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Superheated Liquids for the Extraction of Solid Residues from Winemaking Processes

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Superheated Liquids for the Extraction of Solid Residues from Winemaking Processes CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by University of Lincoln Institutional Repository Anal. Bioanal. Chem., (2003) 377: 1190-1195 Publisher: SPRINGER-VERLAG HEIDELBERG, TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY Subject Category: Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical IDS Number: 746ZJ ISSN: 1618-2642 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-003-2194-5 http://www.springerlink.com/content/3cfu6kw6mm2w1b3b/ SUPERHEATED LIQUIDS FOR THE EXTRACTION OF SOLID RESIDUES FROM WINEMAKING PROCESSES J. González-Rodríguez 1, P. Pérez-Juan 2 and M.D. Luque de Castro 3* 1 R&D Department Pérez Barquero, S.A. Avda. de Andalucía, 27, E-14550, Montilla, Córdoba, Spain. Fax: 957 650208, E-mail: [email protected] 2 LIEC, Laboratory and Enologic Research of Castilla, Polígono industrial, calle XV, parcela R-113, E-13200, Manzanares (Ciudad Real), Spain. Phone: 34-926647115, E-mail: [email protected] 3 Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Córdoba, Campus of Rabanales, Annex C-3, E-14071, Córdoba, Spain. E-mail: [email protected]; Fax:+34 957 218615 Solid residues from winemaking process have been subjected to extraction with superheated water-ethanol mixtures. Identification and characterisation of the extracted compounds have been made by spectrophotometry, gas chromatography with either flame ionisation or mass detectors and high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. The extraction has been performed in a static manner by single or repetitive cycles. All variables affecting the extraction process have been studied and optimised. The extraction time and temperature are 65 min and 210ºC, respectively. Two phases constitute the extract: an aqueous phase, which is rich in phenol compounds and an oily phase, mainly formed by fatty acids. The method allows manipulation of the extract composition by changing the applied pressure, temperature, water-ethanol ratio and pH. The method is faster than the traditional extraction procedures for obtaining valuable compounds from these residues. Keywords: solid-liquid extraction, liquid chromatography, gass chromatography, mass spectrometry, superheated liquids, winemaking residues 1 J. González-Rodríguez et al Introduction When extraction is performed in the absence of both light and air, degra- After grapes crushing for obtaining the dation and oxidation processes are must, latter subjected to the fermen- significantly reduced in comparison tation process, a residue constituted by with other extraction techniques, and seeds, peels and shoots from the grape the extracts obtained are richer in bunch is obtained. This residue is used valuable compounds. This is the main to obtain a low sugary liquid when advantage of using subcritical or mixed with water, and after alcoholic supercritical fluids and one of the fermentation can be either exploited as reasons for developing extraction raw material to obtain a low quality processes in this way. vinegar or sold to alcohol factories to Supercritical and subcritical fluid obtain ethanol. The residue can also be extraction has been proposed using used as fertilizer due to its high carbon dioxide and adding organic nutrition content. The composition of modifiers to increase the polarity of the this solid residue varies depending on fluid for the extraction of phenolic the variety of grapes, but it is mainly compounds [7,8], but the costs of the constituted by tannins, organic acids, methods at an industrial scale are high. reducing sugars, nitrogen compounds, The stability of phenolic compounds anthocyans, wax, inorganic salts and under subcritical conditions up to lipids [1], and rest of vegetal cell walls 150ºC using methanol as extractant has (pectin, cellulose, hemicellullose and been studied by Palma et al. [9] to mainly lignine). prove the feasibility of extracting The extraction of valuable com- phenolic compounds from solid pounds from this raw material is residues from the winemaking process performed on several ways depending with pressurised liquids. Although the on the target compounds to be results were satisfactory, the use of this extracted: anthocyans are extracted by solvent presents two main short- using as extractant either sulphur comings: the cost of methanol and its dioxide or sorbent resins [2]; seeds are high toxicity, which involves a previously separated and smashed and subsequent step for removal of the the oil is extracted by using hexane as extractant before human use. solvent [3]; tannins are extracted with Subcritical water extraction of hot water and then precipitated with essential oils from aromatic plants is NaCl;4 meanwhile simple phenolics very promising [10,11]. It has prompted (hy-droxylated and methoxylated the development of an alternative to the benzoic acids, cinnamic acid and conventional manual methods based on derivatives and catechins) have been organic solvents. The use of super- extracted by soaking with organic heated ethanol-water mixtures has solvents [5, 6]. previously been checked for the extraction of phenolic compounds from 2 Anal. Bioanal. Chem., (2003) 377: 1190-1195 oak wood [12,13]. The extracts stainless steel preheater, was located in obtained were compared with a gas chromatograph oven (HP 5720A, commercial wood extracts with an Hewlett-Packard, Wilmington, DE, excellent agreement concerning USA) used as heating source capable to composition, and with drastic reduction work up to 400ºC. of both time and costs. Due to the nature of the compounds that can be found in solid residues coming from winemaking processes, the use of superheated water or mixtures of water and ethanol could be suitable for the extraction of such com- pounds. The aim of this work is the study of a leaching step for these residues using superheated water or either ethanol-water mixtures on the light of the individual separation of the extracted species by liquid or gas chromatography or the monitoring of the whole extract by a photometric Figure 1. Extraction system. hpp: high detector. pressure pump, er: extractant reservoir, ph: pre-heater, ec: extraction cell, o: oven, c: Experimental cooler, v1=selection valve, v2=restriction valve. Instruments and apparatus The laboratory-made extractor used, A loop made from 1-m length shown in Fig. 1, consists of the stainless-steel tubing and cooled with following parts: a Knauer 64 high water at room temperature was used to pressure pump (Knauer, Berlin, cool the extract from the oven to a Germany), used to propel the extractant temperature close to 25ºC. A pressure liquid through the system; a stainless needle valve coupled to the outlet of the steel cylindrical extraction chamber cooler and a selecting valve located (150 x11 mm id, 14 ml internal between the high-pressure pump and volume) which was closed with screws the oven allowed flushing of the extract at both ends in order to permit its filling with N2 after extraction. with extractant and emptying of the The liquid chromatography ana- extract. The screw caps also contained lyses of the extracts were performed stainless steel filters plates (2 mm thick, using a modular 1100 Hewlett-Packard and 6.35 mm i.d.) to ensure the wood liquid chromatograph (Pittsburg, PA, chips remained in the extraction USA), consisting of a G1311A high chamber. This chamber, together with a pressure quaternary pump, a G1322A 3 J. González-Rodríguez et al vacuum degasser, a 7725 Rheodyne Reagents and solutions high-pressure manual injection valve Ethanol 96% (v/v) PA from Panreac (HPIV) and a G1315A diode array (Barcelona, Spain) and distilled water detector. The individual separation of were used for preparing the water- the components both from the extracts ehanol mixtures used as extractant, with and standard solutions was performed ethanol contents from 0 to 100%. on a 250 mm x 4.6 mm id, 5 μm Vanillin and gallic, protocatechuic and particle, Hypersil ODS column vanillic acids used as chromatographic (Supelco, Bellefonte, PA, USA) standards were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. protected by a precolumn of the same Louis, USA). 4-methyl-2-pentanol and material. picolinic acid ethyl ester used as The gas chromatography analyses internal standards were from Merck of the extracts were performed using a (Darmstadt, Germany). Solutions of Varian 3900 gas chromatograph equip- methanol, acetic acid (both HPLC ped with a Chrompack capillary CP- grade and supplied by Merck) and Wax 57 CB fused silica column (50 m ultrapure water at pH 3 were used as x 0.25 mm id, 0.2 μm film thickness) mobile phases. Methanol and ultrapure and a flame ionisation detector (FID). water at pH 7.0 were used for Finally, a Saturn 2200 mass spectro- conditioning and regeneration of the meter (Varian) equipped with a chromatographic column. Chrompack capillary CP-Sil 8 CB fused Ultrapure water obtained from a silica column (50 m x 0.25 mm i.d.) Millipore (Bedfore, MA, USA) Milli-Q was used to characterise the com- plus system was also used. The nitrogen pounds. A Cary 50 Conc spectro- used for dragging the extract from the photometer from Varian (Mulgrave, extraction cell was supplied by Air- Australia), connected to a computer Liquide (Paris, France). with Cary WinUV v.2.0® (Varian) Solid residues from winemaking software for data collection and process (SRWP) were provided by treatment, was also used for photo- Pérez Barquero Winery (Montilla, metric monitoring of the extracts. Córdoba) from the 2002 vintage. All the extracts were centrifuged using a Selecta (Barcelona, Spain) Procedures Mixtasel centrifuge and filtered through 0.45 μm Minisart filters from Sartorius Subcritical extraction (Göttingen, Germany). A vacuum pump The sample cell in Fig. 1 was filled (Vac Elut SPS 24, Varian, P.S. with 1.5 g of SRWP, and two pieces of Analytical, England) was used for Albet 235 filter paper were inserted at filtering the HPLC solvents. Statistical both ends of the cell to prevent the frit treatments were made using Statgraph- from clogging. After assembling the ics™ plus 2.1. for Windows. extraction cell in the oven, this was brought up to the working temperature 4 Anal.
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