DOCSLIB.ORG

Gender Based Violence and HIV / AIDS in South Africa

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Gender Based Violence and HIV / AIDS in South Africa GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE AND HIV/AIDS IN SOUTH AFRICA A LITERATURE REVIEW GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE AND HIV/AIDS IN SOUTH AFRICA A Literature Review Developed by Centre for AIDS Development, Research and Evaluation (CADRE) for the Department of Health, South Africa CADRE/Department of Health © January 2003 Funded by the Danish Government Written by Ulrike Kistner Additional research This literature review was compiled with the assistance of Zinhle Nkosi, Warren Parker, Kevin Kelly, Tanya Jacobs and Susan Fox. Note This review is a companion document to a series of reviews of gender-based violence and HIV/AIDS in South Africa. Resources include a bibliography that is available as a searchable database on the Cadre website (www.cadre.org.za). Related project documents are also available on the site. Contact information Centre for AIDS Development, Research and Evaluation (CADRE), Braamfontien Centre, Braamfontein, Johannesburg. Tel: (011) 339-2611. Fax: (011) 339-2615. e-mail: [email protected] Acknowledgements We would like to thank Ria Schoeman of the Department of Health, the Danish Government and UNICEF for assistance in this project. Cover design by Chanette Swart. CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................................................. 6 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 9 Gender and HIV/AIDS in South Africa at a glance.............................................................. 9 LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................................. 11 The Women, Violence and HIV/AIDS Project ................................................................... 11 Working concepts .............................................................................................................. 12 ‘Gender-based violence’ and ‘violence against women’ ............................................. 12 ‘Patriarchy’................................................................................................................... 14 ‘Sexualised violence’.................................................................................................... 14 ‘Victims’ and ‘survivors’ .............................................................................................. 15 ‘Culture’....................................................................................................................... 15 EXPLAINING VIOLENCE AND GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE ................................................. 17 Gender-based violence in South Africa ............................................................................. 17 Predictors and indicators for gender-based violence ........................................................ 19 Groups vulnerable to gender-based violence and HIV/AIDS ............................................ 21 Children....................................................................................................................... 21 Children affected by HIV/AIDS ................................................................................... 22 Adolescents .................................................................................................................. 23 Pregnant women ......................................................................................................... 24 Migrant and refugee women ....................................................................................... 25 Sex workers .................................................................................................................. 27 Forms of gender-based violence ........................................................................................ 27 Discussion .......................................................................................................................... 29 GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE, HIV/AIDS AND HUMAN RIGHTS ............................................ 31 International human rights instruments .......................................................................... 31 South African Legislation pertaining to violence against women.................................... 32 Legislative revisions and campaigns in process ................................................................ 32 Rape ............................................................................................................................. 32 Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)................................................................................. 34 The Domestic Violence Act ......................................................................................... 35 Intimate femicide ........................................................................................................ 37 The sexual rights campaign......................................................................................... 37 A rights framework ............................................................................................................ 38 Discussion .......................................................................................................................... 41 GENDERED IDENTITIES, NORMS, AND POWER.................................................................... 42 ‘Masculinity’ ...................................................................................................................... 42 ‘Femininity’........................................................................................................................ 44 Discussion .......................................................................................................................... 45 SOCIAL/SEXUAL CONTRACTS AND EXCHANGES................................................................ 46 GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE AND HIV/AIDS IN THE CONTEXT OF GENDERED INEQUALITY IN SOUTH AFRICA ................................................ 48 Gender-based violence and HIV in South Africa............................................................... 48 Correlation between forced sex and HIV .................................................................... 49 Correlation between child sexual abuse and risk-taking behaviour........................... 50 Gender-based violence limiting VCT, STI treatment, MTCT prevention, and formula-feeding of babies...................................................... 50 Stigmatisation of women living with HIV/AIDS......................................................... 50 Disclosure of HIV status and gender-based violence .................................................. 51 Health consequences of gender-based violence.......................................................... 53 Role of health workers in addressing gender-based violence ..................................... 53 Discussion .......................................................................................................................... 54 PAGE 4 GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE AND HIV/AIDS IN SOUTH AFRICA CADRE • 2003 PAGE 5 METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN RESEARCH ON GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE AND HIV/AIDS .......................................................................... 56 Under-reporting................................................................................................................. 56 Non-representative samples .............................................................................................. 56 Neglect of sexual negotiation ............................................................................................ 56 Blindspot: Gender categorisations..................................................................................... 57 Blindspot: Gender-based violence and HIV-prevalence in female same-sex relationships ................................................................................ 57 Behaviourally specific questions in surveys on gender-based violence ............................ 57 CHARTING TRANSFORMATIVE INTERVENTIONS................................................................. 58 Theoretical and methodological issues ............................................................................. 58 Gender neutrality ........................................................................................................ 58 Power and empowerment: ‘power over’ and ‘power to’............................................. 59 Institutionalised power and perceived power............................................................. 60 Gender and HIV Training .................................................................................................. 61 Resources and facilities for men who abuse women......................................................... 62 Life-skills training .............................................................................................................. 62 Health Communications ................................................................................................... 63 Media reporting on HIV/AIDS and gender-based violence............................................... 64 Sexual and reproductive health services ........................................................................... 65 Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) ........................................................................ 67 Rape and Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) ......................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Human Rights Program Sexual Violence Against Girls In
    CENTRAL EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY Budapest-Hungary Department of Legal Studies- Human Rights Program Sexual Violence against Girls in Secondary Schools: The Case of Cameroon and South Africa By CHENWI DENIS FUH, MA Human Rights 2013/2014 Student number 164333 Supervisor: Prof. Nwogu Victoria CEU eTD Collection DEDICATION This work is dedicated to all to all victims and survivors of sexual violence. It is also dedicated to all human rights activists especially those working for the promotion and protection of the rights of women and girls. CEU eTD Collection i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my profound gratitude to all those who assisted me directly or indirectly throughout my studies at the Masters in Human Rights. I thank especially the lecturers, staff and students of the Legal Studies Department at Central European University, especially those of the Human Rights Programme. I wish to thank in a special way my thesis supervisor, Mrs Victoria Nwogu, for her thorough reading, insightful comments, corrections and suggestions which highly improved this thesis. It was a great learning experience. I will forever be grateful to the Open Society for the invaluable opportunity given to me through the Open Society Justice Initiative fellowship. I say a big thank you to the Open Society staff in Budapest and New York, especially to George Soros, Anna Fischer and Zaza Namoradze. I also wish to thank all the Open Society Justice Initiative Fellows 2013/2015 for a wonderful and memorable time spent together. I also wish to thank my mum, dad, brothers and sisters for all their priceless love and support.
    [Show full text]
  • Linking Gender-Based Violence Research to Practice in East, Central and Southern Africa
    Linking Gender-Based Violence Research to Practice in East, Central and Southern Africa: A Review of Risk Factors and Promising Interventions February 2006 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Myra Betron (consultant) and Elizabeth Doggett under the POLICY Project. POLICY is funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) under Contract No. HRN-C-00-00-00006-00, beginning July 7, 2000. The project is implemented by Futures Group in collaboration with the Centre for Development and Population Activities (CEDPA) and Research Triangle Institute (RTI). The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States government. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS..................................................................................................................... v I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................................................................ 1 II. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 3 Objectives................................................................................................................................................. 3 Scope ........................................................................................................................................................ 3 Methodology............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Socio-Psychological Perspective on the Phenomenon of Infant Rapes in South Africa
    REVIEW S Afr Psychiatry Rev 2003;6:6-12 A socio-psychological perspective on the phenomenon of infant rapes in South Africa MC Marchetti-Mercer Department of Psychology, University of Pretoria, South Africa ABSTRACT In the context of much social violence South Africa has recently witnessed an increase in the reported cases of rape of young children and even infants. In this article the author wishes to move away from an individual focus on the dynamics underlying the rapist but rather wants to present a socio-psychological perspective on this phenomenon. It will be argued that the rape of infants must firstly be understood within the context of rape as whole. Emphasis will also be given to specific social and political factors present in South African society which may place children at risk of abuse and sexual violence. The interpersonal relationships which may be typical of families of victims will also be explored. Finally intervention and management strategies for mental health professionals working with victims and their families will be suggested Keywords: Infant, Rape, South Africa Introduction tween HIV and AIDS giving rise to many dangerous myths Family life in South Africa is characterised by a multitude such as the necessity for sexual intercourse with a virgin as a of violent phenomena which are increasingly drawing public way of curing oneself of the virus. attention. Domestic violence has reached an unacceptable high In this bleak context of violence acerbated by poverty and with 25 % of women reported assaulted by their partners ev- widespread crime it is understandable that mental health pro- ery week.1 Physical and sexual abuse of children is also rife fessionals may feel despondent and powerless when working and this is becoming more evident as people become more with families.
    [Show full text]
  • Rape in South Africa
    RAPE IN SOUTH AFRICA THE EXPERIENCES OF WOMEN WHO HAVE BEEN RAPED BY A “KNOWN PERSON”. A CASE STUDY OF WOMEN AT A SHELTER IN JOHANNESBURG. Corey Sarana Spengler A dissertation submitted to the Wits School of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Sociology. Johannesburg 2012/2013 Sociology MA by Dissertation: Ms Corey Spengler Copyright Notice: The copyright of dissertation vests in the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, in accordance with the University’s Intellectual Property Policy. No portion of the text may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including analogue and digital media, without prior written permission from the University. Extracts of or quotations from this dissertation may, however, be made in terms of Sections 12 and 13 of the South African Copyright Act No. 98 of 1978 (as amended), for non-commercial or educational purposes. Full acknowledgement must be made to the author and the University. An electronic version of this dissertation is available on the Library webpage (www.wits.ac.za/library) under “Research Resources”. For permission requests, please contact the University Legal Office or the University Research Office (www.wits.ac.za). i Sociology MA by Dissertation: Ms Corey Spengler Title Page: Name: Corey Sarana Spengler Student Number: 0312348G Subject: Masters in Sociology by Dissertation Course Code: SOCL8003 Supervisor: Dr Terry-Ann Selikow (PhD) Research Topic: Rape in South Africa Research Question: The experiences of women who have been raped by a “known person”.
    [Show full text]
  • Commrapegroce57apcyapauth
    CommRapeGroce57APcyAPauthor Rape of individuals with disability: AIDS and the folk belief of virgin cleansing Virgin cleansing—the belief that people who have a venereal disease can rid themselves of the condition by transferring the virus through sexual intercourse, to a virgin—has been discussed previously in The Lancet in relation to HIV/AIDS.1–3 The practice is first reported in the 16th Century in relation to syphilis and gonorrhoea in Europe.4 Although the prevalence of virgin cleansing is unclear,1–3 accounts of the belief are reported from sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas.5 We have identified a variation of this practice in our Global Survey on HIV/AIDS and Disability6 that warrants attention; “virgin rape” of individuals with disability, by people who believe themselves positive for HIV. Although the evidence for “virgin rape” of infants and young children has been the subject of debate,1-3 we have identified numerous reports of rape of individuals who are blind, deaf, physically impaired, intellectually disabled, or who have mental-health disabilities.6 The belief, that sex with an individual who is disabled can rid one of a sexually transmitted disease, is an old one. According to Smith,7 brothels in Victorian England were "stocked with intellectually disabled ‘virgins’ because it was believed that a syphilitic man could lose the infection by having sex with them.” Individuals with disability are presumably at risk both because they are, incorrectly, often assumed to be sexually inactive, hence virgins,8 and
    [Show full text]
  • City, University of London Institutional Repository
    City Research Online City, University of London Institutional Repository Citation: Andersson, Neil (2013). Uncertainties in gender violence epidemiology. (Unpublished Doctoral thesis, City University London) This is the unspecified version of the paper. This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Permanent repository link: https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/2420/ Link to published version: Copyright: City Research Online aims to make research outputs of City, University of London available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyright holders. URLs from City Research Online may be freely distributed and linked to. Reuse: Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. City Research Online: http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/ [email protected] Uncertainties in gender violence epidemiology Neil Andersson Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) by prior publication City University London School of Health Sciences April 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables .................................................................................................................5 List of Figures................................................................................................................6
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluating the Impact on the Girl Child Through the Criminal Activities Associated with the Practice of Ukuthwala
    Evaluating the impact on the girl child through the criminal activities associated with the practice of ukuthwala Compiled by Asanda Nodolly Mbete Student number: 3025321 Mini- thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of MPHIL Law (International Family Law and Children’s Rights) Prepared under the Supervision of Prof Sloth- Nielsen Faculty of Law, University of the Western Cape 17 June 2020 https://etd.uwc.ac.za/ Declaration I Asanda Mbete declare that this research paper is my own work and all the sources I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged as complete references. I have quoted and acknowledged my sources where I obtained my information. Student: Asanda Nodolly Mbete/ Magadla Date: Signature ………………… Supervisor: Prof Sloth- Nielsen Date: Signature……………………. i https://etd.uwc.ac.za/ Acknowledgements I would first like to give my big thanks to the Almighty God for giving me this great opportunity and determination to see it through. Special thanks are dedicated to my supervisor Professor Sloth- Nielsen for assisting me with the insight and legal knowledge that I was equipped within the journey of completing this research paper. I would like to dedicate my big thanks to Andre Wiesner the writer who assisted with this research paper. I would like to give big thanks to my husband Mr. Ondele Magadla for giving me support and inspiration throughout my journey. ii https://etd.uwc.ac.za/ Table of Contents CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Child Sexual Violence in South Africa
    Vol. 17, No.2 (2020), 136-155. ISSN: 1823-884x CHILD SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN SOUTH AFRICA Shaka Yesufu ABSTRACT Rape is a significant societal problem in South Africa. Both women, young girls, males and members of the Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community are all victims of rape. There is a substantial amount of rapes not reported to the police. The objectives of the research are: to highlight the extent of child rape; to explore the causes; investigation process and possible solutions to child rape. The researcher relies on extensive literature review, reviewing of rape case studies and a number of both international and South Africa legislations in exploring the incident of child rape. The researchers advocate the following solutions to specific crime of child rape plaguing South Africa namely: educating citizens about the specific crime of rape and the level of punishment associated with it; alternatives to use of violence to solve problems; effective and accountable police service; tougher punishment to deter perpetrators of rape; victims support; and setting up of rape preventative programmes. Keywords: Child, rape, sexual, violence, consent, force INTRODUCTION The researcher looks into the unfortunate incidence of child rape (sexual violence) in South Africa. Child rape is any form of physical violence against defenceless children, using violence to force the victims to have sexual intercourse without their consent. Several excuses have been given as reasons why people commit these despicable crimes that have left many of us bewildered in South Africa. These excuses include power and control, cultural values, the search for a virgin as a cure for AIDS, lack of respect for women, patriarchy, insanity, suspects possessed by demons and evil spirits, alcohol and drugs, revenge, and peer pressure.
    [Show full text]
  • An Investigation of Victims' Perspectives of “Ukuthwala
    AN INVESTIGATION OF VICTIMS’ PERSPECTIVES OF “UKUTHWALA” PRACTICE: A CASE STUDY OF MBIZANA LOCAL MUNICIPALITY. BY VOYI ZIYANDA (201103049) A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MASTERS DEGREE IN CRIMINOLOGY In the FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINOLOGY At the UNIVERSITY OF FORTH HARE (ALICE CAMPUS) SUPERVISOR: Dr. T.O. MAGADZE JANUARY 2018 DECLARATION As the researcher in this dissertation, I respectfully submit this written declaration on the foundation that this research was conducted by me, submitted as it fulfils the requirements to complete the Master of Social Science (Criminology) Degree in the Faculty of Social Science and Humanities at the University of Fort Hare in 2017. I, hereby declare that this thesis, “An investigation of victims’ perspectives of “Ukuthwala” Practice: A case study of Mbizana Local Municipality” is my own original work. It has not been submitted before for any degree or examination at any university or institution. All the sources I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged as complete references. …………………… …………………… ………………... Z. VOYI Student Number Date i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study has been a long and yet productive journey. This study would not have been successfully accomplished without the unconditional support of other people. First, I would like to thank the Almighty God for granting me the wisdom, ability and potency to complete this dissertation. Next, I wish to: Express my sincere appreciation to my supervisor, Dr T.O. Magadze, for his guidance and advice during the writing of this dissertation and for always encouraging me to do better than I ever thought I could.
    [Show full text]
  • AIDS, Intimacy and Care in Rural Kwazulu-Natal
    welfare care & Patricia C. Henderson is a lecturer in the Department of Social Anthropology at the University of Cape Town. Patricia C. Henderson AIDS, Intimacy and Care in Rural KwaZulu-Natal and Care in Rural Intimacy AIDS, From 2003-2006, Patricia Henderson lived in the South African province of KwaZulu-Natal, where she recorded the experiences of people living with HIV/AIDS. In this illuminating study, she recounts the concerns of rural AIDS, Intimacy and Care people and explores local repertoires through which illness was folded into everyday life. The book spans a period when antiretroviral medication was not available, and moves on to a time when the treatment became in Rural KwaZulu-Natal accessible. Hope gradually became manifest in the recovery of a number of people through antiretroviral therapies and ‘the return’ of bodies they could recognise as their own. This research implies that protracted interaction A Kinship of Bones with people over time, offers insights into the unfolding textures of everyday life, in particular in its focus on suffering, social and structural inequality, illness, violence, mourning, sensibility, care and intimacy. Taking the reader through landscapes of disease, devastation and hope, Henderson’s book is theoretically erudite without her philosophical observations overwriting the words of her respondents. She shows what fidelity means in the fields anthropologists cultivate. Veena Das, Krieger-Eisenhower Professor of Anthropology, Johns Hopkins University In a most personal and ethically informed narrative, Henderson develops a carnal anthropology of the decaying and dying body of HIV/AIDS patients that may trigger love and care, as well as stress and rejection.
    [Show full text]
  • A State of Sexual Tyranny
    A STATE OF SEXUAL TYRANNY THE PREVALENCE , NATURE AND CAUSES OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN SOUTH AFRICA Component 3 of a study conducted by the Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation (CSVR) for the Justice, Crime Prevention and Security (JCPS) cluster November 2008 For further information, please contact: Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation PO Box 30778, Braamfontein, 2017. Tel: (011) 403–5650, Fax: (011) 339–67850 E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected] Website: http://www.csvr.org.za Secretariat for Safety and Security Private Bag X922, Pretoria, 0001. Tel: (012) 393-2500/2583, Fax: (012) 393-2536/57 E-mail: [email protected] NOTE ON THIS REPORT South Africa is currently experiencing very high levels of violent crime. In 2006 the Justice, Crime Prevention and Security (JCPS) Cabinet committee decided to contract the Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation (CSVR) to carry out research aimed at enhancing understanding of the nature of violence in South Africa with a view to strengthening government’s response to this problem. As a result, in February 2007 CSVR was contracted by the Department of Safety and Security to carry out a project with the following six components: • A concept paper on the violent nature of crime. • A study of the circumstances of occurrence of murder in areas with a high rate of murder in South Africa. • A study of the nature and causes of sexual violence. • An analysis of the socioeconomic factors that contribute to violence. • Case studies on perpetrators of violent crime.
    [Show full text]
  • Profile of Rape Victims Attending the Karl Bremer Hospital Rape Centre, Tygerberg, Cape Town
    Original Research Profile of rape victims attending the Karl Bremer Hospital Rape Centre, Tygerberg, Cape Town a Bello M, MBBS(Ilorin), DOM(Stell), MFamMed(Stell) b Pather M, MBChB(UCT), MFamMed(Stell); BScHonsMedicalSciences(Stell) a Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Division of District Health Services, Department of Health, Western Cape Province. b Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University Correspondence to: Dr M Pather, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Background: Given the high prevalence of HIV infection in this country today it is not difficult to observe the risk faced by victims of sexual assault. In addition, there is a lack of available data on the per-episode risk of HIV infection with specific sexual encounters,1 and in combination with poor follow-up of sexual assault victims,2–4 this has resulted in few studies assessing the risk of HIV infection after sexual assault. There is a paucity of research conducted in this field particularly at rape centres in the Cape Metropolitan area of the Western Cape. Methods: Aim: To obtain a profile of sexual assault victims and the treatment received at the Karl Bremer Hospital Rape Centre over a period of one year. Study design: Descriptive cross-sectional survey. Setting: The study was conducted at the rape centre at the Karl Bremer Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa. To describe the frequency of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in rape victims, all consecutive patients who presented to the rape centre over the one-year period from 1 April 2006 to 31 March 2007 were included in the sample.
    [Show full text]