Journal of Comparative Cultural Studies in Architecture 12/2019 – pp. 21–28 JCCS-a

Mohamad Hanif Abdul WAHAB & Azizi BAHAUDDIN

The Spatial Organization of the Traditional House, Die räumliche Organisation des traditionelle Negeri Sembilan Hauses, Malaysia

ABSTRACT ZUSAMMENFASSUNG

Negeri Sembilan traditional house (NSTH) is the Das traditionelle Haus Negeri Sembilan (NSTH) Minangkabau house that evolved because of the ist das Haus der Minangkabau, das aufgrund des Merantau process. Merantau is a cultural migra- Merantau-Prozesses entstanden ist. Merantau ist tion movement via river and sea from the Darek, eine kulturelle Migrationsbewegung, die sich über Minangkabau in West Sumatra, Indonesia to the Fluss und Meer von Darek, Minangkabau in West- Minangkabau (province area) in Negeri Sumatra, Indonesien bis zum Minangkabau-Rantau Sembilan, Malaysia. The numbers of Minangkabau (Provinzgebiet) in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia ver- settlers especially in the region of Luhak Lima breitet hat. Puluh Kota in Darek was migrated towards the east through the river in Kampar, Riau, and further Siedler aus Minangkabau, insbesondere aus der crossing the Strait of Malacca to Negeri Sembilan Region Luhak Lima Puluh Kota in Darek, migrierten to explore a new land for agriculture in the 12th in Richtung Osten über den Fluss in Kampar, Riau, century. Riverbanks become the preferred places und weiter über die Straße von Malakka nach Negeri for the NSTH settings for the Minangkabau settlers Sembilan, um im 12. Jahrhundert ein neues Land in , Negeri Sembilan. Therefore, this paper für die Landwirtschaft zu erkunden. Die Flussufer aims to investigate the orientation systems used werden da zu den bevorzugten Orten für die NSTH and the rules governing the NSTH spatial orga- Gebäude der Minangkabau Siedler in Rembau, nization in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Qualitative Negeri Sembilan. In diesem Beitrag sollen nun die research method of phenomenology and ethnog- verwendeten Orientierungssysteme und die Regeln raphy was carried out in Rembau district. It is a für die räumliche Organisation der NSTH in Negeri historical area that relates to the development of Sembilan, Malaysia, untersucht werden. Im Bezirk early Minangkabau settlement and features some Rembau wurde eine qualitative Forschungsmethode over 100 years old original NSTH buildings. The der Phänomenologie und Ethnographie durch- study was conducted by analyzing house plans on geführt. Es handelt sich um ein historisches the physical, social, practical, and functional sides Gebiet, das sich auf die Entwicklung der frühen of space organization linked to the environment. Minangkabau-Siedlung bezieht und einige über 100 The methods of interview, observation, visual and Jahre alte NSTH-GebŠude beherbergt. Die Studie architectural data collection and production of wurde durchgeführt, indem Hauspläne auf den measured drawings were used. The study found physischen, sozialen, praktischen und funktionalen that the NSTH was built mainly according to the Aspekten der räumlichen Organisation analysiert orientation of the downstream river. The river is wurden, die mit der Umgebung verbunden sind. Es not just for connecting the land to the sea, but it wurden die Methoden der Befragung, Beobachtung, is also as a living place. The concept of alam (na- visuellen und architektonischen Datenerfassung ture) in Minangkabau tradition which creates unity und Erstellung von Maßzeichnungen verwendet. in diversity consequently affects the construction Die Studie ergab, dass die NSTH hauptsächlich of the traditional Minangkabau house. Although the nach der Ausrichtung des stromabwärts gelegenen orientation and organization of NSTH spatial are Flusses errichtet wurden. Der Fluss ist nicht nur varied, the similarity lies in the pangkal serambi die Verbindung des Landes mit dem Meer, sondern space which looks towards downstream of the par- auch ein lebendiger Ort. Das Konzept der Alam allel river. Therefore, every NSTH buildings form be (Natur) in der Minangkabau-Tradition, das Einheit in a state of harmony between the buildings and in der Vielfalt schafft, beeinflusst folglich den Bau the river surroundings as natural existence. des traditionellen Minangkabau-Hauses. Obwohl die Orientierung und Organisation von NSTH räumlich Keywords: spatial, orientation, organization, variiert, liegt die Ähnlichkeit im Pangkal Serambi- Malay, house, rules Raum, der stromabwärts des parallelen Flusses liegt. Die NSTH Gebäude bilden so eine Harmonie mit der Flussumgebung und der Natur.

Schlüsselworte: Raum, Orientierung, Organisation, Malaiisch, Haus, Regeln

JCCS-a 12/2019 21 WAHAB & BAHAUDDIN The Spatial Organization of the Negeri Sembilan Traditional House, Malaysia

1. INTRODUCTION

Negeri Sembilan traditional house (NSTH) is a Minangkabau house (Hardono and Bahauddin, 2012) and different from the Minangkabau adat house (MAH) in Sumatra. NSTH evolved due to merantau process, a cultural migration movement (Naim, 1979) by the people of Minangkabau. It begins in the three Luhak Nan Tuo (the oldest re- gions) (Hasanadi, 2012; Ismail et al., 2014) namely Tanah Datar, Agam and Lima Puluh Kota in Darek around the Merapi mountain of Bukit Barisan, West Sumatra. The merantau spread and stretched, crossing the Straits of Malacca to Malaysia penin- sular in Negeri Sembilan and establish the rantau Minangkabau region (Ismail et al., 2014).

The design of MAH is affected by the matrilineal customary law of Bodi Caniago and Koto Piliang in Darek, West Sumatra. The MAH designed in big scale because it is purposely built for a tribe by ninik-mamak (uncle) and inhabited by their niece. It was built permanently and oriented towards the Mount of Merapi (Syamsul Asri, 2004).

The design of NSTH in rantau is followed by the same matrilineal practiced. However, the NSTH was built for a family by buapak (father) and the scale is depending on the number of family members. The NSTH was built as temporary shelter in small scale and able to dismantle to be moved and assemble Figure 1 as the practical purposed of merantau. the elements of land, water, and paddy field. MAH The evolution of Minangkabau architecture created constructed in the ancient settlement of Pariangan design variations in Negeri Sembilan (Ismail et al., in Darek was considered the potential of environ- 2014). The design of the Minangkabau houses was ment for the benefit and strong result (Ismael, built according to the social philosophy and ritual 2007). In Minangkabau tradition, the potential and beliefs (Soeroto, 2005; Hardono and Bahauddin, procedures of land use are expressed in proverb 2012; Yovita, 2012), but the spatial organization which explains: of NSTH is in contrast to the one found in MAH (Hardono and Bahauddin, 2012). The MAH division “Nan data kaparumahan, nan lereng tanami of space is based on horizontal and vertical lines. tabu, nan payau ikaranangan itiak, nan baraie The horizontal line is called lanja, the line from the jadikan sawah, nan munggu kapakuburan” pangkal (base) to the hujung (end) of the house. The vertical line is called bilik, the line the front (“Flatland for housing, sloped land for planting to the rear of the house (Widya, 2001; Hardono, sugarcane, swamp land for a duck swimming, 2015). The number of rooms is odd and can be land that has water for the paddy fields and the added from 3 to 5, 7 and 9 depending on the num- high ground for the cemetery”) ber of the niece inhabited in a house. The MAH was constructed on the flat land surface NSTH are built nearby the river banks where the because Pariangan consists in volcanoes territories pangkal serambi (lower verandah) area leads to- where earthquakes happen periodically. The flat wards the downstream (Idrus, 1996). Spatial land helped the MAH stable and reduced the risk of division in NSTH is divided into four areas namely collapse. Land in the vicinity of the MAH was select- serambi, anjung, tengah rumah, and pelantar. ed and used based on the landform. For example, the Minangkabau community planted sugarcane Even though the MAH and NSTH have different on sloped land to reduce landslide risk. They are architectural placements, in term of concept and cultivating paddy nearby the river to ensure water philosophy, the Minangkabau customs practices supply in paddy field were always sufficient. They in both region were still along the same thoughts also poultry duck and fish at swampland because (Hardono and Bahauddin, 2012). Among the simi- there is a natural source of water that used to be larities were the orientation aspects which linked to the ponds. Hilly and high ground were used for the Figure 1 cemetery area because it is unproductive cultivated The location map of Tanah Da- areas and were in the remote area. tar, Agam, and Lima Puluh Kota of Luhak Nan Tuo in Darek, West Sumatera, Indonesia. (source: Kato, 2005)

Figure 2 The Minangkabau adat house (MAH) in Luhak Tanah Datar, Darek, West Sumatera, Indonesia. (source: Mohamad Hanif Abdul Wahab, 2016)

Figure 3 The Minangkabau adat house (MAH) division of space. (source: Hardono, 2015) Figure 2 Figure 3 22 JCCS-a 12/2019 WAHAB & Die räumliche Organisation des traditionelle Negeri Sembilan Hauses, Malaysia BAHAUDDIN

Figure 4 Figure 5 Other similarities found between MAH and NSTH is the space planning and functionality. The similari- rules. 10 NSTH in historical Rembau districts have ties found in the aspects of the space functionality, been selected as case studies. Data from field- the architectural elements, and the application of work survey, literature review and obtained from the customary system in space. The three aspects Minangkabau architecture expert were analyzed. are compared between both architectures to obtain Architectural aspects such as the house orientation the similarities characteristics as shown in Table I. system; the rules used for house location; internal orientation, and house formation were considered Sudirman Ismael (2007), a researcher of cultural in this study. values ​​in the Minangkabau architecture mention the similarity in difference exist in Minangkabau architecture. It is because of the concept of unity 3. REMBAU BACKGROUND in diversity that was derived from the philosophy of “alam terkembang menjadi guru” or nature flared Rembau is the smallest among the seven dis- become guidance. As the formation of the uni- tricts that established Negeri Sembilan are located verse that evolved and varied, so is the existence around latitude 2° 35ˈ00” north and longitude, 102 of Minangkabau architecture that accepts similarity ° 05 ‘00” east. It is on the border with the district indifference due to examples from the surround- of , , , , ings, customs, and culture from within and outside and Malacca. Rembau area covers approximately of the Luhak Nan Tuo in Darek territory. 254 square kilometers, or 41, 721 hectares of which 73.6% is agricultural land, 18.4% is forest reserves, 7.8% is government land and 0.2% of 2. OBJECTIVE AND METHODOLOGY the industrial area (Ibrahim, 1995). Rembau to- pography is gently sloping valley bounded by the The similarities and differences between the Titiwangsa main range from the north side to the Minangkabau architecture placements in Sumatra east divided into 2 areas – Tanah Sebelah Baroh and Negeri Sembilan were the potential of the envi- (Land of Baroh) and Tanah Sebelah Darat (Land ronment which linked to the elements of land, water, of Darat). From this range lies the main river and paddy field. The river becomes the preferred upstream such as Sungai Rembau, Sungai Batu- places for the NSTH settings, guides to forming Hampar, Sungai and Sungai -Batang spaces and room placements. It also guided to the Benar. These streams are tributaries that flow into placements of cultivated paddy field which located 17 sub-districts and 204 villages (Rembau, 2017) nearby to the MAH settings. Due to the relevance, which directed to the outfall of Sungai Linggi in this paper aims to investigate orientation systems coastal Strait of Malacca. used and the rules governing the NSTH spatial or- ganization in Rembau district, Negeri Sembilan, The numbers of Minangkabau people especially Malaysia by referred to the Minangkabau tradition. in the region of Luhak Lima Puluh Kota in West This qualitative analysis research aims to identify Sumatera was migrated towards the east (H. the reason of pangkal serambi area built in that Datoek Toeah, 1989). They pass through the river

Table I: The Similarities of Space Functionality, the Architectural Elements and the Customary System of the MAH and NSTH

Darek Rantau Minangkabau adat Minangkabau Negeri Sembilan traditional house (MAH) (NSTH) The similarities of space functionality Space for women’s activities The whole house The tengah rumah (bilik and kelongkong (kitchen) A distinctive space for male activeness Balai and labuah The serambi (pangkal and hujung) Figure 4 in the customary law and the anjung The Negeri Sembilan tradi- The architectural elements tional house (NSTH) in Selemak, Rembau, Negeri Wall separator Between the rooms with rooms and Between the serambi and the tengah Sembilan, Malaysia. (source: rooms with bandua rumah Mohamad Hanif Abdul Wahab, 2016) The customary system Figure 5 Matrilineal custom The house owns by the tribe and in The house owns by the family and in The Negeri Sembilan tradi- the heir to the kemenakan or niece the heir to the youngest daughter tional house (NSTH) division of space. JCCS-a 12/2019 23 WAHAB & BAHAUDDIN The Spatial Organization of the Negeri Sembilan Traditional House, Malaysia

Figure 7

2000) arrived in Rembau from Darek, Sumatra. They built two earliest settlements nearby Sungai Rembau riverbanks known as Kampung Kota and Figure 6 Kampung Padang Lekok (Parr and Mackray, 1910; Ibrahim, 1995) in the land of Baroh. Baroh topog- and lush valley areas in Kampar Kiri, Kampar Kanan, raphy is a downstream area that has a low-lying, Bangkinang, Rokan district in Riau and further cross flat surface and sloping land which is suitable for the Strait of Malacca to Negeri Sembilan. In the cultivating paddy, livestock and house construc- 12th century, the Siak descent of Minangkabau in tion along the river banks of Sungai Rembau to the Sumatra arrived in the valley of Sungai Linggi / Sungai Penajis and Sungai Mampong. Rembau (Newbold, 1834, 1839; Ibrahim, 2000) from Temasek (Singapore). Exploration of new land In the 1520s, a larger group of Minangkabau set- for agriculture continues to the 13th century where tlers led by four ceremonial leaders arrived in they arrived in Rembau around 1260 AD (Favre, Rembau. They are permitted to explored new ar- 1849; Ibrahim, 2000). In the 14th century, the es- eas namely land of Darat (Favre, 1849; Parr and tablishment of temporary-permanent Minangkabau Mackray, 1910; Ibrahim, 2000). Darat topography settlement begins even though they would return to is an upstream highland area which supplied water Siak and replace by new settlers (Ibrahim, 2000). to the land of Baroh. Four villages founded by them At this moment, planting rice introduced in Rembau namely Kampung Batu Hampar, Kampung Sungai and became an important trade commodity in Layang, Kampung Bintungan and Kampung Lubuk Malacca (Chung, 1969; Ibrahim, 2000). Then the Rusa-Selemak which was located nearby river Minangkabau nobleman from Siak namely Datuk banks of Sungai Mampong to Sungai Batu Hampar, Leteh arrived in Rembau (Ibrahim, 1995). With the Sungai Tanjung Kling and Sungai Layang (Ibrahim, permission of Batin Sekudai, leader of Rembau, 2000). he was assigned by the Pagarruyung Kingdom to lead and oversee the Minangkabau settlers in As a conclusion, Rembau is divided into 2 areas Rembau (Radjo Panghoeloe, 1982; Ibrahim, 1995). known as Baroh and Darat. Baroh is the lowlands Since then, Rembau was associated with Siak and downstream area with a flat and gently sloping Minangkabau as a proverb described; land around Sungai Rembau and its tributaries. Meanwhile, Darat refers to the area around the “bertali ke Siak, bertuan ke Minangkabau” highland area where is located upstream of the river that flows into Sungai Layang, Sungai Tanjung (“consanguinity in Siak, reigned in Minangkabau”) Kling, Sungai Batu Hampar to Sungai Mampong and connected to Sungai Rembau/Penajis. Datuk Leteh is referred to as the people of Rantau Minangkabau (Regional Minangkabau) in Siak, the East Sumatra which is currently included in the 4. FIELDWORK RESEARCH Province of Riau (Idrus, 1996). He was classified as a Melayu beradat (well-mannered Malay) or The case study analysis involved of 10 NSTH based Melayu daratan (mainland Malay) originated from on approximately a 100-year old occupied houses. the sea which was settled in the river upstream It is because a building that has the value of a (Kato, 1984; Idrus, 1996). As in Siak, a low-lying nation and culture as well as the last 100 years and gently sloping valley bounded lies the Sungai of their use is justified and referred to as historic Kampar-Siak downstream from the Bukit Barisan buildings (Fielden, 2000; Kamal, 2010). Besides, mountain, Rembau has a similar topography the vicinity of NSTH and the Sungai Rembau and which drained by the Sungai Rembau (Parr and its tributaries plays important factors in connecting Mackray, 1910) from the Titiwangsa main range. the historical placement to it topography. General Alongside Sungai Rembau riverbanks, Datuk Leteh information on the 10 NSTH are shown in table II. Figure 6 followers from Agam and Kampung Batu in Darek, The map of Negeri Sembilan and Rembau in Malaysia pen- Sumatra established the earliest Minangkabau set- The results of the 10 NSTH fieldwork study been re- insular. (source: University tlements namely Kampung Agam and Kampung corded according to the architectural aspects such of California Press E-Books Hulu Penajis. as the house orientation system; the rules used for Collection, 1982-2004) the house location and the house structure forma- Figure 7 Approximately in 1515, the first group of tion; internal orientation, and flow of movement in The map of Baroh and Darat Minangkabau Tulen (Original Minangkabau) (Idrus, space. Table III shows the orientation data of the in Rembau, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. (source: Ibrahim, 1996) settlers led by Datuk Lela Balang and Datuk 10 NSTS and the pangkal serambi area based on 1995) Laut Dalam (Parr and Mackray, 1910; Ibrahim, the house elevation and the direction of river flow. 24 JCCS-a 12/2019 WAHAB & Die räumliche Organisation des traditionelle Negeri Sembilan Hauses, Malaysia BAHAUDDIN

Table II: General information of selected 10 NSTH case studies involved in fieldwork data collection

Name of House Code Years of Built Builder Location Area (Age) Rumah Telapak Dato’Akhir NSTH-1 (1837-1871), Malay Kg. Pulau Hanyut Baroh Undang Rembau ke-14 180 -146-years Rumah Haji Kassim bin Haji NSTH-2 (1860), Malay Kg. Selemak Darat Mohd. Ali 157-years Rumah Lanjong NSTH-3 (1866), Malay Kg. Selemak Darat 151-years Rumah Muhamad Arsad NSTH-4 (1871), Malay Kg. Selemak Darat 146-years Rumah Telapak Dato’ NSTH-5 (1870-an), Sumatra Kg. Paya Kumbuh Baroh Mangku Salleh 130-years Malay Rumah Wan Khairiah NSTH-6 (1900an), Malay Kg. Pulau Bongek Baroh Osman 117-years Rumah Hajah Kundur NSTH-7 (1902), Malay Kg. Rendah Darat 115-years Rumah Norlida Ibrahim NSTH-8 (1900an), Malay Kg. Astana Raja Baroh 117-years Rumah Dato’ Shahbandar NSTH-9 (1937), Chinese Kg. Paya Kumboh Baroh Sahil Ondot 80-years Rumah Haji Ali Haji Yassin NSTH-10 (1933), Malay Kg Mungkal Baroh 84-years

Table III: General information of selected 10 NSTH case studies involved in fieldwork data collection

Pangkal House Elevation Type of House (C: Serambi Left Side Front Right Side Rear Code Column) Orientation Titi-wangsa Paddy field, NSTH-1 C16 without porch Down-stream main range, Sungai Penajis/ Paddy field Paddy field paddy field, Mampong NSTH -2 C18 single porch Down-stream Sungai Layang Road, Paddy Field, upstream, Sungai NSTH -3 C20 single porch Down-stream Titi-wangsa main Cemetery, hill paddy field, Layang, paddy range, Bintongan Titi-wangsa field NSTH -4 C16 single porch Down-stream Hill main range Paddy field, Sungai Rembau, NSTH -5 C24 single porch Down-stream Paddy field rubber Cemetery, hill rice field plantation Paddy field, Rubber planta- Rubber planta- NSTH -6 C16 without porch Down-stream Sungai Mampong/ Paddy field tion (hill) tion (hill) Penajis tributary Titi-wangsa Paddy field, NSTH -7 C20 without porch Down-stream main range, Sungai Paddy field Paddy field paddy field tributary Orchard, Titi- Paddy field, wangsa main Main Road, NSTH -8 C16 without porch Down-stream Paddy field Sungai range, Datuk Orchard, Hill Rembau mountain Paddy field, Sungai Rembau, NSTH -9 C16 without porch Down-stream Paddy field rubber Cemetery, Hill paddy field plantation Orchard, Titi- Sungai Batang wangsa main Orchard, pad- NSTH -10 C22 Single porch Down-stream Paddy field Nyamor, paddy range, Datuk dy field field mountain

5. ANALYSIS DATA AND FINDINGS The first orientation line based on the direction of the river flow referred to as upstream and down- 5.1 The Orientation System stream. It split into two parts, the left bank, and the right bank of the river. Both the riverbanks formed The placement of the 10 NSTH was the common the 2 sections of land used for the paddy fields. factor which was influenced by the elements of the river and rice fields as shown in Table II and Table III. The Minangkabau settlers in Rembau were culti- 5.2 The Rules Used For House Placement vating rice and build settlements on flat land close to the river bank. It makes the river and rice as physi- For the people of Rembau, the upstream and down- cal factors in the orientation system of the NSTH. stream also referred to the division of land known JCCS-a 12/2019 25 WAHAB & BAHAUDDIN The Spatial Organization of the Negeri Sembilan Traditional House, Malaysia

as Darat and Baroh. Darat is the upstream side 5.3 Internal Orientation characterized by the highland hills, mountains, and backcountry. Baroh is the downstream features a Data collection shows that there are 2 types of sloping and flat land front country projecting to the NSTH settings- in front of and behind the river the outfall, beaches towards the Strait of Malacca. and formed 2 different types of spatial patterns. Although Darat and Baroh are in different locations The difference can be seen by placing the hujung and topography, the river and paddy fields factors serambi (upper verandah) area and the pangkal exist on both site selections for the house place- serambi (lower verandah) area in the position of ments. Most identical element for both is the river upstream-downstream orientation. was the position of either in front of or behind the house parallel with the pangkal serambi. For examples, the NSTH-3 in Kampung Selemak were located on the left bank of the river while the

Figure 8 Spatial Organization of 10 NSTH in Relation with Upstream-Downstream River and Left-Right Riverbanks. Figure 8 26 JCCS-a 12/2019 WAHAB & Die räumliche Organisation des traditionelle Negeri Sembilan Hauses, Malaysia BAHAUDDIN

NSTH-5 in Kampung Paya Kumbuh were located on REFERENCES the right bank of the river. The difference was seen in the position of bilik (bedroom), rumah ibu (main Chung, S.-H. (1969) ‘The Rice Industry of Malaya: A Historical Survey’, Journal of Malaysia Branch Royal Asiatic So- house) and the pelantar (platform) in the upstream ciety, 42. position. It is because the pangkal serambi position remains in downstream position acting as cardinal Favre, P. E. L. (1849) ‘A Journey in the Minangkabau States of the point Y. Malay Peninsula’, Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia.

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6. CONCLUSION Ismail, N. H., Surat, M., Raja Shahminan, R. N. and Yunus, S. K. (2014) ‘Identiti Rumah Tradisional Negeri Sembilan The variety placement settings of the NSTH was a Melalui Evolusi Rekabentuk’, Journal Design and Built. reflection of the similarity indifference which ex- ists in Minangkabau architecture. It is because the Kamal, K. S. (2010) ‘Pengenalan Kepada Pemuliharaan Bangu- nan Bersejarah’, in Ahmad, H., Ali, W. N. W., Kamal, Minangkabau tradition was used to emphasize the K. S., and Ismail, D. (eds) 2nd Builders Symposium concept of unity in diversity that was derived from 2010 (BuSY 2010), Universiti Teknologi MARA Perak, the philosophy of “alam terkembang menjadi guru” Malaysia, 25 Mac 2010. Bandar Baru Seri Iskandar: or nature flared become guidance. As the forma- Universiti Teknologi MARA Perak. tion of the universe that evolved and varied, so is Kato, T. (1984) ‘Typology of Cultural and Ecological Diversity in the Minangkabau architecture that accepts similar- Riau, Sumatera’, in Maeda, W. and Mattulaa (eds) ity indifference due to references from the natural Transformation of the Agricultural Landscape in Indo- surroundings from within and outside of the Luhak nesia. Kyoto: CSEAS, Kyoto University. Nan Tuo in Darek territory. Although the spatial organization of the 10 NSTH is varied, the similar- Kato, T. (2005) Adat Minangkabau Dan Merantau Dalam Perspektif Sejarah. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka. ity lies in the pangkal serambi area which leads to the downstream river. Therefore, every NTSH is Naim, M. (1979) Merantau: Pola Migrasi Suku Minangkabau. placed in a state of harmony for the benefit and Gadjah Mada University Press. strong result between the building and the river surroundings as nature existence. Newbold, T. J. (1834) ‘Sketch of the Four Minangcabowe State in the Interior of Malacca’, in Moors, J. H. (ed.) Notices of the Indian Archipelago, and Adjacent Countries. 1968th edn. London: Frank Cass.

Newbold, T. J. (1839) British Settlement in the Straits of Malacca. Volume 2. 1971st edn. Edited by J. Murray. London: Oxford University Press.

Parr, C. W. C. and Mackray, W. H. (1910) ‘Rembau. One of the Nine States’, Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, (56). Figure 9 Cardinal Point-Y referred to Radjo Panghoeloe, M. R. M. D. (1982) Minangkabau, Sejarah Upstream-Downstream and Ringkas dan Adatnya. Jakarta: Penerbit Mutiara. Cardinal Point-X referred to Front-Rear of the NSTH Soeroto, M. (2005) Pustaka Budaya & Arsitektur Minangkabau. elevation. Figure 9 Jakarta: Myrtle Publishing. JCCS-a 12/2019 27 WAHAB & BAHAUDDIN The Spatial Organization of the Negeri Sembilan Traditional House, Malaysia

Mohamad Hanif Abdul Syamsul Asri (2004) Prinsip-Prinsip Pembinaan Rumah Adat Acknowledgment Wahab Minangkabau. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor. This research work was sponsored by the Malaysian Mohamad is currently a sec- ond year PhD student in De- Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), Institute Widya, D. (2001) Kajian Arsitektur Rumah Tinggal Tradisional sign with Cultural Influence Minangkabau Nagari Panyalaian Kabupaten Tanah Postgraduate Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia at Universiti Sains Malaysia, and Universiti Teknologi MARA under grant Skim working under Professor Dr. Datar. Universitas Diponegoro Semarang. Azizi Bahauddin. His thesis Latihan Akademik Bumiputera (SLAB) ref. no. tittle is “The Influences of Wikipedia (2017) Rembau. Available at: https://ms.wikipedia. KPT(BS)780317087053. Merantau Culture Towards the org/wiki/Rembau (accessed 17 March 2017). Negeri Sembilan Traditional House in Rembau, Malaysia.” Yovita, W. (2012) Arsitektur Budaya dan Pembangunan (AR6141): He holds an MA in Interior Budaya Matrilineal Masyarakat Minangkabau pada Ar- Design from ISD and BA in sitektur Rumah Gadang. Bandung. Interior Architecture from Universiti Teknologi MARA. His research is supported by Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) and Uni- versiti Teknologi MARA. Contact: mhaw15_hbp026@ student.usm.my

Azizi Bahauddin Azizi is currently the Director the Creative Design House of USM and a lecturer in Inte- rior Design at the School of Housing, Building & Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia. His main research areas are fo- cusing on Design and Culture specifically on the Exhibition Design/Interior Design; Art and Design especially on Cul- tural Issues on Ethnography and Phenomenology; and in Architectural and Cultural Heritage. His main passion is to investigate into how cultural values influence the built en- vironment especially in the embellishments, the details, the space planning, and the customs, rituals and philoso- phy that are associated with the architecture. He has pub- lished over 180 publications with over 110 titles that were reviewed under high impact factor journals. Most of his journal titles revolved around design and culture related to architecture. He is now study- ing on traditional architecture of the Southeast Asia region by looking into cultural influ- ences that govern the way the architecture was shaped. Among the researches were on the Rumah Gajah Menyusu of Kedah, Rumah Melaka, Rumah Adat Minangkabau in western Sumatera, Rumah Tradisional Negeri Sembilan, Rumah Baba-Nyonya of Melaka and Penang, Rumah Panjang Rungus of Sabah, the court- yard house of Jordan, the Masjid Agung Banten, tradi- tional Malay spa and currently investigating on the influence of Feng Shui in traditional Chinese architecture. Contact: [email protected]

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