Tuscany 1848 – 1866 “Letter Mail In, from and to Tuscany : Routes, Rates and Charges”
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Touring a Unified Italy, Part 2 by John F
Browsing the Web: Touring A Unified Italy, Part 2 by John F. Dunn We left off last month on our tour of Italy—commemo- rating the 150th Anniversary of the Unification of the na- tion—with a relaxing stop on the island of Sardinia. This “Browsing the Web” was in- spired by the re- lease by Italy of two souvenir sheets to celebrate the Unifi- cation. Since then, on June 2, Italy released eight more souvenir sheets de- picting patriots of the Unification as well as a joint issue with San Marino (pictured here, the Italian issue) honoring Giuseppe and Anita Garibaldi, Anita being the Brazilian wife and comrade in arms of the Italian lead- er. The sheet also commemorates the 150th Anniversary of the granting of San Marino citizen- ship to Giuseppe Garibaldi. As we continue heading south, I reproduce again the map from Part 1 of this article. (Should you want Issue 7 - July 1, 2011 - StampNewsOnline.net 10 to refresh your memory, you can go to the Stamp News Online home page and select the Index by Subject in the upper right to access all previous Stamp News Online ar- ticles, including Unified Italy Part 1. So…moving right along (and still in the north), we next come to Parma, which also is one of the Italian States that issued its own pre-Unification era stamps. Modena Modena was founded in the 3rd century B.C. by the Celts and later, as part of the Roman Empire and became an important agricultural center. After the barbarian inva- sions, the town resumed its commercial activities and, in the 9th century, built its first circle of walls, which continued throughout the Middle Ages, until they were demolished in the 19th century. -
Unification of Italy 1792 to 1925 French Revolutionary Wars to Mussolini
UNIFICATION OF ITALY 1792 TO 1925 FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY WARS TO MUSSOLINI ERA SUMMARY – UNIFICATION OF ITALY Divided Italy—From the Age of Charlemagne to the 19th century, Italy was divided into northern, central and, southern kingdoms. Northern Italy was composed of independent duchies and city-states that were part of the Holy Roman Empire; the Papal States of central Italy were ruled by the Pope; and southern Italy had been ruled as an independent Kingdom since the Norman conquest of 1059. The language, culture, and government of each region developed independently so the idea of a united Italy did not gain popularity until the 19th century, after the Napoleonic Wars wreaked havoc on the traditional order. Italian Unification, also known as "Risorgimento", refers to the period between 1848 and 1870 during which all the kingdoms on the Italian Peninsula were united under a single ruler. The most well-known character associated with the unification of Italy is Garibaldi, an Italian hero who fought dozens of battles for Italy and overthrew the kingdom of Sicily with a small band of patriots, but this romantic story obscures a much more complicated history. The real masterminds of Italian unity were not revolutionaries, but a group of ministers from the kingdom of Sardinia who managed to bring about an Italian political union governed by ITALY BEFORE UNIFICATION, 1792 B.C. themselves. Military expeditions played an important role in the creation of a United Italy, but so did secret societies, bribery, back-room agreements, foreign alliances, and financial opportunism. Italy and the French Revolution—The real story of the Unification of Italy began with the French conquest of Italy during the French Revolutionary Wars. -
A Virtual Train Journey Along the Mare Ligure from Ventimiglia to Rome
Italian Culture Newsletter Number 22 A Virtual Train Journey along the Mare Ligure from Ventimiglia to Rome. Marie and I have made this journey on a number of occasions. In doing so we have either made the journey in a single day albeit with a change of train, usually at Genova. On other occasions, we have spent an evening or even a few days at Genova and/or at Livorno or Pisa. The journey described will involve more stops on the way but could be more interesting on that account. The trip begins in Ventimiglia where we stayed overnight on our last day of our last holiday in Italy. This had been occasioned by the French railway strike which prevented any trains from running from Ventimiglia to Nice on the day of our arrival from Rome into the city at the Italian- French border in Liguria. Our first visit to Ventimiglia was in 2006 when some Italian friends from Cuneo, due north of Ventimiglia, in Piemonte, met us at the rail station in Ventimiglia to take us for a short stay at their apartment in Nice. On that occasion we didn’t see much of the city except for part of the old medieval town, which now mostly is the home of many of the southerners from Naples, Calabria and Sicily who moved north seeking employment after WWII. The old town is perched high above the new city with its long sea-front promenade and railway station. Ventimiglia is the ancient Albium Intemelium, the capital of the Intemelii, a Ligurian tribe which long resisted the Romans, until in 115 BC it was forced to submit to Marcus Aemilius Scaurus. -
Origin and Development of Florence
Origin and development of Florence Located in the central Italian region of Tuscany, itself as a free Comune in a happy balance Florence is one of the most breathtaking cities between the authority of the Popes and that of in Europe. Celebrated as the birthplace of the the Emperors, thus leaving behind the uneasy Renaissance, the city is home to many of its internal struggles between the Guelphs and most famous artistic treasures. Ghibellines. Between the thirteenth and fourteenth century, at the time of Dante and The ancient Roman colony of Florentia - in Boccaccio, Giotto and Arnolfo di Cambio, which the Forum at the centre of the castrum when some of the iconic buildings like the corresponded to the point where Piazza della Palazzo Vecchio and the Duomo (Cathedral) Repubblica is located today - was founded were built, Florence enjoyed a fertile cultural in 59 BC. The rapid territorial expansion soon period, coinciding with an extraordinary came to include the nearby Etruscan settlement economic development thanks to its artisans, of Fiesole. merchants and bankers, who were organized After the decline of the barbaric ages, the city, into the famous Arts and Crafts Guilds - the Arts from the eleventh century, began to establish of Calimala and Wool, related to the processing and marketing of famous textiles, some of the Luca della Robbia in sculpture, at the height of most powerful of the corporations - Florence which were the two great talents of Leonardo confirmed its economic power in Europe, da Vinci and Michelangelo. particularly with the introduction of the gold In the fifteenth century, thanks to Cosimo the florin, the first truly international currency. -
Enjoy Your Visit!!!
declared war on Austria, in alliance with the Papal States and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, and attacked the weakened Austria in her Italian possessions. embarked to Sicily to conquer the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, ruled by the But Piedmontese Army was defeated by Radetzky; Charles Albert abdicated Bourbons. Garibaldi gathered 1.089 volunteers: they were poorly armed in favor of his son Victor Emmanuel, who signed the peace treaty on 6th with dated muskets and were dressed in a minimalist uniform consisting of August 1849. Austria reoccupied Northern Italy. Sardinia wasn’t able to beat red shirts and grey trousers. On 5th May they seized two steamships, which Austria alone, so it had to look for an alliance with European powers. they renamed Il Piemonte and Il Lombardo, at Quarto, near Genoa. On 11th May they landed at Marsala, on the westernmost point of Sicily; on 15th they Room 8 defeated Neapolitan troops at Calatafimi, than they conquered Palermo on PALAZZO MORIGGIA the 29th , after three days of violent clashes. Following the victory at Milazzo (29th May) they were able to control all the island. The last battle took MUSEO DEL RISORGIMENTO THE DECADE OF PREPARATION 1849-1859 place on 1st October at Volturno, where twenty-one thousand Garibaldini The Decade of Preparation 1849-1859 (Decennio defeated thirty thousand Bourbons soldiers. The feat was a success: Naples di Preparazione) took place during the last years of and Sicily were annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia by a plebiscite. MODERN AND CONTEMPORARY HISTORY LABORATORY Risorgimento, ended in 1861 with the proclamation CIVIC HISTORICAL COLLECTION of the Kingdom of Italy, guided by Vittorio Emanuele Room 13-14 II. -
In the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and British Sympathy for Italian Nationalism, 1851–1853
Citation: Wright, OJ (2017) The Religious ‘Persecutions’ in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and British Sympathy for Italian Nationalism, 1851–1853. History, 102 (351). pp. 414-431. ISSN 0018-2648 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-229X.12420 Link to Leeds Beckett Repository record: https://eprints.leedsbeckett.ac.uk/id/eprint/4456/ Document Version: Article (Accepted Version) Creative Commons: Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 The aim of the Leeds Beckett Repository is to provide open access to our research, as required by funder policies and permitted by publishers and copyright law. The Leeds Beckett repository holds a wide range of publications, each of which has been checked for copyright and the relevant embargo period has been applied by the Research Services team. We operate on a standard take-down policy. If you are the author or publisher of an output and you would like it removed from the repository, please contact us and we will investigate on a case-by-case basis. Each thesis in the repository has been cleared where necessary by the author for third party copyright. If you would like a thesis to be removed from the repository or believe there is an issue with copyright, please contact us on [email protected] and we will investigate on a case-by-case basis. History The Religious ‘Persecutions’ in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and British Sympathy for Italian Nationalism, 1851-31 1 History In 1849 a Protestant Irish officer of the Royal Navy was expelled from the Grand Duchy of Tuscany for printing copies of the Bible in Italian. -
THE FLORENTINE HOUSE of MEDICI (1389-1743): POLITICS, PATRONAGE, and the USE of CULTURAL HERITAGE in SHAPING the RENAISSANCE by NICHOLAS J
THE FLORENTINE HOUSE OF MEDICI (1389-1743): POLITICS, PATRONAGE, AND THE USE OF CULTURAL HERITAGE IN SHAPING THE RENAISSANCE By NICHOLAS J. CUOZZO, MPP A thesis submitted to the Graduate School—New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Graduate Program in Art History written under the direction of Archer St. Clair Harvey, Ph.D. and approved by _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey May, 2015 ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS The Florentine House of Medici (1389-1743): Politics, Patronage, and the Use of Cultural Heritage in Shaping the Renaissance By NICHOLAS J. CUOZZO, MPP Thesis Director: Archer St. Clair Harvey, Ph.D. A great many individuals and families of historical prominence contributed to the development of the Italian and larger European Renaissance through acts of patronage. Among them was the Florentine House of Medici. The Medici were an Italian noble house that served first as the de facto rulers of Florence, and then as Grand Dukes of Tuscany, from the mid-15th century to the mid-18th century. This thesis evaluates the contributions of eight consequential members of the Florentine Medici family, Cosimo di Giovanni, Lorenzo di Giovanni, Giovanni di Lorenzo, Cosimo I, Cosimo II, Cosimo III, Gian Gastone, and Anna Maria Luisa, and their acts of artistic, literary, scientific, and architectural patronage that contributed to the cultural heritage of Florence, Italy. This thesis also explores relevant social, political, economic, and geopolitical conditions over the course of the Medici dynasty, and incorporates primary research derived from a conversation and an interview with specialists in Florence in order to present a more contextual analysis. -
Postal Communications from the United Kingdom to Italy 1840 -1874
Postal Communications from the United Kingdom to Italy 1840 -1874 This exhibit addresses the postal communications between the United Kingdom and Italy, focusing on the complex historical period from 1840 to 1874. These dates saw the introduction Section 1 - Old States Frame of the first postage stamp (1840), the explosion of the industrial revolution in Britain, and the struggle of the Italian states to gain national unity after the Congress of Vienna. During this Chapter 1 - Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 1 time, new and much faster ways of communication (mostly the train and the steamship) co- Chapter 2 - Grand Duchy of Tuscany 1 existed with the remnants of old agreements, or in some cases the lack thereof, which allowed for the mail to be carried at different rates and through different routes and different countries. Chapter 3 - States of the Church & Rome 1 The result is a complex, fascinating array of rates and routes that this exhibit aims to describe. Chapter 4 - Duchies of Parma, Modena and Lucca 2 Chapter 5 - Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia 2 Chapter 6 - Kingdom of Sardinia 2 Section 2 – Kingdom of Italy Chapter 7 - New Nation: Countrywide Rates 3 Chapter 8 - New Challenges: Cholera 3 Chapter 9 - New Challenges: The Impact of War 3 The Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) reshaped Europe Essential Bibliography 1. Jane and Michael Moubray: British Letter Mail to Overseas Destination 1840-1875. RPSL, London 2018 2. Lewis Geoffrey: The 1836 Anglo-French Postal Convention, The Royal Philatelic Society London, 2015. The first section covers rates and routes separately for each of the following major Old 3. -
The Medici Family and Their Florence
The Medici Family and Their Florence In Florence, Italy, until the 11th century an old, landholding nobility was in power. But with the upswing of trade, a new elite established – a number of families who had gained richness in the market economy. From those privileged families a few dynasties arose, who would control the fates of the city during centuries to come: the so-called grandi (also potenti or magnati). Among the families of grandi a grim struggle for power was waged. By the end of the 15th century, the Medici dynasty prevailed. However, another 100 years were to pass before they could definitely secure their power. Only in the year 1532 was the first Medici officially declared duke of Florence. The Medici made their advancement with diplomacy, political marriages and a good deal of unscrupulousness. Their promotion of art, architecture and science spurred the Italian renaissance. They rebuilt whole quarters of Florence in Renaissance style and collected enough treasures of art to fill several museums. Florence would not be the city it is today without the Medici family. How the Florentine coins reflect this correlation, you will see here. 1 von 10 www.sunflower.ch Holy Roman Empire, Republic of Florence, Fiorino d'Argento (Grosso), c. 1260 Denomination: Fiorino d'argento (Grosso) Mint Authority: Republic of Florence Mint: Florence Year of Issue: 1260 Weight (g): 1.62 Diameter (mm): 21.0 Material: Silver Owner: Sunflower Foundation When this grosso was minted, the Republic of Florence was the most important European trade center and one of the major manufacturing towns in the Occident. -
The Role of Government Accounting in the Unification of Italy
13TH WORLD CONGRESS OF ACCOUNTING HISTORIANS NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY 17-19 JULY 2012 THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING IN THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY Alberto Nobolo, Enrico Guarini, Francesca Magli Department of Management and Business Administration University of Milano-Bicocca Milan – Italy [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING IN THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY Abstract The focus of this paper is an historical perspective of the harmonization of administrative accounting practices across all levels of government. This study specifically examines accounting practice before and after the Unification of Italy (1861), shedding light on links between accounting reforms and changes in social, economic and political contexts due to diverse foreign occupations. Contrary to expectations, evidence showed that accounting harmonization was not a leading priority among government reforms. Full accounting harmonization had not been completed even 20 years after unification. Several urgent issues requiring government response, such as public debt consolidation and harmonization of the fiscal system, took precedent. In the aftermath of unification the central government endorsed uniform accounting principles primarily in support of systematic financial management across all levels of government. Some years later, when elected representatives were given greater control over the executive branch, harmonization efforts focused on making local administrations more accountable to citizens through greater transparency of their financial statements. In addition, the overall influence of government accounting traditions within and across countries is also discussed. Keywords: Accounting History, Government Accounting Harmonization; Kingdom of Italy; Local Government 2 THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING IN THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY INTRODUCTION This paper discusses of the harmonization of local government accounting from an historical perspective. -
Italian Paper Money Prior to Unification - Part I
ITALIAN PAPER MONEY PRIOR TO UNIFICATION - PART I John E. Sandrock The Fall of Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna To understand the complex history of the unification of the states of the Italian peninsula into a single nation, one must go back to the end of the Napoleonic Wars. With Napoleon's final defeat, the major powers that had resisted him (Prussia, Austria, Britain and Russia) met in 1815 at the Congress of Vienna to find ways to limit France's future power and to divide up the territory which Napoleon had conquered. In redrawing the European continent, the Congress of Vienna restored the power of the victorious governments over the patchwork of independent countries that Napoleon had created. This meant that Italy reverted to the rule of the Hapsburgs of Austria, either directly or indirectly. Although the Italian peninsula was returned to Austrian domination, Austria elected to occupy only the kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia, being content to exercise its authority in all diplomatic matters over the remaining Italian states. These included the Venetian Republic, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Duchy of Modena, the Duchy of Parma, the Kingdom of Sardinia, the Kingdom of Sicily and the Kingdom of Naples. The few remaining countries not under Austrian control consisted of the Kingdom of Piedmont in north-west Italy and the autonomous Papal States. It was the existence of these independent countries together with the Austrian occupation of Lombardy- Venetia which interfered most with the unification process. We shall now examine the paper money of those countries of the Italian peninsula which had a paper currency in place before the beginning of the Napoleonic Wars and the Italian campaign which followed in 1796. -
The Unification of Italy 1789 – 1896 Handout
THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY 1789 – 1896 HANDOUT Key Facts & Summary • Also known as Risorgimento, the Italian unification was a political and social movement that consolidated different states of the Italian peninsula into a single state of the Kingdom of Italy in the 19th century. • The process began in 1815, with the Congress of Vienna acting as a detonator, and was completed in 1871 when Rome became the capital. However, the last Italian territories under foreign rule did not join the Kingdom of Italy until 1918, after Italy finally defeated Austria-Hungary in World War I. • As other foreign powers were responsible for the situation of Italy, their very presence motivated Italians to strive for unification, however, Italy’s successful unification, ironically, would not have come to pass without the help of other foreign powers. • The situation of Italy after unification can best be described after the statement of professor Serge Hughes: “Now that we have made Italy, we must make Italians.” • Giuseppe Garibaldi, Giuseppe Mazzini, Count Cavour and Victor Emmanuel II are considered to be “the fathers of the fatherland”. Prologue Italy was first united by Rome in the third century B.C. It remained for over 700 years the de facto extension of the capital of the Roman Republic and Empire. It experienced a privileged status and avoided being converted into a province. Even with the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Italy remained united under the Ostrogothic Kingdom. However, this would later be disputed between the Kingdom of the Lombards and the Eastern Roman Empire. Following the conquest of the Frankish Empire, the title of King of Italy merged with the office of Holy Roman Emperor.