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Populism on a Local Level in Flanders Understanding the Results of the 2018 Local Elections

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Populism on a Local Level in Flanders Understanding the Results of the 2018 Local Elections POPULISM ON A LOCAL LEVEL IN FLANDERS UNDERSTANDING THE RESULTS OF THE 2018 LOCAL ELECTIONS Aantal woorden/Word count: 26 496 Céline Vermeiren Stamnummer/student number: 000150660703 Promotor: Prof. Dr. Claire Dupont Masterproef voorgedragen tot het bekomen van de graad van: Master’s dissertation submitted to obtain the degree of: Master in de Bestuurskunde en het Publiek Management Master of Science in Public Administration and Management Academiejaar/academic year: 2018-2019 Deze pagina is niet beschikbaar omdat ze persoonsgegevens bevat. Universiteitsbibliotheek Gent, 2021. This page is not available because it contains personal information. Ghent Universit , Librar , 2021. Abstract (Dutch) Doel: Het hoofddoel van deze masterproef was om verklaringen te vinden voor het electorale succes van populistische partijen tijdens de lokale verkiezingen van 2018 in Vlaanderen. Er is reeds vrij veel onderzoek gedaan naar de stemmotieven om op Vlaams Belang te stemmen, maar zoals de resultaten van de verkiezingen van 2018 aangeven zijn zij niet meer de enige populistische partij met electoraal succes. Bovendien is er nog geen onderzoek gevoerd naar populistische partijen op lokaal niveau in Vlaanderen, uitsluitend het nationale niveau werd onderzocht. In deze thesis is dan ook onderzoek gedaan naar drie verschillende populistische partijen. Hiervoor werd gebruik gemaakt van cases die gekozen werd aan de hand van een aantal criteria: er moest voldoende variatie in ideologie zijn en het behaalde resultaat tijdens de verkiezingen van 2018 moest hoger liggen dan het gemiddelde in Vlaanderen. Zo werd er gekozen voor de cases Forza Ninove, PVDA Zelzate en Lijst Dedecker (LDD) in Middelkerke. Om het argument hard te kunnen maken dat deze partijen populistisch zijn, werd er in het eerste deel van deze thesis bewijs aangeleverd uit partijprogramma’s en interviews met lokale experten. Daarna kon er overgegaan worden naar het onderzoeken van de centrale onderzoeksvraag, die door zes subonderzoeksvragen werd ondersteund. Zo werd er onderzoek gedaan naar de sociaal-economische toestand van de gemeente, het vertrouwen van de inwoners in de overheden, culturele problemen, onveiligheidsgevoel en het effect van een charismatische lijsttrekker. Design: Om de centrale onderzoeksvraag van deze thesis te beantwoorden werd gebruikt gemaakt van mixed methods, wat betekent dat meerdere methoden werden gebruikt. Ten eerste werden de cijfers vanuit de Gemeentemonitor onderzocht om een eerste globale beeld te krijgen van de gemeenten. Die cijfers werden gecheckt en in context geplaatst door middel van interviews met lokale experten. Resultaten: De rode draad die het electoraal succes van deze drie partijen kan verklaren het lage vertrouwen in de overheid is en de aanwezigheid van een charismatische lijsttrekker. Daarnaast is er ook bewijs aangeleverd dat aantoont dat de drie onderzochte partijen populistische elementen vertonen. Verder onderzoek is echter nodig. Implicaties: Het blijkt dat onderzoek dat op nationaal niveau is gebeurd, bevestigd kon worden op lokaal niveau. Dat onderzoek op nationaal niveau had ook vertrouwen in de overheid geïdentificeerd als belangrijke drijfveer om op populistische partijen te stemmen. III Acknowledgements The process of writing this Master’s Dissertation was a bumpy ride. It was hard for me to stop the ‘reading process’ and start the ‘writing process’, also because of the fact that populism is a very complex concept. However, I am grateful to Ghent University for giving me the chance to investigate this contemporary issue. What is recently going on in our society and in current politics is of great interest to me and the underlying motive for writing this thesis was – naïve as I am – to change the world and to make the world a better place. I was also very curious; why do people in Flanders vote on extreme, sometimes even racist parties when we are living in one of the most beautiful, prosperous and wealthiest countries in the world? And how does it come that people believe populists when they present ‘easy’ solutions for complex problems? Unfortunately, it seems that the real impact of this dissertation will be less spectacular. I have received a lot of help in the process of writing this dissertation. Therefore, the first person I would like to thank is my promotor, Prof. dr. C. Dupont. Thanks a lot for the support, guidance and feedback. I also would like to thank Prof. dr. J. Voets for his useful feedback during the sessions of ‘research methods’. I also would like to acknowledge Prof. dr. T. Pauwels for the useful phone conversation we had, in which he gave me tips, tricks and useful sources to write this dissertation. He also sent me his book ‘Populism in Western Europe’, which was of great help and acted as a guide in the writing and structuring process. I am profoundly grateful for this. Next to that, the interviewees were of fundamental importance for this dissertation and I would like to thank them as well. Without them, this would have never been possible. Last but not least, I want to thank my friends and my mother, who were of great support to me. Special thanks to Ann-Sophie for proofreading this dissertation, for the tips and for the support. Thank you all! IV Table of contents Confidentiality agreement .............................................................................................................................. II Abstract (Dutch) ............................................................................................................................................ III Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................... IV List of abbreviations .................................................................................................................................... VIII List of tables ................................................................................................................................................ VIII List of figures ................................................................................................................................................. IX 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Specific topic of interest and research question .................................................................................. 2 1.2 Research design ................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2.1 Sub-questions ................................................................................................................................. 3 1.2.2 Case selection ................................................................................................................................. 5 1.2.3 Additional research questions that strengthen the main research question ................................. 6 1.2.4 Methodology ................................................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Relevance of the research .................................................................................................................... 7 1.3.1 Contribution to society ................................................................................................................... 7 1.3.2 Contribution to the literature ......................................................................................................... 8 1.4 Structure of the remaining part of this work ....................................................................................... 8 2 Theoretical framework: definition of populism ..................................................................................... 9 2.1 The search for a clear definition... ....................................................................................................... 9 2.2 ... starts here ... .................................................................................................................................. 10 2.3 ... goes around three waves of populism ... ....................................................................................... 11 2.4 ... and different meanings of populism ... .......................................................................................... 12 2.5 ... to finally end here? ........................................................................................................................ 14 2.5.1 The people .................................................................................................................................... 15 2.5.2 The elite ........................................................................................................................................ 15 2.5.3 The general will ............................................................................................................................. 16 2.6 It ain’t over till the fat lady sings ....................................................................................................... 16 PART 1: A case study research into the concept of ‘populism’ on a local level in Flanders. ................................ 18 1 Literature study ..................................................................................................................................
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