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Radioiodine Therapy in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer – a Matter of Controversy – PRO Radioiodine

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Radioiodine Therapy in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer – a Matter of Controversy – PRO Radioiodine Journal of Nuclear Medicine, published on May 10, 2018 as doi:10.2967/jnumed.117.191338 Radioiodine therapy in differentiated thyroid cancer – a matter of controversy – PRO Radioiodine Matthias Schmidt, Rainer Görges, Alexander Drzezga, Markus Dietlein Address for correspondence: Prof. Dr. Matthias Schmidt Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne Kerpener Str. 62, D – 50937 Koeln (Cologne), Germany P.: +492214785024, F.: +492214786777, E-Mail:<[email protected]> Abstract: Radioiodine therapy is a matter of controversy as different opinions exist towards its use in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. The following article sheds light on different opinions and explains why the authors advocate the use of radioiodine therapy not only in high- risk patients. In comparison to other malignancies differentiated thyroid carcinoma has a different tumor biology due to its usually slow growth pattern. Radioiodine therapy was first used about 75 years ago and provided cure at a time when prospective randomized controlled trials were to be developed. Large patient cohorts and usually at least a decade of clinical follow-up are needed to demonstrate a benefit of radioiodine therapy. Thus, many factors define an individual treatment decision, especially in low risk patients including tumor stage, extent of surgery, tumor biology, clinical and imaging data, life expectancy and patients preferences. Learning Objectives: The reader should (1) know that radioiodine therapy was first introduced about 75 years ago; (2) describe special features of thyroid carcinoma tumor biology in comparison to other malignancies; (3) be able to explain which retrospective studies are needed to favorably value the clinical usefulness of radioiodine therapy; (4) find arguments for and against the use of radioiodine in different tumor stages. IRB: The institutional review board approved this retrospective study and the requirement to obtain informed consent was waived. Financial disclosure: The authors Schmidt, Görges, Drzezga, and Dietlein received speaker fees from Sanofi GmbH. 1 After the discovery of I-131 by Glenn T. Seaborg and John Livingod at the University of California, Berkley, in 1938, Dr. Saul Hertz administered cyclotron produced I-131 as the first therapeutic dose to a human patient in January 1941 (1). The European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM) congress 2016 in Barcelona held a Dr. Saul Hertz-symposium to remember the founder of radioiodine therapy in the presence of his daughter Barbara Hertz. Today, there is a strong controversy over wether to use or not to use radioiodine in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinomas. The following article presents the different views on radioiodine therapy and explains why the authors advocate the use of radioiodine. Key Words: differentiated thyroid carcinoma, papillary thyroid carcinoma, follicular thyroid carcinoma, radioiodine therapy 2 HISTOPATHOLOGY OF DIFFERENTIATED THYROID CANCER, METASTATIC PATTERNS, AND TREATMENT AIMS Differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC ) consists of two histological types, papillary (PTC) and follicular (FTC) carcinomas. In general, both entities are slowly growing. Prognosis is good if completely eradicated, but metastatic patterns of these two carcinomas are different. Follicular thyroid carcinoma metastasizes predominantly to distant organs such as lungs and bones, whereas papillary thyroid carcinoma shows a high incidence of lymph node metastasis, ranging from 30 % to 80 % of patients (2,3). Surgery has the aim to remove the tumor and radioiodine therapy has two goals. It is the aim to ablate thyroid remnants to facilitate follow-up and - more importantly - aims to destroy microscopic tumor tissue as an adjuvant therapy (4). DTC in pregnant women is fortunately rare. However, pregnancy is an absolute contraindication for the use of radioiodine therapy. TOTAL THYROIDECTOMY VERSUS LOBECTOMY Thyroid lobectomy alone is sufficient initial treatment for unifocal, intrathyroidal papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) of ≤ 1.0 cm in the absence of prior head and neck irradiation, ahistory of familial thyroid carcinoma, or clinically detectable cervical nodal metastases, or for minimally invasive follicular thyroid cancer without angioinvasion (5,6), and for encapsulated follicular-patterned thyroid tumors of uncertain malignant potential according to the 4th edition of the WHO classification of tumors, e.g. for noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP) (7). The presence of the remaining lobe of the gland does not allow for the use of radioiodine remnant ablation. Follow-up management consists of neck ultrasonography and serial Tg measurements. For patients with an unequivocal thyroid cancer > 1.0 cm we recommend a near-total or total thyroidectomy. Then, the question arises whether or not radioiodine ablation may improve recurrence-free or overall survival. 3 RADIOIODINE THERAPY – METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS There are several reasons for controversy in the use of radioiodine. There is a lack of prospective randomized controlled trials and data on clinical outcomes are mostly taken from retrospective series. To set up prospective randomized trials with radioiodine is not an easy task necessitating long-term follow-up as to the slowly growing tumor biology and the low event rate. In a review by Sawka et al. only studies with an observation period of more than 10 years showed a benefit for patients treated with radioiodine and sample sizes required recruitment in the order of at least 1500 patients (8,9). There are ongoing prospective clinical trials aiming to further clarify the indication for radioiodine therapy such as the French multicenter Estimabl 2 study (10), the British IoN study (11,12) and the German CLERAD-PROBE study (13) which include low-risk patients. Results are expected from 2020. The difficulty in planning prospective studies can be exemplified by the reasoning about the design and feasibility of a multi- institutional prospective randomized controlled trial of prophylactic central lymph node dissection in cN0 papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Carling et al. calculated a total of 5840 patients that would have to be included in this study to achieve at least 80% statistical power. Thus, a prospective randomized controlled trial of prophylactic central lymph node dissection in cN0 PTC was considered as not readily feasible (14). AMERICAN THYROID ASSOCIATION AND BRITISH THYROID ASSOCIATION GUIDELINES In 2015, the American Thyroid Association (ATA) published version 3 of the guidelines dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer (6). In addition to the distinction between patients with initially low, intermediate and high risk for locoregional recurrence or distant metastases the recurrence risk was expanded from the basic 3-tiered system of low, intermediate, and high risk to a broader risk continuum that incorporates actual risk percentages from several cited studies (6,15). In version 3 of the ATA guidelines patients with lymph node 4 metastases can be categorized into each of the 3 risk groups rather than simply placing all patients with lymph node disease into the intermediate-risk category (6,15). Only patients suffering from tumors with gross extrathyroidal invasion (T4), pN1 with extranodal extension and ≥ 3 LN involved or any LN > 3 cm or patients with distant metastases are definite candidates for radioiodine therapy, while T1b and T2 tumors are not considered routine indications. Other T categories such as T3 or T1-3, N1a or b are candidates in whom radioiodine therapy could be considered. The authors state that of the 191 individual recommendations only 11 were based on high-quality evidence, whereas 97 of these individual recommendations were based on low- quality evidence (6). Haugen et al. aim to reduce what they consider excess therapy and rather want to monitor patients with a few, small lymph node metastases that are now categorized in the low-risk category (6,15). Noteworthy are considerations concerning remnant ablation, adjuvant therapy, and therapy of metastases. Patients who are considered for remnant ablation are treated with radioiodine to ablate normal thyroid tissue and the ablation should improve the sensitivity and specificity of subsequent monitoring tools. Patients considered for adjuvant therapy are those who have undergone a complete resection of their disease and have no known residual disease but are at high risk of developing recurrent disease. Patients who receive radioiodine therapy are those who have known residual locoregional or metastatic disease and who need therapy in an attempt to eradicate or control the disease. Haugen et al. suggest that those patients who are considered for remnant ablation only should be considered for a lower administered activity of radioiodine (i.e. 1.1 GBq = 30 mCi of iodine-131), reserving higher administered activities for those patients receiving radioiodine for adjuvant therapy or therapy. The use of these approaches aims to reduce the risk of potential side effects (eg, sialadenitis, xerostomia, epiphora, or secondary malignancy) in patients with low-risk and intermediate-risk DTC. 5 The British Thyroid Association guideline (4) gave similar recommendations with respect to the use of radioiodine in DTC patients, however used the word “selective use” instead of “may be considered”. Questions remain with regard to the precise specification of selection criteria. EUROPAEN ASSOCIATION
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