population of Sierra Leone in general. At the time that SLWC becomes responsible for water supplies in Freetown, most operational activities would continue unchanged - the main change would be for a few senior staff of GVWC and some of the administrative/accounting cadre. In the meanwhile, GVWC would be expected to cooperate closely with SLWC in any matter of determination of policy, standards and procedures. To ensure an orderly expansion of SLWC, certain measures would need to be instituted. After appointment of key staff, they would need reinforcement to carry out their new tasks. Such reinforcement could be by a technical cooperation arrangement with a water utility in a developed country, whereby staff of the utility are seconded to SLWC for varying periods of time during the preparation and implementation stages of setting up the SLWC. The step-by-step assimilation of the urban supplies may involve anomalies between adjacent areas in the short-term, particularly with the introduction of realistic tariffs. Accordingly, continuous Government support would be required during the transition period. Details of measures to be implemented and technical assistance required would need to be elaborated in an organisational and manpower planning study to be carried out as part of project preparation.
Transitional Aspects
3.10 The changes proposed cannot happen overnight; a phased programme over 3/5 years would be needed. Certainly, the customers cannot be expected to pay realistic charges for their water until they are being offered an acceptable level of service, and until the need to charge for a supply - now in effect a free service outside Freetown - has been explained and publicized. Initial capital requirements must include bringing fixed and mobile plant and vehicles into good order as well as making arrangements to replace accommodation and services now provided in the provinces by MOW. An initial estimate for these requirements is Le 7.35 million (US $5.9 m) as detailed in Annex 23. These must go hand-in-hand with the introduction of administrative and financial systems, reduction of manpower, preparation of a billing system, a public information exercise and most importantly the provision of adequate recurrent finance to ensure that the rehabilitated systems deliver an adequate and reliable water supply. These institutional changes will probably cost - 26 -
approximately Le 3 million over 3 years (including international technical assistance), and any financing should be linked to a programme and performance targets for each activity. The areas for technical assistance are indicated in the end column of Annex 24.
Costs and Income
3.11 Annex 25 contains a very approximate estimate of the 1982 operating costs of the WSD water utility. For a supply upgraded to a regular 8 hour/day the annual cost is about Le 4 million. Gross manpower costs are about Le 1.5 million and if these can be halved, the total cost is reduced to Le 3.25 million. (Further manpower economies at the lower levels must be obtained by drastic simplification of the existing cumbrous procedures regardless of future sectoral organisation). A total annual cost of Le 3.25 million would represent around Le 7/year/person supplied. This is very similar to the figure for water revenue charged by GVWC. Therefore, if SLWC operated a GVWC tariff, it could be within sight of paying its way. Even if this were not fully achieved, at least there would be a considerable relief from the burden on central government funds, which now meet almost the whole cost of WSD. Any shortfall to be met by Government subvention would have to be secured in some way, if SLWC is to be able to work towards its objectives. However, this comparison is indicative only and a full review, including affordability, should be the subject of a tariff study as part of the initial institutional development.
A National Water Council
3.12 The proposed SLWC serving urban centres and the RWSU/WSD would need the guidance of policy decisions of the kind listed under "Water Supply" in Annex 26. These decisions could be taken by SLWC and RWSU/WSD separately or together, or by MEP on behalf of the Government.
3.13 However, it would be better if these decisions were taken as part of an overall policy covering the whole of the Water and Sanitation Sector. This could be the responsibility of a National Water Council, with membership and duties as indicated in Annex 26. Because the Council would serve as an instrument of inter-ministerial coordination, it would best be chaired by a Presidential nominee. The members of NWC could be serviced, for this duty, by their parent bodies, and the cost of the Council could be limited to a very small figure to cover publication of reports, etc. NWC should have the duty to report to Cabinet, seeking Government approval for policy decisions which would then bind the various Ministries concerned.
3.14 The National Action Committee, chaired by the Chief Engineer of WSD, has been formed to coordinate the execution of policies decided in connection with the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade; but there is no equivalent organisation to determine those policies. If NWC is formed it will undertake this job, and the National Action Committee would become an offshoot of the Council. If not, then the Committee would need formal governmental backing, and access to policy decisions on water and sanitation. In any case, SLWC should be represented on the Committee. - 27 -
Government Control
3.15 The proposed SLWC, as has been demonstrated by the GVWC, can only function efficiently if it has sufficient and defined powers and clear objectives, and is operated as a managed unit with a high degree of independence within those powers. This must include freedom to fix tariffs within the framework of agreed procedures and to ensure the collection of income, as well as to appoint its own staff at competitive market rates.
3.16 On the other hand, government requires to maintain control and surveillance of so important a public service as water supply. Fortunately there is a recent example in the National Power Authority Act of 1982, which strikes a reasonable balance if allowed to operate; that, together with the GVWC example, should be used as a basis for the relationship between SLWC and the MEP (which, incidentally, might well be renamed "Ministry of Energy and Water").
Legislation
3.17 The proposals in this report will require new legislation to set up the SLWC, to secure its funding, and to transfer appropriate staff and assets from WSD and GVWC. The GVWC Ordinance 1961 (with minor amendments in 1963) has stood the test of time, and could well stand as a model for the new water Company. The new law could be based on the GVWC Acts, and the remainder on the National Power Authority Act 1982. Consideration should be given to continuing the inclusion of a minority of outside (i.e. non-governmental) members on the governing body with appropriate commercial and/or public utility experience, as is the case with GVWC, and to place the new organisation outside of the Government's administrative structure. It is very desirable that legislation be secured before changes in organisation are started, as otherwise the will and power to make the changes may both fail.
In particular new legislation should contain provision for:
a) securing the Transitional Arrangements;
b) simplifying the necessary reduction in manpower (see Section 22 and 23 of GVWC Ordinance 1961) where facilities are transferred to SLWC;
c) a duty of water supply organisations (if more than one) to harmonize their practices, standards, schemes of pay and conditions, tariff structures, water resource planning etc.;
d) an appropriate financial structure that will encourage management accountability and lead to financial self- sufficiency;
e) securing (maybe limiting) financial assistance during a limited period until the target of self-sufficiency is reached; - 28 -
f) securing the appointment of members of the governing body (so that it may not fail by lack of appointment);
g) (if required) setting up a NWC (see Annex 26).
3.18 It is recommended that the Water (Control and Supply) Act 1963 should be repealed. The Act envisages a system of 'Water Authorities' that were never created, a system for water rates and charges that are neither billed nor collected, and makes no proper financial provision for water utility management. Amendment is not enough, it should be repealed and replaced with new legislation which reflects the present and future requirements for effective water supply in Sierra Leone.
Future Programme
3.19 A list of requirements seen as necessary to underpin the transitional programme is set out in Annex 24. The Government of Sierra Leone has confirmed its support for the proposed institutional arrangements to set up the SLWC and for it to be run on commercial lines with cost recovery being an important part of its operations. The Government has requested the Bank to help it in the financing of a project to set up SLWC and which would encompass technical assistance, rehabilitation of existing water supply fcilities, provision of offices, depots, workshops, communications system, vehicles and plant, training facilities and working capital.
3.20 Once the availability of funding is known, the preparation of a project can proceed. Preparation will require a focus on other issues as follows:
a) Agreement on the urban water supplies to be transferred initially to SLWC and a time frame;
b) Organisation Development Plan for SLWC, future management of rural water supplies and national coordination of water policy;
c) Review of GVWC-WSD manpower; preparation of recruitment/transfer plan to SLWC, including training requirements;
d) Operations and maintenance review of all existing urban water supply plants and determination of a rehabilitation program including spare parts requirements;
e) Listing and valuation of all urban water supply facilities;
f) Mapping of urban distribution systems in the Provinces and of listing of all connections;
g) Tariff and affordability study; - 29 -
h) Determination of operational, financial and administrative systems for SLWC with a view to expansion as SLWC's operations grow;
i) Preparation of legislation.
3.21 Many of the assignments in para 3.20 require short-term expert assistance or consultancy; but in order to assist with continuity into the implementation phase, it would be helpful if a single organisation experienced in a broad range of water utility matters was involved. The idea, promoted by the mission, of involving a water utility, preferably a company from a developed country, was received with interest and it is recommended that this is pursued during project preparation.
Supervision of Change
3.22 Supervision of the change must be exercised as far as possible by the SLWC as the body which will eventually direct the new water supply organisation. It must have responsibility for meeting the programme of change and for the control of funds, and for the overall direction of the transitional management. For these purposes, it will require specific powers, and therefore it is essential that legislation is either secured or passed before changes start (see para 3.17). A N N E X E S Annex I page 1
REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE
Table I - National and Provincial Popuilation Projections
SIERRA LEONE EASTERN PROVINCE SOUTHERN PROVINCE NORTHERN PROVINCE WESTERN APEA
Area 72,000 Sq.Km Area 15,600 Sq.Km. Area 19,800 Sq.Km. Area 35,900 Sq.Km. Area 700 Sq.Km. YEA R ______
Pop. Pop. Pop. Pop. Pop. Urban Rural Total Density Urban Rural Total Denaity Urban- Rural Total Density Urban Rural Total Density Urban Rural Total Density op. Pop. Pop. Persons/ Pop. Pop. Pop. Persons/ Pop. Pop. Pop. Persons/ Pop. Pop. Pop. Persons Pop. Pop. Pop. Persons ('000) ('000) ('000) Sq. Km. ('000) ('000) Sq.Km. Sq.Km. ('000) ('000) ('000) Sq.Km. ('000) ('000) ('000) Sq.Km. ('000) ('000) ('000) Sq.Km. 1974 (Census) 752 1,983 2,735 38 246 528 774 49 85 513 598 30 132 916 1,048 29 289 26 315 450
1982 1,069 2,212 3,281 45 350 578 928 59 120 597 717 16 188 1,070 1,258 35 411 (23) 378 540 1985 1,220 2,292 3,512 48 399 595 994 63 138 630 768 39 214 1,132 1,346 37 469 (65) 404 577 1990 1,521 2,414 3,935 54 498 616 1,114 71 172 688 860 43 267 1,241 1,508 42 584 (131) 453 647 1995 1,896 2,513 4,409 61 620 628 1,248 80 214 750 964 48 333 1,356 1,689 47 729 (221) 508 726 2000 2,362 2,578 4,940 68 773 625 1,398 90 267 813 1,080 54 414 1,479 1,893 53 908 (339) 569 813
Notes: (1) Total Populations are projected at a growth rate of 2.3 per cent per annum from the 1974 Census Figures.
(2) Urban Populations are projected at a growth rate of 4.5 per cent per annum from the 1974 Census Figures. (3) For the Western Area the figures are distorted because of the large proportion of the population living in Freetown. It is not possible from the information available to adjust the figures by distribution of immigration to the Western Area from other Provinces.
Source: 1974 Census and Mission Estimates.
on s a Annex 1 page 2 REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE
Table II - Number of Localities by Size of Population
No. of 1974 Estimated Population ('000) Localities Census Population Range From 1974 Pop. Census ('000) 1982 1985 1990 1995 2000
More than 100,000 1 276 392 448 558 696 867
50,000 to 99,999 1 76 108 123 154 192 239
20,000 to 49,999 3 98 139 159 198 247 308
10,000 to 19,999 4 52 74 84 105 131 163
5,000 to 9,999 11 70 100 114 142 176 220
2,00 to 4,999 55 180 256 292 364 454 565
TOTAL URBAN LOCALITIES 75 752 1,069 1,220 1,521 1,896 2,362
1,000 to 1999 138 190 212 220 231 241 247
500 to 999 423 282 315 326 344 357 367
200 to 499 1,930 575 641 665 700 729 747
100 to 199 3,311 465 519 537 566 589 605
Less than 100 11,563 471 525 544 573 597 612
TOTAL RURAL LOCALITIES 17,365 1,983 2,212 2,292 2,414 2,513 2,578
TOTAL ALL LOCALITIES 17,440 2,735 3,281 3,512 3,935 4,409 4,940
Notes: Urban localities are defined as those with a population of more than 2,000 in 1974.
Source: 1974 census and Mission Estimates. Annex 1 page 3 REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE
Table III - Population Projections for the 75 Urban Places
Estimated Pop.(Thousands) Name of 1974 Census Province District Locality Pop. Thousands 1982 1985 1990 1995 2000
Western Area Freetown 276.6 392.8 448.2 558.6 696.1 867.5 Goderich 3.9 5.5 6.3 7.9 9.8 12.2 Hastings 2.6 3.7 4.2 5.3 6.6 8.2 Tombo 2.3 3.3 3.7 4.7 5.8 7.2 Waterloo 4.3 6.1 7.0 8.7 10.8 13.5 Sub-Total 289.7 411.4 469.4 585.2 729.1 908.6
Southern Bo Yamandu 2.7 3.8 4.4 5.5 6.8 8.5 Bumpe 2.0 2.8 5.5 4.0 5.0 6.3 Serabu 2.1 3.0 3.4 4.2 5.3 6.6 Bo 39.4 56.0 63.9 79.7 99.3 123.7 Kpetewoma 2.2 3.1 3.6 4.4 5.5 6.9 Sumbuya 2.4 3.4 3.9 4.9 5.0 7.5
Bonth Mattou 3.9 5.5 6.3 7.9 9.8 12.2
Moyamba Mokanji 3.2 4.6 5.2 6.5 8.1 10.1 Rotifunk 4.7 6.7 7.6 9.5 11.8 14.7 Mano 2.3 3.3 3.7 4.7 5.8 7.2 Moyamba 6.4 9.1 10.4 12.9 16.1 20.1 Tiama 2.9 4.1 4.7 5.9 7.3 9.1 Pujehun Patou 2.1 3.0 3.4 4.2 5.3 6.6 Pujehun 2.8 4.0 4.5 5.7 7.1 8.8 Sherbro Bonthe 6.4 9.1 10.4 12.9 16.1 20.1 Sub-Total _85.5 121.5 140.9 172.9 215.3 268.4
Eastern Kailahun Segbwema 6.9 9.8 11.2 14.0 17.4 21.7 Daru 2.7 3.8 4.4 5.7 6.8 8.5 Koindu 5.0 7.1 8.1 10.1 12.6 15.7 Buedu 2.4 3.4 3.9 4.9 6.0 7.5 Giehun 2.5 3.6 4.1 5.1 6.3 7.9 Kailahun 7.2 10.2 11.7 14.6 18.1 22.6 Munawa 2.3 3.3 3.7 4.7 5.8 7.2 Pendumbu 4.3 6.1 7.0 8.7 10.8 13.5
Kenema Boima 2.3 3.3 3.7 4.7 5.8 7.2 Pandebu 3.3 4.7 5.4 6.7 8.3 10.4 Panguma 4.6 6.5 7.5 9.3 11.6 14.4 Tokpombu 4.6 6.5 7.5 9.3 11.6 14.4 Hangha 2.6 3.7 4.2 5.3 6.6 8.2 Kenema 31.5 44.8 51.1 63.7 79.4 98.9 Largo 3.3 4.7 5.4 6.7 8.3 10.4 Boajibu 4.1 5.8 6.7 8.3 10.3 12.9 Blama 4.7 6.7 7.6 9.5 11.8 14.8
_Barma 3.6 5.1 5.8 7.3 9.1 11.3 C/F 97.9 139.1 159.0 198.6 246.6 307.5 Table III (cont.) Annexpage 41
Estimated Pop.(Thousands) Name of 1974 Census . Province District Locality Pop. 1982 1985 1990 1995 2000 Thousands
C/F 97.9 139.1 159.0 198.6 246.6 307.5 Eastern Kono Gandorhun 2.9 4.1 4.7 5.9 7.3 9.1 (cont.) Koidu/New Sembehun 75.8 107.8 123.0 153.3 191.0 238.1 Bendu 2.0 2.8 3.2 4.0 5.0 6.3 Peyima 5.4 7.7 8.8 10.9 13.6 17.0 Tombodu 4.6 6.5 7.5 9.3 11.6 14.4 Bumpeh 4.7 6.7 7.6 9.5 11.8 14.8 Jaiama Minikoko 3.9 5.5 6.3 7.9 9.8 12.2 Motema 5.5 7.8 8.9 11.1 13.9 17.3 Seidu 4.5 6.4 7.3 9.1 11.3 14.1 Yengema 14.8 21.0 24.0 29.9 37.3 46.5 Jaiama Sewali 5.4 7.7 8.8 10.9 13.6 17.0 Masa Bendu 3.7 5.3 6.0 7.5 9.3 11.6 Kayima 2.5 3.6 4.1 5.1 6.3 7.9 Tebuya 4.7 6.7 7.6 9.5 11.8 14.8
_Yomadu 7.5 10.7 12.2 15.2 18.9 3..6 Sub-Total 245.8 349.4 399.0 497.7 619.1 772.2
Northern Bombali Makeni 26.8 38.1 43.5 54.2 67.5 84.2 Kamakwe 4.8 6.8 7.8 9.7 12.1 15.1
Kambia Kukuma 3.0 4.3 4.9 6.1 7.61 9.4 Kambia 5.7 8.1 9.3 11.5 14.4 17.9 Rokup 5.8 8.2 9.4 11.7 14.6 18.2 Mambolo 3.9 5.5 6.3 7.9 9.8 12.2 Kassirie 3.3 4.7 5.4 6.7 8.3 10.4 Yaliboya 2.2 3.1 3.6 4.4 5.5 6.9
Koinadugu Bindi 2.2 3.1 3.6 4.4 5.5 6.9 Alakalia 2.1 3.0 3.4 4.2 5.3 6.6 Yogomaia 2.5 3.6 4.1 5.1 6.3 7.9 Gberia Fortomb 2.3 3.3 3.7 4.7 5.8 7.2 Kabala 7.8 11.1 12.7 15.8 19.7 24.5 Port Loko Lungi 4.8 6.8 7.8 9.7 12.1 15.1 Pepel 4.5 6.4 7.3 9.1 11.3 14.1 Port Loko 10.5 14.9 17.0 21.2 26.5 33.0 Labour Camp 2.3 3.3 3.7 4.7 5.8 7.2 Lunsar 16.7 23.7 27.1 33.8 42.1 52.4
Tonkolili Yele 2.7 3.8 4.4 5.5 6.8 8.5 Magburaka 10.3 14.6 16.7 20.8 26.0 32.3 Masingba 4.8 6.8 7.8 9.7 12.1 15.1 lYonibana 2.4 3.4 3.9 4.9 6.0 7.5 Sub-Total 131.4 186.6 213.4 265.8 331.1 412.6 I TOTAL POPULATION 752.4 1,068.9 1,222.7 1,521.6 1,894.6 2,361.8
Note: Slight discrepancies between the totals shown above and the Urban Population figures indicated in Table I are due to rounding of individual locality populations.
Source: 1974 Census and Mission Estimates. Annex 2
REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE
Registered Cases of Communicable Diseases in Sierra Leone (Top Ten) Out of 119,764 Recorded Cases in 1979
DISEASE CASES
Malaria 79,991 66.78
Helminthiasis 16,554 13.81
Gonorrhoeal Infection 5,973 4.98
Diarrhoeas 5,612 4.69
Measles 4,102 3.43
Schistosomiasis 1,674 1.40
Pertussis 1,424 1.19
Chicken Pox 1,408 1.18
Onchocerciasis 1,279 1.07
Tetanus 692 0.58
Others 1,055 0.88
TOTAL 119,764 100.00
Source: Country Profile (Health) 1980 (Out-Patient-Services). Annex 3 REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE
Guma Valley Water Company - Organisation Chart
BOARD
General Manager
Chief Engineer Financial Controller Personnel Officer
Deputy Chief Deputy Financial Engineer Controller
Guma Valley Senior Engineer Treatment WorkslT Debt Senior Accountant Senior Accountant Collector (Income) (Expenditure)
ISn.Sup.) (Sen. Supervisor Super Distribution Mechanical Waste Control Construction Cashier Accounts Accountant Stores (Sen. Sup.) (Sen. Sup.) (Sup.) Engineer Supervisor Supervisor
Mains Civil
Source: GVWC
x Annex 4
Water Supply Division, Ministry of Energy and Power
Simplified Organizational Chart
Ministry of Energy and Power
Permanent Secretary
Chief Engineer Water Supply Division
Assistant Chief Engineer
Freetown Energy Water Resources Water Supply Operation and Rural Water Sewerage (renewable) Investigation and Maintenance Supply Unit Design I I
Sen. Engineer (Civil) I l Eng. (Civil) Sen. Eng. (Mech.) Sen. Sup.(Elec.) Sen. Sup. (op.) Eng. (Mech.) l l 2 Eng. Assts. Chief Draftsman Drawing Office Staff 7 Regional Offices
Source: WSD. REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE Annex 5 Northern Province - Treated Water Supplies page I DATA MAIN ITEM4SOF EQUIPMENr INSTALLED NN4ECTIONS STORAGE S T A F F 1981. OPERATING PRODUC- COSTS (Ic O000 DISTRICTOF NAME LOW T~~~TMEWERNIGH D124 LNGh o p HM DISTRICTNAElION,LM.LNT ~~SOURCE TRPOAERMLIFTLIFT w TAF FE .> SOURCE PLANT PPS (o) KM ..* CHEAFMUE SUPPLY o PUM4PS 3 .. a 5. P. $ R 3 u4 5.5 *o ICALS - ~~~~~~~~~(_ /HR) (oWR
NEW 80- 74.9 495 31 Steel AG 2727 1 1 - 3 10 56 170,700 78.0 23.2 2.3 BOMBALI NAkIENI 1961 R. KINSHU 100 Electri- PLANT OUTOF 6 SOHMESSION AND city PLANT OF 3 0. /HR CAPACITY 400 6.L. UNDERCONSTRUCTION. - 1 - I - 11 28,000 16.0 24.6 3.7 KAMAIWE 1968 R. KABBA 150 2 X 175 2 X 100 1 Pulsator 2 X 100 80- 4.24 42 - 2 RC + 150 XVA (Subinr- 2 Filters 250 1 Steel or 750 Diesel sible) iOn. Towets - - 2 11 15,300 13.0 9.3 0.7 BATKANU- 1967 R. MABOLE 100 2 X 130 2 X 100 1 Pulsator 2 X 100 80- 2.03 6 5 2 Steel 300 - - MATEBOI EVA (Subomer- 2 Filters 200 on Towers 200 (Non-urban Diesel sible) 1974 Pop. 1%4) Steel on 300 - I - - 2 8 62,150 14.0 13.9 1.5 KAMBIA RAISIA 1976 R. KOLENE 100 2 X 130 2KX 100 I Pulsator 2 X100 30- 9.17 153 18 EVA (Submoer- 2 N. Filtera 200 iOn. Tower Diesel sible)
500' - - I - - 14 26,150 16.0 8.0 1.4 AMABOLO 1972 WELLS 100 2 X 80 RN. - 2 X 100 80- 6.51 20 18 Steel Diesel 200 Elevated - 1 - 2 13 20,300 17.0 9.5 1.1 KASSIRIE- 1972 R. RABBA 100 2 X 100 4 X 100 I Pulsator 2 X 100 W/A NIA 30 30 Steel 300 - KYCHUM EVA (Submear. 2 Filters Elevated Diesel sible)
Ground 500 - I - - 1 17 96,000 22.0 16.9 4.1 KOINADUGU RABAIA 1975 RIVER 150 2 x 45 2 X 150 1 Pulsator 2 X 150 N/A NIA g/A WA RC EVA (Submer- 3 H.Filters Diesel Steel "1 10 Diesel sible) Steel on 7 ZOot Tower
K Steel 300 1 1 - - 3 29 84.750 40.0 13.8 2.3 PORT LOKO FORT LOKO 1976 BANROKO 150 2 X 126 2 X 150 1 Pulsator 2 X 150 60- 11.47 250 45 2 RIVFR EVA (Submter- 3 H.Filters 300 on 12.5m 25 Diesel sible) Towers
- I - - 3 13 38,100 20.0 11.7 1.3 LUNSAR 1976 RIVER 150 2 X 124 3 X 75 1 Pulsator 2 X 150 100- 3.96 206 31 Steel on 650 EVA (Submer. 2 Filters 200 ZOn. Tower Diesel sible)
Steel 300 - 1 - - 1 10 42,300 15.0 11.0 1.0 TONKOLILI YELE 1972 RIVER 50 2 X 65 4 X 25 1 Pulsator 3 X 25 NWA NIA 20 12 EVA (Subm.er- 2 Filters Elevated Diesel sible) - I - - 2 15 188,000 20.0 23.1 3.5 HA.OBURAEA 1980 R. SELI 150 2 X 130 2 X 150 1 Pulsator 2 X 150 80- NWA 203 35 Steel on 300 EVA (Submer. 3 H.Filters 300 IOn Tower Diesel sible) Limoe/Ch/ Steel on 750 - - - - 1 16 78,000 17.0 9.9 1.1 YoNiBANA 1975 WELLS 50 2 X 50 3 X 25 Chemical 3 X 25 WA WiA 72 22 :5 EVA (Subtor.. Dosing lOts Tower Diesel sible) Only
- - - 1 11 43,600 12.0 8.2 0.5 O0 CD MAKALI 1967 R. MAYOLO0100 21X65 2X100 2 Filters 2 X 100 80- 1.75 12 5 Steel 300 - 150 Elevated (D X (Non-Urban EVA (Suber- L 1974 Pop. Diesel sible) 1302)
TOTALS 30.08. 24.5 REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE Annex 5 poge 2 Esattin Province - Treated Water Supplies
MAIN ITEMS OF EQUIPMENTINSTALLED CON STORAGE S T A F F 1981 OPERATING DATA
NAMEOF SUC -LOW HIGH . *PODC OSS(a'1 -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ DISTRICI SOURCE TYP ~~~~~~~~z4..a0 PRDC CSS(L DISTRICT SUPPLY .- PSPOWERot sLIFT TREATHENT LIFT DYAY. LENGO y5E- N SA F 51 ~~ -IcE SOURCE PU SSPUASFSFUEL Em EM- (ix I (olN) '. . ICALS
KAILAHUN SEGBWEMA 1968 FL.MALE 150 2 X 175 . 2 X 100 I Pulsator 2 X 100 80-250 11.06 80 35 Steel 750 - I _ 1I 10 66,000 14.0 8.3 1.0 KVA (Subler- 2 Filters on lOin Diesel sible) Tower
BUEDU 1968 R. KEYA 50 2 X 50 2 X 50 1 Pulsator 2 X 50 60-200 7.86 53 12 Steel 500 _ - _ 1 11 18,000 14.0 9.5 1.2 KVA (Subeer- 2 Filters an Owm Diesel sible) Tower
KAILAHUN 1982 RIVER 150 2 X 63 2 X 150 1 Pulsator 2 X 150 60-200 9.44 38 20 Steel N/A - I - 2 1 7 N/A 15.0 9.6 1.3 KVA (Submer- 3 Filters on lOsm Diesel sible) Tower
PENDEMBU 1968 R. NYEYA 100 2 X 160 2 X 100 I Pulsator 2 X 100 80-250 5.43 75 20 Steel 500 - - - I 1 10 52,800 13.0 9.7 0.9 KVA (Submer- I Filter on 25m Diesel sible) Tower
KENEMA KENEMA 1981 R. MOA 400 Electri- 2 X 400 1 Pulsator 2 X 400 80-300 40.51 783 30 1 R.C. 1000 1 1 3 - 3 42 170,000 57.0 N/A 3.1 city (Subimer- 5 Filters at G.L. sible) 1 Steel 250 at G.L.
BLAMA 1970 R. WANGI 100 2 X 130 2 X 100 1 Pulsator 2 X 100 80-250 16.81 53 25 Steel 750 _ I - 12 75,500 14.0 12.2 0.9 KVA (Subeer- 2 Filters on lOsm Diesel sible) Tower
KONO KOIDU- 1975 R. MOINDE 720 Electri- 2 X 720 2 Pulsators 2 X 684 N/A N/A 601 55 GL Steel 2727 _ 1 1 5 45 591.000 55.0 N/A 24.7 -YENCEMA city (Submer- 8 Filters Steel on sible) 10m Tower 750
TOTALS 182.0 49.3 33.1
cDmm x
t- t-n Annex 5 REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE page 3 Southern Province - Treated Water Supplies
HAINEQIPHENTlIES OF ISTALLEDCONNEC_ STORAGE S T A F F 1981 OPERATING DATA
(L'00 DISTRICT HAEOF :j SOURCE z - HIGH 4. , PRODUCCOT ~LOW - Tg HM NAME -. ; OWE LIFT TREATMENT LIFT DIAM. LENGTH TYPE 0 SUPPLY~ ~~~ ~~ ~ POWER PLANT~~~~rpsKm > m STAFF FUEL ICALS SUPPLY ~~~~SOURCEPUs.LATe a. TI , m 50. __THR) _ 92.0 14.1 12.9 BO BO 1956 E. SEWA 1OO Electri- NIA 1ISed.Tank N/A N/ g/A 1170 50 R.C. at 2727 1 2 4 - 9 63 135,000 1982 360 city and 1IPulsator G.L. (partly Standby 6 Filters Comsit- Generators ssitoned 27,600 14.0 6.9 1.1 SUNHBUYA 1967 R. SEWA 100 2 X 100 2 X 100 1IPulsator 2 X 100 g/A NIA 52 17 Steel 500 - - - - 10 KVA (Submer- 2 Filters on bra Diesel sible) Tower 14.0 13.9 1.1 BONTUE MATTRU 1967 R. JONG 150 2 X1175 2 X 100 1IPulsator 2 X 100 N/A N/A 120 24 Steel 750 - - . - 11 59,400 KVA (Submer- 2 Filters on lOin Diesel sible) Tower
21.0 12.6 1.6 MOYARBA ROTIFUNK 1970 R. MAMBO 100 2 E 130 21X1100 1IPulsator 21X100 14.06 RO N/A 2 Steel 750 - 1 2 - 1 12 10,000 KVA (Submer- 2 Filters -250 at G.L. 200 Diesel sible)
11.9 1.4 MNAIO 1967 R. TAIA 100 2 X 100 2 X1100 1IPulsator 2 X 100 N/A N/A 82 11 Steel 750 - 1 - - 1 15 59,400 20.0 EVA (Submer- 2 Filters on Tower Diesel sible) 2.2 MOYAMBA 1956 R. YAMISA 50 Electri- N/A 1 Sed.Tank N/A N/A N/A 230 N/A N/A N/A 1 - 1 - 1 25 313.300 32.0 N/A 1982 -TUIE 200 city S Pressure (under Filters constrr) 0.8 TA AIMA 1975 R. TAICA 50 2 X145 2 X 50 1 Pulsator 2 X150 N/A N/A 64 20 Steel 250 - - I - 1 10 30,700 15.0 9.2 EVA (Submoer-2 Filters on Tower Diesel sible) - 7.9 0.9 PUJEHUN POTORU 1968 R. MASSAIU 100 2 X 130 2 X 50 1 Pulsator 2 X 150 N/A N/A 36 16 Steel on5 300… … … … … … - … 87,000 EVA Diesel (SutTey - 1Filter 10:s Tower Pulsator 2 X 150 N/A N/A 190 53 Steel on 600 I-1 - - 15 126,000 18.0 9.8 0.7 PUJIHUN 1974 R. WANJE 150 21j 150 2 11150 1 OCm Tower KV.Diel ($5ajryeJ AFilters 17.0 9.9 .0.8 SHERBRO BONTHE 1975 WELLS 150 2 E 100 5XI 17 Chemical 2 X 100 80- 8.53 45 N/A Steel on 750 I 1 - 2 9 26,000 EVA Diesel (S ~- Dosing only (2 X 50) 25020 Toe
Jii0o{ 1969 WELLS 50 2 X180EKVA Chemical 2 X 50 N/A, N/A 14 7 Steel on 650 - - - - 1 9 30.000 10.0 1.6 0.2 BAGBO Diesel Doasing only 20m .Iower (Non-Urban
6.6 0.7 GEANGBATOKE 1967 R. CBANDI 100 2 X1100 2 X150 1 Pulsator 3 X150 80- 3.32 18 N/A Steel on 300 - 1 11 30,500 13.0 KVA (Submer- I Filter 200 lOinTower (Non-UrbanDisl ibe 1974 Pop. of 1681)
WToaS 266.0 1O11.4 24.43 - - O~~~~QDmx(D LI) US Annex 5 REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE page 4
Western Area - Treated Water Supplies
MAIN ITEMS OF EQUIPMENTINSTALLED MAINS CONNECTIONS STORAGE S T A F F 1981 OPERATING DATA
NAMEESUEPOWER L TREATMENT HIGH DIAN. LENGTH DISTRICT P .l I PRODUC- COSTS (Le 000) SUPPLY in.- T7PETYPrTION eu SOURCE PUMPS LIFI wn,~ 00 PLANT (no) Km E, 4 ~4U3 3 TF UL tE (3, ,IP innTFFE,E ( R)(R) ) . W ICALS
WESTERN SON3O 1971 WELLS 50 2 X 65 Chemical 4 R 17 IVA IVA NIA N/A Steel 300 1 3 32 41,000 41.0 9.1 1.0 AREA (Non- KVA Dosers on 15m Urban Diesel only Tower 1974 Pop. 1612)
G TTALS 41.0 353 .0
SUHMARY
EASTEFtN ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~300.0183.1 24.5
Nntc. The estimated populations of individual towns are listed in Annex 1. Table Ill. MEPclaims that Ln each case the supply iL available to the total population.
Source: WSD
(DXI .0-u-I Annex 6
REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE
Untreated Water Supplies
Name of Year of Pop. ('000) Type of Province District Supply Installation 1974 1982 Supply
Western Area Hastings 1972 2.6 3.7 Gravity
Western Area Tombo 1970 2.3 3.3 Gravity
Northern Koinadugu Alikalia 1979 2.1 3.0 Gravity
In addition to the above 3 supplies which serve urban areas, a further 36 systems are in existence in smaller localities. This latter group is distributed as follows:-
Total No. No. Population ('000) Province District No. of Gravity Pumped Supplies 1974 1982
Northern Bombali 4 4 0 2.1 2.5
Koinadugu 7 6 1 8.6 10.3
Port Loko 1 0 1 0.9 1.1
Tonkolili 2 2 0 3.0 3.6
Southern Bo 2 1 1 6.0 7.2
Moyamba 1 1 0 1.0 1.2
Eastern Kailahun 5 5 0 5.7 6.8
Kenema 3 3 0 3.4 4.1
Western Area . 11 10 1 10.4 12.5
Source: MEP Annex 7
REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE
Localities under Study within EEC Water Supply Project
Bo District Bombali District
U 1 Bumbpe 30 Binkolo 2 Tikondo 31 Rokulan 3 Mongheri 32 Masungbo 33 Kamabai
Bonthe District Kambia District
4 Torma Bum U 34 Kukuna 5 Kabati U 35 Yali Boya 36 Tombo Walla Moyamba District Koinadugu District 6 Bauya 7 Kangahur 37 Yifin 8 Njama U 38 Gberia Fotombu 9 Shenge 39 Wallia 10 Sembehun 40 Bindou
Pujehun District Port Loko District
11 Zimi 41 Foredugu 12 Sahn 42 Kalangba 13 Sulima 43 Manga
Kailahun District Tonkolili District
14 Baiima 44 Mabonto U 15 Giehun 45 Bumbuna 16 Sandialu 46 Petifu 17 Mambomo 47 Bendugu
Kenema District Western Area
18 Panguma 48 Newton U 19 Pendabu 49 Dublin (Ban. Isi.) 20 Konta 50 Ricketts (Ban. Isl.) U 21 Lango 22 Lalehun 23 Hangha
Kono District
U 24 Gandorhun U 25 Jaiama U 26 Massa Bendu U 27 Peyima U 28 Tombudu U 29 Tefeya
U - Urban Places
Source: IWACO Bu Consulting Engineers. Annex 8 REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE
Well Programmes included in Integrated Agricultural Development Projects
Name of Funding Phasing Funds Allocated No. of Wells No. of Wells Project Agencies in Project Completed
Northern IADP Ph.I IDA/IBRD/GOSL 1976-81 Le. 70,0001/ 200 247 (Additional Wells Completed within finance available)
Northern IADP Ph.II IDA/ADF/IFAD/UN/GOSL 1981-86 Le. 851,500 3002/ Project under preparation
Eastern IADP Ph.II IDA/IBRD/GOSL 1981 US$ 632,3003/ 20 20
Eastern IADP Ph. III IDA/BADEA/ADF/UN/GOSL 1981-86 Le. 846,000 300 10
Koinadugu IADP Ph.I EDF/GOSL 1978-82 Le. 90,0004/ 50 35
Koinadugu IADP Ph.II UNDP/EEC/GOSL 1983-86 Le. 645,000 175 Project under Preparation us$ 1,500,OOO./
Moyamba IADP ADF/GOSL 1979-84 Le. 700,000 100 Project will start late '82
Mogbosi IADP IFAD/GOSL 1980-84 Le. 450,000 300 30
Bo/Pujehun IADP GTZ/GOSL 1982-84 Le. 2,072,0006/ 200 Project under Preparation
Kambia/Bonthe IADP ILO/DANIDA/GOSL 1982-83 Le. 58,000 14 Project will start late '80
Moyamba IADP CARE/GOSL 1982-85 Le. 600,000 125 15
1/ Figure does not represent full costs. 2/ May increase to 400. 3/ Funding also covers equipment, transport, offices, training, etc. 4/ Additional UNDP funding of US$ 900,000 provided to December 1982. 5/ UNDP funding not as yet finally committed. 6/ Project includes environment sanitation, infrastructure etc. and awaits final approval by late 1982. X Source: MEP and Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.X Annex 9
REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE
Scope of GOPA Contract for Freetown Solid Wastes Project
Contract Value DM 7 million signed in April 1982. Loan Terms 50 years at 0.75 per cent with 10-year grace period.
Equipment to be supplied:-
8 Refuse trucks 2 Station wagons 32 Refuse trailers 2 Sludge pumps 4 Tractors Spares for all vehicles and plants 2 Cess pit emptiers Repair workshop equipment 3 Dump Trucks Protective clothing 2 Crawler shovels
GOPA will:-
Prepare the Tender Documents for the plant and equipment Analyse and evaluate the tenders Prepare work schedule Provide advisory services Put equipment into operation Provide technical advice on maintenance Operate project for 18 months Prepare study for controlled tipping.
Additional KfW funding will be available for:-
Introduction of controlled tipping Provision of incinerator for hazardous wastes Introduction of alternative excreta disposal to eliminate bucket system Provision of oxidization pond for septic tank disposal Comfort stations.
Source: MOH REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE Annex 10 page 1 National Action Plan 1981-1990 Phase I (1981 - 1986)
1 COVERAGE PROGRAMME (IN LE TiHOUSANDS)
Item Description Total 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
1. Upgrading and extension of exist 3,180 - 50 500 700 930 1,000 ting Water Supply Systems.
2 New Water Sup- ply Systeriis. 13,250 200 350 700 2,500 3,500 6,000
3 Support services 7,780 180 600 1,500 2,000 2,000 1.500
4 Sanitation 2.600 - - 100 500 500 1,500
Total 26,810 380 1,000 2,800 5:700 6,930 10,000 (Off-shore) (10,140) - (500) (300) (3,040) (3.200) (3,100)
2. SUPPORT PROGRAMME
item Description Total 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
1 Water qiantity study etc 889 189 300 200 200 - -
2 Hydrogeological survey 350 - 60 190 100 - -
3 Development re- sources etc. 1 860 60 400 400 400 400 200
4 Instititional Study 33 - 33 - - - -
6 Financial Study 33 - 33 - - - -
6 Educztiorn-Health Community Parti- c;pation 355 70 85 85 85 30 - 7 Master plan pre- par&ticn etc. 500 - 300 200 -
8 Sanitation - Data Collection 280 60 140 35 10 35 -
Total 4,303 379 1351 1110 795 465 200 (Off-shore) (2159) (285)(1,079) (795) Annex 10 REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE page 2
Phase II (1987-1990) - Programme Table II
COVERAGE PROGIRAMME (1981 CONSTANT LEONES Thousands)
Item bescription Total 1987 1988 1989 1930
1. Upgrading and ex- tension of exis- ting water supply systems. 3,620 1.300 1.320 500 500
2 New Water Sup- ply Systems. 31,850 6,430 6,600 9.000 9.920
3 Support services 1,000 500 500 - -
4 Sanitation 9,600 2,000 2,000 2,600 3,000
Total 46,070 10,230 10,320 12,100 13,420
(Off-shore) (10.980) (3,080) (3,500) (2.300) (2,100).
2) SUPPORT PROGRAMMPE
Total 197 1988 1989 1S)0
1 Developing human resources etc. 140 140 - - -
Total 140 140 - - -
(Off-shore) (100) (1CO) REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE Annex 10 page 3 National Action Plan 1981/1990
1) PROPOSED EXPENDITURE
PHASE I PHASE II
Item Description xnptnditure Population Expenditure Po-pulation (Le.000) Benefiting (Le.000) Benefiting
1 Urban Water Supply systems 4.710 80,000 6,790 130,000
2. Rural Water Supply 8.540 500,000 25,060 1,600,000
3. Urban Sanitation 2.000 500,000 8,000
4. Rural Sanitation 6C00 - 1,600
5. Upqrading existing systems 3,180 150,0C0 3,620 350.000
6 Supporting Services 7,780 1,000 -
2) EXPECTED COVEERAGE AT END OF PLAN
Item YEAR 1981 1986 1990
1. Percentage of total popu- lation with drinking water 14.2 33 75
2. Percentage of rural popu- lation with drinking water 2 20 70
3 Percentage of Urban popu- lation with drinking water 50 65 100
4. Percentage of Urban popu- la:ion with excreta dispo- Not Known - 100 sal facility
5. Percentage of Rural popu- lation with excreta dispo- Not Known _ 50 sal facilities. Annex 11 REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE
Water Supply Division Investment Programme FY 1974-75 Through FY 1980-81 (Leones Thousand)
Up to 1974-79 1974-79 1975-76 1976-77 1977 78 1978-79 1979-80 1975-80 1980-81 1981-82 30.6.75 Estimate Revised A C T U A L Revised Estimate
1. Degremont urban water supply schemes (WSS) 8 599 11 203 18 000 1 469 183 816 535 2000 5 003 2 600 1 250
2. Replacement and extens. existing WSS 20 100 440 21 58 51 64 50 244 - -
3. Provincial villages' WSS 60 100 270 25 10 19 sO 100 234 80 50
4. Rural villages' WS - Western area 25 100 - 21 I 1 21 47 91 20 _
5. Study on storm water sanitary sewage, solid waste disposal - 315 375 48 291 30 19 24 412 30 _
6. Surface water investigation - 180 216 - - - 3 - 3 _ 5
7. Groundwater investigation - 250 300 - 8 - 4 - 12 _ 5
8. Pipe-borne WSS, Makassa - 50 150 - - I 10 - 11 _
9. Pipe-borne, WSS Lungi - 100 120 - - - 51 10 61 _ 70
10. Regional centres, WSD - 450 540 - - 23 55 60 138 _ -
11. Mano River bridge post water supply - 160 192 - - - 120 24 144 _ 40
12. Serabu WS scheme - 100 400 _ - - - 80 80 20 20
13. Small villages' WSS - 4 000 4 500 - - _ _ 25 25 750 1 060
14. Njala WS scheme - 3 400 _- - - - 540 600
15. Fully-treated WSS - provinces - 24 000 ______1 500 1 950
16. Mano River Basin study - 75 90 _- -
17. WS scheme to SLEC - - - ______25
18. EDF/NAO rural WS Project - - - ______10
19. Water Bowser - - - _ _ 50
20. Other - - - ______
Total 8 704 44 583 25 593 1 584 551 941 962 2420 6 458 5 540 5 140
Memo: Total Government Development Expenditure (millions) 38.88 34.44 20.72 35.44 100.44 229.92 72.49
Source: MDEP Annex 12 page 1
REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE
Water Supply/Sanitation Sector Investment Programme, 1981-86 (In Current Prices) (Leones Thousand)
Expected Projected expediture during Total Project-service source of funds 81-82 82-83 83-84 84-85 85-86 81-86
A. Upgrading & Total 1 250 150 - - - 1 400 extension of Domestic 750 150 _ - - 900 existing systems Foreign 500 - - - - 500
B. Total T 3 670 3 180 2 110 3 000 4 500 16 460 new D 1 210 1 050 910 1 240 1 800 6210 systems F 2 460 2 130 1 200 1 760 2 700 10 250
(i) 3 new systems T - 50 300 500 500 1 350 (5000-10 000 D - 20 120 200 200 540 population) F - 30 180 300 300 180
(ii) 13 new systems T - 50 200 500 1 000 1 750 (3000-5000 D - 50 80 200 300 630 population) F - _ 120 300 700 1 120
(iii) 16 new systems T 20 50 500 500 1 070 (2000-3000 D - 20 50 200 200 470 population) F - - - 300 300 600
(iv) 118 new T 2 610 2 000 500 500 1 000 6 610 systems D 750 500 200 200 400 2 050 1000-2000 F 1 860 1 500 300 300 600 4 560 population)
(v) 5750 wells T 1 060 1 060 1 060 1 000 1 500 5680 (100-1000 D 460 460 460 440 700 2 520 population) F 600 600 600 560 800 3 160 Annex 12 page 2 (Leones Thousand)
Expected Projected expediture during Total Project-service source of funds 81-82 82-83 83-84 84-85 85-86 81-86
C. Total support T 189 1 456 2 575 2 785 2 485 9 490 programme D 89 776 1 245 1 140 1 635 4 885 F 100 680 1 330 1 645 850 4605
(i) Support services T - 600 1 500 2 000 2 000 6 100 D _ 600 1 000 940 1 500 4040 F - - 500 1 060 500 2060
(ii) Water quality T 189 300 200 200 - 889 surveillance D 89 100 50 50 - 289 F 100- 200 150 150 - 600
(iii) Hydrological T - 60 190 100 - 350 survey D - 10 40 15 - 65 F - 50 150 85 - 285
(iv) Human resources T - 60 400 400 400 1 260 development D - 10 100 100 100 310 F - 50 300 300 300 950
(v) Institutional T - 33 - - - 33 change D - 3 - - - 3 F - 30 - - - 30
(vi) Financial T - 33 - - - 33 studies D - 3 - - 3 F - 30 - - - 30
(vii) Health T - 70 85 85 85 325 education, D - 20 35 35 35 125 community particip. F - 50 50 50 50 200
(viii) Preparation T - 300 200 _ _ 500 of master plans, D - 30 20 _ _ 50
standard designs F - 270 180 _ - 450 Annex 12 page 3 (Leones Thousand)
Expected Projected expediture during Total Project-service source of funds 81-82 82-83 83-84 84-85 5-86 81-86
D. Total, Sanitation T - 60 240 535 535 1 370 D - 25 190 505 505 1 225 F - 35 50 30 30 145
(i) Sanitation, T - _ 100 500 500 1 100 general D - _ 100 500 500 1 100 F ______
(ii) Pilot studies, T - 60 140 35 35 270 sanitation D _ 25 90 5 5 125 alternatives F - 35 50 30 30 145
Grand Total T 5 109 4 846 4 925 6 320 7 520 28 720 (excluding GVWC) D 2 049 2 001 2 345 2 885 3 940 13 220 for A + B + C + D F 3 060 2 845 2 580 3 435 3 580 15 500
E. Guma Valley Water T 996 8 782 4 719 1 266 1 336 17 095 Company (total) D 517 5 610 2 798 1 012 1 049 10 986 F 479 3 172 1 921 254 287 6 113
(i) Stage-I works T 286 7 133 - - - 7 419 D - 4 542 - - - 4542 F 286 2 591 - - - 2 877
(ii) Introduction of T 56 825 662 - - 1 543 universal metering D _ 551 420 - - 971 F 56 274 242 - - 572
(iii) Stage-II T _ 170 3 424 633 703 4 930 1983-85, i.e. 50% D - 1 878 512 549 2 939 of estimated total) F _ 170 1 546 121 154 1 991
(iv) Distribution T 654 654 633 633 633 3 207 extension D 517 517 500 500 500 2 534 F 137 137 133 133 133 673 Annex 12 page 4 (Leones Thousand)
Summary: Investment Expected Projected Expenditure during Total Programme, 1981-86 Sources - of Funds 81-82 82-83 83-84 84-85 85-86 81-86
A: Upgrading and T 1 250 150 - - - 1 400 extension of existing D 750 150 - _ _ 900 systems F 500 - - - -. 500
B: Total new systems T 3 670 3 180 2 110 3 000 4 500 16 460 D 1 210 1 050 910 1 240 1 800 6 210 F 2 460 2 130 1 200 1 760 2 700 10 250
C: Total support T 189 1 456 2 575 2 785 2 485 9490 programme D 89 776 1 245 1 140 1 635 4 885 F 100 680 1 330 1 645 850 4605
D: Sanitation T - 60 240 535 535 1 370 D _ 25 190 505 505 1225 F - 35 50 30 30 145
E: Guma Valley Water T 996 8 782 4 719 1 266 1 336 17 099 Company D 517 5 610 2 798 1 012 1 049 10 986 F 479 3 172 1 921 254 287 6 113
Grand Total (A + B + T 6 105 3 6289 644 7 586 8 856 45 819 C + D + E) D 2 566 7 611 5 143 3 897 4 989 24 206 F 3 539 6 017 4 501 3 689 3 867 21 613
Source: MDEP Annex 13
REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE
GVWC - Value of Items in Store (Le'ooo)
Date Item
31 October 1980 31 October 1981
Pipes 191.5 201.0
Fittings 106.0 124.5
Chemicals 13.7 117.5
General Stores 48.5 18.0
Stock Suspense 9.0 _
TOTAL 368.7 461.0
Less Obsolete 36.5 36.5 Stock
TOTAL VALUE 332.2 424.5
Source: GVWC Annex 14
REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE
GVWC Water Rates as of November 1981
1. General water rate: 36c in Le 1.00
2. Unmetered water rate (per annum):
(i) for first tap Le 4.00;
(ii) for each of the next four taps, showers or water heaters Le 1.25;
(iii) for each of the next five taps, showers or water heaters Le 0.95;
(iv) for each of any number of taps, showers or water heaters in excess of 10 Le 0.65;
(v) for each water closet Le 5.00.
3. Metered water rate and swimming pools:
(a) Industrial/commercial/ institutional Le 2.20 per 1000 gallons;
(b) schools, colleges, etc. Le 0.82 per 1000 gallons;
(c) railway and military Le 0.82 per 1000 gallons;
(d) shipping Le 3.30 per 1000 gallons;
(e) swimming pool charge (per annum) Le 100.00.
4. Meter rent: SIE LE 1.00 per quarter per inch diameter.
5. Minimum charge outside city boundary where (1) and (2) do not apply: Le 28.50.
Source: GVWC. Annex 15 Table I REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE
GUMA VALLEY WATER COMPANY Balance Sheet at 31 October 1977 Through 1981 (Leones Thousand)
1977 1978 1979 1980 1981
Fixed Assets 9,783 10,105 9,882 10,141 9,933 Capital Work in Progress 554 85 185 3,366 5,270 Investments 224 214 204 693 182 Special Reserve Investments 480 480 480 480 480
Total 11,041 10,884 10,751 14,680 15,865
Current Assets: Stores 252 259 332 391 464 Debtors for Water Provisions 594 505 807 729 990 Other Debtors and Prepayments 27 52 69 160 884 Cash and Bank Balance 219 708 1,211 592 746 Current Assets (Total) 1,092 1,524 2,479 1,872 3,084
Current Liabilities: Creditors and Accruals 265 434 887 819 1,099
Net Current Assets 827 1,090 1,532 1,054 1,985 Net Assets (Total) 11,868 11,974 12,283 15,734 17,850
Financed by:
Share Capital 5,469 5,469 5,469 5,469 5,469 Reserves 2,034 2,391 2,418 2,221 4,202 7,503 7,860 7,887 7,690 9,671 Loan 915 813 833 3,968 4,917 Debentures 3,450 3,301 3,563 4,076 3,262
Total 11,868 11,974 12,283 15,734 17,850 Annex 15 Table II REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE
GUMA VALLEY WATER COMPANY Revenue Account at 31 October 1977 Through 31 October 1981 (Leones Thousand)
1977 1978 1979 1980 1981
Revenue: Revenue from Water 1,536 1,665 2,042 2,362 3,256 Sundry Revenue 213 208 239 567 309 Expenses and Provisions: 1,749 1,873 2,281 2,929 3,565 Operating Costs 170 201 243 304 344 Repairs and Maintenance 165 216 270 327 331 Administrative Expenses 199 232 253 314 337 Other Expenses 94 123 125 143 224 Financial Charges and Provisions 719 744 1,363 2,038 1,208 1,347 1,516 2,254 3,126 2,444 Surplus (deficit) before Debentures Redemption 402 357 27 (197) 1,121
Transfer to Debenture Redemption Reserve 139 149 181 223 202
(Deficit) after Debenture redemption 263 208 (154) (420) 919
Accumulated Surplus/Deficit Brought Forward 69 182 390 236 (184)
Accumulated (deficit) Surplus Carried Forward 182 390 236 (184) 735 Annex 15 Table III REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE
GUMA VALLEY WATER COMPANY Statement of Source and Application of Funds at 31 October 1977 Through 31 October 1981 (Leones Thousand)
1977 19.78 19-79- 1980 1981 Source of Funds
Surplus (deficit before Debenture Redemption 402 357 27 (197) 1,121
Adjustments for Items not involving the Movement of Funds = Loss on Exchange _ - 547 962 Depreciation 247 257 279 280 335 Profit on Sale of Fixed Assets (2) (2) (1) (5) (5)
Total Generated from Operations 647 612 852 1,040 1,451 Funds from Other Sourses: Proceeds from Sale of Fixed Assets 2 2 1 5 5 Loan Repayment - Trelawney Sites Ltd. 9 9 10 11 12 African Development Bank Loans - - - 1,055 448 Caisse Centrale-Loan _ - - 1,711 876 Total Sources 658 623 863 3,822 2,792
Application of Funds
Debentures Redeemed 139 148 181 - 210 Loans Repaid - AfDB 73 73 83 113 119 Other - Sierra Leone Govt. - 29 - - _ Purchase of Treasury Bills - - - 500 _ Purchase of Fixed Assets 249 109 157 3,687 2,032 Total Applications 461 359 421 4,300 2,361 197 264 442 (478) 431 Increase (decrease) in Working Capital Stocks 39 8 72 59 73 Debtors - (64) 318 14 984 Creditors _ 170 (452) 68 (280) 39 114 (62) 141 777 Movements in Net Liquid Funds = Cash and Bank Balances _ 504 (619) 346 442 (478) 431
(-) Not Available
Source: GVWC and Howard Hymphreys Consultants Report on Freetown Water Supply, December 1980. Annex 15 Table IV
REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE
Breakdown of 1980/81 GVWC's Recurrent Expenditure
Le. ('000)
1. Operating Costs
Electricity (operating) 84.6 Fuel 108.0 Chemicals 56.0 Wages 255.0
2. Repairs and Maintenance
Vehicles (spares only) 46.0 Plant 30.6
3. Overheads
Wages of Administrative Staff 240.0 Rentals 17.0 Telephone 5.4 Lighting 27.0 Medical 15.7 Education 7.0 Stationery 24.0 Car Allowance 27.0
4. Financial Charges and Provisions
Depreciation 280.0
Debt Servicing 500.0
Loss on Exchange 962.0 Provision of Bad Debts 300.0
5. Other Expenses 143.0
Total 3,128.3
Source: GVWC Annex 16
REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE
Water Supply Division Recurrent Expenditure, Financial Year 1980-81 Through Financial Year 1982-83
Actual Estimates Estimates Details of Expenditure 1980-81 1981-82 1982-83
1. Personal emoluments 508 559 556 000 617 600
2. Wages (including overtime) 742 776 901 500 902 000 (1 757) (1 500 ) (500)
3. Other charges (total) 393 291 848 500 612 500 - Travelling 36 066 47 500 47 500 - Office and general 23 441 29 600 24 000 - Transport, fuel and oil 262 563 40 000 32 000 - Stores 11 605 25 000 20 000 - Office furniture and equipment (including maintenance) 3 368 4 900 4 900 - Drawing office and - workshop _ 16 000 25 000 - Chemicals for fully- treated stations _ 140 000 100 000 - Maintenance of vehicles, plants and machinery 55 003 133 000 47 500 - Fuel for WS stations _ 400 000 300 000 - Courses of instruction 361 500 400 - Postage, printing, port and freight charges 884 2 000 1 200 - Maintenance of buildings 10 000 10 000
GRAND TOTAL (WSD) 1 644 626 2 306 000 2 132 100
Source: WSD Annex 17
REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE
Water Supply Division Revenue Estimates
Estimates Revised Actual Estimates 1978-79 1978-79 1978-79 1979-80
(1) Water rates/charges -. provinces 75 000 25 450 10 438 50 000
(2) Water rates/charges - Western area 6 000 4 120 _ 6 000
(3) Connection fees 50 000 6 180 169 30 000
(4) Reconnection fees 5 000 2 050 _ 5 000
(5) Sale of chemicals 2 000 1 000 - 2 000
TOTAL 138 000 38 800 10 607 93 000
Revenue collected, January-September 1981
Reconnec- Connection Water Water tion Sale of Fee Rate Fee Chemicals Total
(1) Bo Region 480.9 381.2 52.5 - 914.6
(2) Kenema Region 61.2 1 924.3 20.0 - 2 005.5
(3) Koidu Region 48.8 802.0 - - 850.8
(4) Moyamba Region 457.8 1 636.0 8.0 - 2 101.8
(5) Makeni Region 145.0 29.3 - - 174-3
(6) Port-Loko Region 42.5 134.8 _ - 177.2
(7) Western Region 240.0 458.3 - 5 267 5 965.2
TOTAL 1 476.2 5 365.9 80.5 5 267 12 189.4
Source: WSD Annex 18
REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE
Water Supply Division Provincial Water Ratesl/
First tap Le 2.50 per annum
Taps (or showers/water Le 1.00 per heaters), No. 2 to No. 5 annum each
Taps (or showers/water Le 0.75 per heaters), No. 6 to No. 10 annum each
Additional taps (overlO) Le 0.50 per annum each
Water closet Nil
Industrial or non domestic Le 0.30 per 1000 users gallons
General water rate Nil
1/ Rates have been effective since the mid 1960's
Source: WSD Annex 19
REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE
WSD - Staff Deployment in the Seven WSD Regions
Number
Port Loko Region 93
Moyamba Region 86
Bo Region 159
Western Area 85
Makeni Region 158
Kono Region 52
Kenema Region 111
Sub-Total 744
Tower Hill Workshops and Stores 177
Headquarters 132
Total 1,053
Source: WSD. Annex 20
REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE
Preliminary Estimate For Proposed School of Hygiene - Bo - May 1982
Le
A. Classroom Unit - 1 Nr. 62,000
B. 2 Bedhouse - 3 Nr. 116,900
C. Office Unit - 1 Nr. 74,600
D. Dormitory Unit - 3 Nr. 360,000
E. 3 Bedhouse - 1 Nr. 49,000
662,500
F. Site Development Works 100,000
G. Preliminaries 85,000
847,500
H. Professional Fees 84,750
Total Civil Works 932,250*
I. Furniture and Equipment 67,750
TOTAL Le. 1,000,000
*The prices above are based on current rates, and do not include contingencies for design variations and price escalation.
Source: MOH Annex 21
Page 1 of 2
REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE
Some Institutional Reorganisation Options For the Water Supply Sector
1. A National Water Authority
A National Authority could be created, with responsibility for such matters as financial policy, manpower and training, tariffs, standards and perhaps water resources. It would oversee the operation and management of water supply which would be carried out in detail by GVWC and by one or more other organisations covering the present WSD area of supply. The disadvantages of this choice are:
i) the presence of yet another Authority would lengthen the chain of control, unless the Authority was also responsible directly for operations;
ii) it is difficult to envisage an effective role for the Authority unless it became the de facto management of the operational units - and so becoming something of the nature of the organisation considered in (i) above;
iii) conflict might arise with other Ministries (e.g. MAF, MOH) who are concerned with water maters, and who might expect to share in the activities of the Authority; and
iv) most importantly, this proposal increases the main organisational problem, that of securing an effective operational successor to WSD.
2. Three Provincial Water Authorities
Regardless of how overall coordination is exercised (i.e. whether by a Minister, or by a Water Authority, or otherwise), GVWC could continue as at present, and the rest of the country served by three Authorities, each based on one of the three Provinces. This proposal has some attraction as it would encourage closer links with the consumers, and perhaps make it easier to demonstrate to them the link between service demanded and tariffs charged. However, Sierra Leone is a small country with limited resources, and to split provincial water supply into three independent and self-sufficient units would lead to an unacceptable dissipation of available resources, and to a situation unlikely to be any better than the present one. There would be problems with application of national policies and standards, and with overall planning and the application of external funds. Most importantly, the three relatively small Authorities would find it extremely difficult to attract senior staff of the calibre essential for the efficient and effective management of the water supply utility. Annex 21 Page 2 of 2
3. GVWC plus a Provincial Water Company
Another alternative is to create one Provincial Water Company (PWC) for water supply to the Provinces, leaving GVWC with its present area of supply possibly extended to take in most or all of the Western Area (which is adjacent to Freetown). This suggestion would have the short-term aim of reforming the WSD water utility into an effective organisation, and the long- term aim of raising standards of water supply outside Freetown so as to give an equal service throughout the country. PWC and GVWC would be required to work together to harmonize and coordinate their urban water supply praotices and standards, so that in the long term the option of amalgamation would be open. The same weaknesses as portrayed in (2) above relating to utilisation of limited resources, attractiveness to potential staff, and application of national policies and standards would apply to the PWC. Although, one would hope for eventual harmonisation between GVWC and PWC, it is not inconceivable for the reverse to occur. Sierra Leone is not large enough to support two separate companies in the long run. Annex 22 Page 1 of 5
REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE
The Sierra Leone Water Company
1. Status
The SLWC should be a body corporate established by law. Although referred to as a "company" it could either be a statutory Company (like GVWC) or an Authority (like the one set up by the National Power Authority Act, 1982), provided that its statutory corporate basis and adequate powers were properly established to reflect its autonomous commercial orientation.
2. Membership and Management
Membership of the SLWC should be small - say five or six, including the Chairman. Members would be appointed by Government, although it would be worthwhile considering including a minority of outside members, as in the case of GVWC. The Company should be required to appoint a General Manager, who should be the chief executive of the policy of the Company and the transaction of its day to day business. Unlike the NPA, the General Manager should not be a Member.
3. Objectives
The general objectives of the SLWC are listed in paragraph 3.05 to which must be added the requirement to seek harmonization with GVWC in several respects to ensure compatibility of its operations with national policy of the SLWC. The drafting of legislation and of organisational design must be done with these objectives firmly in mind.
4. Duties
SLWC would be responsible fcr all water supplies throughout Sierra Leone. Its duties should specifically exclude rural water supplies (see next para.) and the present WSD duty of sewer maintenance which should pass to FCC. Although at present a very small matter, this work would assume much more importance if the Freetown sewerage system were extended, and the principle of responsibility should be established before then.
5. Rural Water Supplies
This work is markedly different from the remainder of SLWC activities, as no pipe networks are involved, nor any operational duties as care of the works should be a community responsibility. There is considerable involvement by and with MAF and MOH, either of which might be considered as more appropriate bodies for the job. Even their involvement should be limited to attracting donors into the sector, arranging the hand-over to the community of the completed facilities and providing a limited back up for handpump repairs and stocking of spare parts. The function could remain an MEP responsibility through a reconstructed RWSU. Page 2 of 5
6. Manpower
Provision must be made for the transfer of only a limited number of employees from WSD to the SLWC as the Division appears to be seriously overmanned. Some comparisons between GVWC (which gives a continuous and satisfactory service) and WSD (which does neither) are shown in Annex 25. Granted that there is a great difference in the plant and works of these two organisations, and that simple comparisons can only be crude indicators, nevertheless there is a clear indication that WSD should only need half, or less, of the total number of people now employed. If the proposed SLWC is to have any chance of success, then its activities should only engage the staff actually required for efficient operation. Firm political will is required, but the reduction in manpower is essential; the target figure of one half would bring the number of employees of MEP/WSD to about 1.5/1000 population supplied, which is still somewhat on the high side - the equivalent figure for GVWC is 1.1/1000. (Attention is drawn to Section 23 of the Guma Valley Water Ordinance 1961, which may have been drafted to meet similar problems, and which provides an effective two-year period for demanning).
7. Pay and conditions of Service
It is of course essential that SLWC should be able to offer salaries etc. that will attract competent and sufficient staff, particularly in the higher management levels. The Public Service Commission appoints all staff in the Civil Service, and some senior staff in the para-statal organisations - but not in GVWC, who appear to be able to recruit suitable staff without this assistance. The Commission should not be responsible for recruiting senior staff for either SLWC or GVWC. Provision is needed for the application of pay scales and conditions of service superior to those of the civil service in order to make the company competitive with the private sector in attracting the highest calibre staff. These must include acceptable provisions covering the transfer of staff between locations, and for travelling expenses, to ensure the mobility that will be necessary for the efficient operation of SLWC (GVWC does not face the same problem).
8. Training A report on Personnel Training Needs for water staff was prepared for MEP by the (British) National Water Council and Howard Humphreys & Partners (consulting engineers) in 1980. It is difficult to fault, or add to, this excellent report which contains a Training Plan in six Phases:
Phase 1 Management Seminar and Management Development
Phase 2 Training of Instructors
Phase 3 Basic Water Treatment Training
Phase 4 Further Water Treatment and Preventative Maintenance Training
Phase 5 Supervisory and Mechanical & Electrical Training
Phase 6 General Local Training. Page 3 of 5
The report notes that progress to each phase would depend on the successful completion of the previous phase, and advises that wherever possible training should be carried out in Sierra Leone. However, it is also pointed out that "... acute organisational and operational problems need to be resolved before a training programme can hope to suceeed... no amount of training will result in more efficient treatment works operation if the activities of the Water Supply Division continue to be hampered by the lack of finance, transport, fuel, spare parts, chemical reagents, tools and materials".
University of Sierra Leone produces graduate engineers of an impressive quality, but it would help both water supply and sanitation if suggestions to include training in Sanitary-Engineering in the courses were adopted. It appears customary for graduates to take a postgraduate course overseas; in the case of water supply this does not seem to fill any particular training need, and a much more useful training would be obtained by posting graduates to positions of executive and operational responsibility in the provinces. Freetown Technical Institute trains technicians to British qualifications standards, but this - and the work of the University - need supplementing as detailed in the 1980 report (above).
The proposed SLWC will have urgent need of the skills of management accountancy to indicate work performance and control costs. These skills are in short supply, but the new Institute of Public Administration and Management in Freetown may be able to make this good. Training is another area in which SLWC will have to take the lead under its national mandate.
9. Organisation of SLWC
(a) Present System
WSD now has its head office in Freetown, with one operational centre there and six others in the provinces. These are called Regional Offices, and each is under a Regional Officer reporting to the Senior Superintendent (Operations) at head offies. GVWC also has its head office in Freetown and workshops and stores in a separate location in Freetown.
(b) Regional Offices
Apart from Freetown, WSD has six regional offices, at Bo, Kenema, Makeni, Portloko, Moyamba, and Kono which it occupies by begrudging concession from the Ministry of Works. How many urban water supplies are taken over by the SLWC would dictate its regional administrative requirements but six is really too many for effective control, and SLWC should reduce the number accordingly (with sub-offices/depots as necessary), their location depending on operational constraints. Each should preferably be in the charge of a regional manager, responsible for all the activities of SLWC in his region. (Although the offices may be based at provincial centres it would be better to continue to call them "regional" rather than "provincial" in order to avoid confusion with the geographical provincial administrative areas of Government). One of the regional offices might be used for centralizing special workshop. ete. services. Page 4 of 5
(c) Freetown Headquarters
There will be a need for close contact by SLWC with MEP, with other Ministries and para-statal organisations and on balance it would be best for the head office to be in Freetown. It would help the SLWC, in creating its own distinctive identity, by having its head offices separate from those of GVWC and WSD, especially during the transitional phase when both organisations will continue to exist albeit in a modified role. The numbers of staff at head office in Freetown should be kept to a minimum, the place for water supply staff is near to the action and near to the customer.
10. Management Structure
It has already been recommended that SLWC should have a General Manager, and decisions on management structure will have to be taken by him and the Company. However, it is suggested that he should be supported by Chief Officers for Operations, Finance and Personnel, as indicated in the following diagram:
Sierra Leone Water Company - Outline Organisation
General Manager
Public Relations Internal Audit
Ops. Manager Financial Controller Personne Manager (Urban) and cretary
l - I I l l t Ch Eng. 4 Regional Admin. Chief Commercial Personnel Training (PLNG) Managers Officer Accountant Officer Officer Officer &DSN)
Notes: i) Headquarters should be in Freetown, but otherwise staff and activities should be decentralized to three Regional managers;
ii) The four Regional Managers should each be responsible for all SLWC activities in his Region, having outposted staff from the Financial Controller's department, and with workshop support design and construction staff for (at least) routine new works. The general thrust of planning and design would be the responsibility of a Chief Engineer in Headquarters;
iii) The Financial Controller would be in charge of all financial and administrative staff and procedures, with a personal responsibility for financial planning and policy, and for ensuring that procedures and practices are swift, effective and simple; Page 5 of 5 iv) The importance to SLWC of effective cost recovery mechanisms and billing and collection justifies a separate section under a commercial officer. Annex 23
REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE
Preliminary Estimate of Costs for Rehabilitation and Provision of Estimatad Facilities
Le m
1. Rehabilitation of Degremont Plants
a) Mechanical spares 0.68 b) Electrical spares 0.89 c) Contingencies say 0.43 2.0
2. Provision of Offices, Workshops and Equipment
a) Central workshops 0.5 b) Central workshops equipment 0.4 c) 3 Regional Offices/Sub-workshops at Le 0.4 m each 1.2 d) Equipment, etc. at Le 0.25 m each 0.75 e) Communications facilities 0.25 3.1
3. Replacement of Vehicle Fleet
a) 6 Pickups at Le 20,000 0.12 b) 6 6/10 ton trucks at Le 50,000 0.30 c) 6 Water bowsers at Le 60,000 0.36 d) 2 Fuel bowsers at Le 60,000 0.12 e) 2 Utility vehicles at Le 20,000 0.04 f) 4 Land rovers or equivalent at Le 20,000 0.08 1.02
4. Provision of Consumable Stores for 1 year 0.36
5. Equipment (vehicle, air compressor, concrete mixer, generator, hand tools) for 3 travelling maintenance units at Le 0.2 m. 0.60
6. Rehabilitation of untreated supplies say (mainly replacement of pipework, taps, valves, etc.) 0.27
Total Le 7.35 million
Source: WSD ANNEX 24
REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE
Transitional Arrangements
Priority Funding Technical Assistance (Man-Years POLICY Estimate)
Water Supply Organization A Framework of Legislation A
INITIAL REQUIREMENTS
Plant brought to good condition C + 1 Sufficient vehicles acquired/repaired B + 1 Fuel supplies secured B + Accommodation and services secured D +
INSTITUTIONAL REFORM
Reduction of Manpower/training C 1 Regrouping WSD operations/centres D 1 -Establishment of Finance/Admin capacity B 2 of Billing/Collection " C + 2 It initial systems/Control C 1
INFORMATION EXERCISE E +
CONTROL
Supervision of Transition A Transitional Management (Operations, Elec./Mech.) B + 6 Monitoring Progress E
PROGRAMME. Completion (months from time zero)
Priority A 3 B 9 C 18 D 24 E 36 ANNEX 25 REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE Numerical Comparisons - WSD and GVWC
Warning: Some of these figures are approximate estimates, and although sufficient for broad comparisons should not be used to draw conclusions other than in the Report.
WSD WSD Figure Note Units GVWC (as exist) (if 8 hours per day)
Consumers (1982) No. 350,000 450,000 450,000
Supply mg/yr. 4,500 800 2,000
Annual Costs:
Operating 1 Le.m 1.5 2.3 2.8
Debt Charges etc. 2 Le.m 1.5 1.2 1.2
Total Le.m 3.0 3.5 4.0
Water Tariff
Income Le.m 2.5 ( Minimal )
Payroll 3
Staff No.
Labour No.
Total No. 380 1,053 1,053
Ratios
Cost/Consumer Le./yr 8.6 7.8 8.9
Water Tariff, Income/Consumer Le./yr 7.1 ( Minimal )
Cost/lOOOg. Le. 0.7 4.4 2
Employees/1000 Consumers 3 No. 1.1 2.4 2.4
Notes: 1. WSD cost of Le 2.3m is the total of MEP 1981/2 estimate (vote 31,900), less costs related to electricity.
2. WSD figures are very approximate estimates to cover debt and depreciation costs (not now assigned) and cost of replacing services (office accomodation etc.) now provided by MOW and other government agencies.
3. Totals in post May 1982, excluding authorised vacancies, and excluding RWSU employees not funded by WSD (total around 200/300). Annex 26 Page 1 of 2
REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE
A National Water Policy
1. Water Supply
a) definitions of "urban" and "rural" water supplies;
b) targets for countrywide coverage of (a) above;
c) future policy for upgrading "rural" supplies;
d) targets for regularity of piped supplies, and for periods of availability;
e) water quality standards;
f) acceptable degree of cross-subsidy between different classes of customers;
g) uniformity of tariffs, etc.
2. Other
a) extent of studies and data collection for all water resources;
b) policy on exploitation of resources;
c) allocation of resources;
d) pollution prevention, etc.
(These lists are not intended to be exhaustive). Annex 26 Page 2 of 2
A National Water Council
1. Membership
Membership of NWC might comprise representatives of (say) MEP, MAF, MOH, MDEP, NPA and SLWC, with an independent Chairman (see Report paragraph 87). The Council should be free to seek advice from representatives of outside and/or International Organisations.
2. Duties
a) draft a National Water Policy, with costs and programme;
b) recommend areas of responsibility in water matters, to avoid conflict and duplication of effort;
c) advise Cabinet and seek Government approval for these proposals;
d) ensure that appropriate external funding is sought for the sector;
e) oversee the Policy, and report progress to Government;
f) set up and superintend national committees as necessary to review sector related matters, for example, the National Action Committee (see Report paragraph 88). M A P S MAP 1
Major River Systems and Heads of Navigation MAP 2
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Wet season Dry'sea so rainfall rainfal MAP 3
Sierra Leone
Political Map
Provincial Headquarters
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