Human Rights Program Sexual Violence Against Girls In

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Sexual Violence GirlsSexual Cameroon against SecondaryCase The Schools: South in of and By

DepartmentLegal of Studies CHENWI DENIS FUH, CHENWI CENTRAL EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY Supervisor: Prof. Student numberStudent 164333 Budapest Africa MA Human Rights 2013/2014 MA Human Rights -

Hungary Nwogu Victoria -

Human Rights Program

CEU eTD Collection rightsgirls. and ofwomen the of protection and promotion the for working those especially activists rights human all to to all to dedicated is work This

all victims and survivors of sexual violence. It is also dedicated also is It violence. sexual of survivors and victims all DEDICATION i

CEU eTD Collection I a special say and blessings. God Ngoa Mission Gospel Full the of brethren the to grateful am I Tabe. Aaron Menge Arrey, Mrs and Mr Ban, Ivo Albert, Samah Solange, Atud especially ones loved and friends my thank to wish priceless their all for sisters and brothers dad, mum, my thank to wish also I memorable time spent together. Just Society Open the all thank to wish to especially York, New and Budapest in staff Society Open the to you thank big a say I fellowship. Initiative Justice Society Open the I wasgreat a high which suggestions and corrections comments, insightful reading, supervisor, thesis my way special a in thank to wish I Human Rights Programme. Unive European Central at Department Studies Legal the of students indirectly or directly me my throughout assisted who those all to gratitude profound my express to wish I

will forever be grateful to the Open Society for the invaluable opportunity given to me through through me to given opportunity invaluable the for Society Open the to grateful be forever will Vienna for all the support and prayers. I thank God for all the protection, inspiration, favourinspiration, protection, the all for God thank I prayers. and support the all for Vienna - Ekelle, Redeemed Christian Church Christian Redeemed Ekelle, learning experiencelearning

thank youthank

studies at the Masters in Human Rights. I thank especially thank I Rights. Human in Masters the at studies

to those to those whoseI names notmentioned have want here for ofspace.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

George Soros, Soros, George c Iiitv Flos 2013/2015 Fellows Initiative ice of God of ii

Budapest Anna Fischer and Zaza and Fischer Anna Mrs Victoria Nwogu, for her thorough thorough her for Nwogu, Victoria Mrs

and Redeemed Christian Church Christian Redeemed and

rsity, especially rsity, ly improved this thesis. It thesis. this improved ly

the lecturers the

o a odru and wonderful a for

love and love Namoradze those of the of those

, staff and and staff , support. I support. . I also I .

of CEU eTD Collection relevant actors. other and society civil authorities, educational state, the to recommendations gives violen promote that dynamics the of reflection a is violence Sexual factors. societal and group personal, by fuelled is Africa South and Cameroon violence sexual particular. and general in girls against violence sexual with dealing all non governmental, from natio treaties, international as such sources of comparison and analysis an on based is method research The tailored tocombatviolence sexual Cameroon inschools and Africa. South n how and girls, (school) against violence addressing instruments rights human regional and international with complied have Africa South and Cameroon which to extent the Africa, South and Cameroon in schools enviro school the in out played are dynamics the compares problem. a remains violence sexual Africa, South and Cameroon by national as well as instruments legal national and regional international, Africa. South and Cameroon in schools secondary in girls against violence sexual of phenomenon the examine to out sets thesis This

The findings reveal that that sexual violence against girls in secondary schools in in schools secondary in girls against violence sexual that that reveal findings The nal laws and practice, scholarly articles and books as well as reports and other data data other and reports as well as books and articles scholarly practice, and laws nal gender and other social dynamics that perpetuate sexual violence and how these these how and violence sexual perpetuate that dynamics social other and gender - governmental and international organisations and bodies, media organs organs media bodies, and organisations international and governmental ational law and practice especially in the area of education have been been have education of area the in especially practice and law ational ABSTRACT hs hss id ot h dsie h eitne of existence the despite why out finds thesis This iii nment, the causes of violence against girls in in girls against violence of causes the nment, ce in the society in which it is found. The thesis The found. is it which in society the in ce

More specifically, the thesis the specifically, More

mechanisms put in place place in put mechanisms

n col in schools in CEU eTD Collection Health World WHO: Organisation ViolenceVAW: Women Against Activities) UNFPA: UN: United Nations Organisation UDHR: Universal of Human Declaration Rights STI: Sexually HIV:Immuno Human GBV:Based GenderViolence the UN ConventionCRC: ontheRights oftheChild the UNCEDAW: ontheElimination Convention of allAgainst forms Women ofDiscrimination AU: African Union ImmuneAIDS: Acquired African onHumanACHPR: Rights and Peoples Charter

United Nations Population Fund (formerly United Nations Fund for Population Population for Fund Nations United (formerly Fund Population Nations United

Transmitted Infection Transmitted

- deficiency Virusdeficiency Deficiency Syndrome

LIST OFLIST ABBREVIATIONS

CEU eTD Collection Con BIBLIOGRAPHY CHAPTER CONCLUSION 5: AND RECOMMENDATIONS COMPARISON CHAPTER 4: TACKLING SEXUAL VIOLENCEIN SECONDARY SCHOOLS: ANALYSIS AND VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN CHAPTER LEGAL 3: FRAMEWORK ON RIGHTS OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN, AND CHAPTER LITERATURE 2: REVIEW ON SEXUAL VIOLENCE CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS DEDICATION 4.2 Responses 4.1 Causes Sexual of Violence South in Africa andCameroon 3.4 National Legal Frameworks 3.3 Regional Frameworks 3.2 Other Relevant International Standards 3.1 International Frameworks 2.2 REVIEW OFEXISTING LITERATURE ON SEXUAL VIOLENCESCHOOLS IN 2.1 DEFINITION TERMSOF 1.5 METHODOLOGY 1.4 JURISDICTIONS 1.3 RESE 1.2 RESEARCH PROBLEM 1.1 BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT tents

ARCH QUESTIONS

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CEU eTD Collection oftenmost female students in violence sexual and females against perpetrated settings. various violence in place takes and society of facets all across cuts violence Sexual women haslevels attained pandemic re international more gained progressively has particular in violence sexual and general in women against Violence 1.1 questions, the methodologyfor thework. anddefinitions key context, and background the work: the of understandinggeneral a for relevant elements the contains and introduction generala provides It research. the of aspects foundational to relation in information general provides chapter This CHAPTER ONE BACKGROUND CONTEXT AND fet bt male both affects avoid or escape abusive situations and to seek justice. They also suffer (…) (…) suffer a forced including also consequences, They justice. seek to and situations abusive escape or avoid to disposal their at resources less and options fewer have women status, economic en men what with compared as consequences exacerbated suffer also they GBV, of risk high at girls,and areare they adolescent notonly womenThe GBV but primary targets of : INTRODUCTION cognition as a grave human rights violation. violation. rights human grave a as cognition particular in particular . The UnitedNational Fund ( Population

s ue A a eut f edr iciiain n ter oe socio lower their and discrimination gender of result a As dure. in schools in

and females

schools

and takes varied forms.and varied takes . T .

ttmn o te rbe, cp, betvs research objectives, scope, problem, the of statement he However, . are usually male students or staff and the and staff or students male usually are

perpetrators 1 nd unwanted pregnancies, unsafe abortions and abortions unsafe pregnancies, unwanted nd

higher proportion of sexual violence is is violence sexual of proportion higher

of of

violence against against violence UNFPA ilne gis grs and girls against Violence )

notes that women in women

victims

general Sexual

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CEU eTD Collection Trop 4 [accessed16/12/2013] http://www.irinnews.org/report/89201/west 3 WESTAFRICA,WESTAFRICAp.ACTIONAID,THE 23 SAVE CHILDREN and 2010, 2 1 n Antonowicz 27.5% with 15.9%, was rate incidence the that proved results the classmates, and staff school teachers, victims abuse sexual of number the that premise the on Working others. amongst abuse sexual in participation teacher of level Yaoundé in schools secondary some in abuse sexual of degree the ascertain pointer. a provide studies of number a phenomenon, the the on data Despite statistical precise getting it. in difficulties combat to levels international and national the at efforts of irrespective case girls against violence Sexual sometimes is violence male which in andaccepted, passivity”. as femalesubmission is relations gender to linked isolation... is in girls found against be Violence cannot solutions so relationships and structures social surrounding as involved less much be to tend perpetrators students and teachers Female staff. other and teachers Antonowicz Mbassa, Menick D. (2002). “Child Sexual Abuse in Schools in Cameroon: Results of a Survey a of Results Cameroon: in Schools in Abuse Sexual “Child (2002). D. Menick Mbassa, silen the “WEST ANDAFRICA: CENTRALEnding Antonowicz,Silence:Often Laetitia. Too School Aonin Report UNFPA

2002: 62: 2002: 58

Strategy and Action Strategyand GB for Frameworkto Addressing en by ad 25 girls 72.5% and boys being n 2002, In .

tts that states - ” 62. ts that otes resulting deaths, traumatic fistula, and higher risks of sexually transmitted transmitted sexually of infections (STIs)HIV and risks higher and fistula, traumatic deaths, resulting 2

hs iw s xrse by expressed is view This Mbassa

wti shos perpetrators schools, “within I Cmro, suy on ta 3 pr et f eul violence sexual of cent per 30 that found study a Cameroon, “In

eik ulse a ques a published Menick

in schools in

was increasing in Cameroon with most of the perpetrators being being perpetrators the of most with Cameroon in increasing was - and - ; central

is widespread in widespread is ceviolenceon schools”,Irin in May news, 20 2010, ih 16 s en g we te bs occurred. abuse the when age mean as 11.6 with . 1

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2008 ending

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tionnaire 2011, 2011, 2011, p. 7 … - the

Cameroon Cameroon

r ms cmol ml suet or students male commonly most are - tts ht “ that states silence - based study whose goal was to to was goal whose study based - on

- vi and

olence col tn t mirror to tend Schools South Africa South - - in Action in Yaoundé.” In In Yaoundé.” in Action - schools - Cameroon and the and Cameroon

. This is the is This . Med 4

CEU eTD Collection 7 Watch. Rights 6 5 structures) power cultural dominated and oriented Africa( varied world. the of parts many in as Africa, above, seen as violence, Sexual 1.2 examined in „debts‟) settle to girls of use inheritance, wife rape, corrective virgin‟, the of „myth the as (such causes its in exist violence similarities sexual and differences to , girls relation against in Africa, South and Cameroon both in that observed be may It violence Africa the South within as problem ahuge 14 between boysof fir their to relation in that Africa” South in widespread is students other and teachers both high. very against violence sexual of incidence The available. boys.” school by perpetrated was girls by experienced Human Watch Rights (2001). note 2 Supra, Hallman,Kelly (2005). RESEARCH PROBLEM RESEARCH . This research will examine some causes of sexual violence in Cameroon and South South and Cameroon in violence sexual of causes some examine will research This . - socio

Human Rights Rights Human http://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/safrica/ZA

Chapter 3. - cultural Sexua - 24 indicated that they had been “willing” to participa “willing”to been had they that indicated 24

patcs ht rmt ml sproiy n fml sbuain male subjugation, female and superiority male promote that (practices Scared at School: ViolenceSexual

l violencel education and girls‟ Africain South st sexual encounters, 55 per cent of girls as compared to 94 per cent of of cent per 94 to compared as girls of cent per 55 encounters, sexual st W atch notes in a study that study a in notes atch

has been and is still a serious problem in Cameroon and South and Cameroon in problem serious a still is and been has

The causes of sexual violence against against violence sexual of causes The girls in schools in girls - FINAL 3

against Girls Girls in AfricanSchools.against South - , 01.htm#P298_19489 n school system. econ “sexual abuse and harassment of girls by girls of harassment and abuse “sexual

omic in South Africa has been has Africa South in , , PopulationCouncil, New 15 p York, 5

oee, oe eet aa r not are data recent more However,

(female poverty, lack of access to to access of lack poverty, (female and manifestation. These shall be shall These manifestation. and 6

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CEU eTD Collection Matters Amendment with deal violence. to sexual laws specific enact to countries developing and emerging most of ahead step a international, the legislation vice. toeliminate this and aimed practice women against violence of international most ratified has Cameroon against violence sexual eliminating on strategies international implement and contextualise particu in schools in girls against violence sexual and general effectively engagement through a holistic and intervention violence. of reproduction the only not affects society. and families and ones close their victims, individual the of fabrics covertl usually and slowly digging tumour‟ „cancerous a are effects their and happen ignora enforcement, women, against discriminate that programs violence anti of absence will, political illiteracy) female employment, in inequality land, as such resources The government of of government The can be internal be can in a vacuum but is a reproduction of society as a whole. Its consequences are devastating devastating are consequences Its whole. a as society of reproduction a is but vacuum a in o eape i 2007 in example, For regional regional , structu ,

and external, personal and collective. and personal external, and c, muiy, r educational or impunity), nce, Act, which Act,

Cameroon has has Cameroon iet itm bt also but victims direct and national levels to combat sexual violence against girls. It h It girls. against violence sexual combat to levels national and ral aspects that make women more prone to violence to prone more women make that aspects ral eul violence Sexual n gr cide. hs a be acmaid y oe national some by accompanied been has This children. girl and - ilne rgas isfiin alcto o rsucs o anti to resources of allocation insufficient programs, violence

deals offences sexual with inacompr bec o cer as uihn sxa voec, or law poor violence, sexual punishing laws clear of absence undertaken ot Arc eatd h Sxa Ofne ad Related and Offences Sexual the enacted Africa South treaties, which treaties, s a is 4 society whole the problem which problem

some

South Africa has also made Africa South several also efforts at has n so ta s that show and fot t eradicate to efforts

target the elimination the target .

Many cases even go unreported and and unreported go even cases Many

lar needs to be handled firmly and and firmly handled be to needs

seily y aig tp to steps taking by especially and makes way for further further for way makes and ehensive manner.ehensive , xa voec de not does violence exual oiia (ak r weak or (lack political

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sexual violence remains a problem a remains violence sexual

such ot Arc hs u i pae vari a place in put has Africa South An examinati An

s soci as to tackle sexual violence in schools some of which has been very effective and and effective very been has which of some schools in violence sexual tackle to identify the positive and recommendable actions as well as the weaknesses that that weaknesses the as well as actions recommendable and positive the identify dig deeper dig

Africa‟s successes and challenges and successes Africa‟s o

to combat sexual violence against girlsagainst in combat violence sexual to -

utrl tutrs patcs n norm and practices structures, cultural girls is due to limitations in complying with international and regional regional and international with complying in limitations to due is girls

on of the of on There has There

to find out why despite the existence of international, international, of existence the despite why out find

action also been the problem of of problem the been also s .

taken or not taken so far in Cameroon will also be also will Cameroon in far so taken not or taken The vely much much vely t o lgsaie plc ad te maue to measures other and policy legislative, of ety 5

question arises as to whether to as arises question . It is also necessary to examine to necessary also is It .

action lack of of lack South Africa, with a very high high very a with Africa, South schools (for example, the 2007 Sexual 2007 the example, (for eooi difficulties economic , more recent data on sexual sexual on data recent more . Such a comparison a will . Such

the persistence of of persistence the

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r a or and CEU eTD Collection as governmental, such from data other and sources of comparison reports as and well as books and analysis articles scholarly practice, and laws an national treaties, international on based be will method research The 1.5 countries. pract and law customary as well as frameworks national and Union African Nations, United relevant the of light the under Africa South and Cameroon in schools in violence sexual will research The 1.4 This 1.3 theycan be handled how and sources possible failures, and challenges successes, of lessons similar provide to useful

METHODOLOGY JURISDICTIONS QUESTIONSRESEARCH

research seekwill worktoaddressthe following research questions:

5. 4. 3. 2. 1.

combating can lessons applicable What edu tailored tocombatviolence sexual Cameroon inschools and Africa? South of area the in especially practice and law national have How regional and international with complied Africa South and Cameroon have extent what To Africa? sc in girls against violence of causes the are What these dynamics theschool outin are played environment. T he gender and other social dynamics that perpetuate perpetuate that dynamics social other and gender he focus on a comparative study trends, attitudes and measures in place to address to place in measures and attitudes trends, study comparativea on focus -

human rightsaddressing instruments violenceagainstgirls? (school)

sexual violence against girls against violence schools?sexual in

non - governmental and international organisations and bodies, bodies, and organisations international and governmental Cameroon and Cameroon 6

South South Africa draw Africa

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One reason for this is the lack of current data on trends and prevalence on prevalence and trends on data current of lack the is this for reason One of time of

and financial limitations in conducting interviews or or interviews conducting in limitations financial and 7

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CEU eTD Collection 13 Women. 12 [accessed15/12/2013] genderviolence.org/training Package” 11 ofViolenceElimination Against Women definition the with it combined and definition above the adopted partners implementing its and UNHCR The acts, such of threats coercion ofliberty.”and other deprivations suffering, or harm sexual or mental physical, inflict that acts includes disproportio women affects that or woman a is she because woman a against directed in women against discrimination of definition the in GBV puts Recommendation General aforementioned The body of forCEDAW responsible theimplementation monitoring of adoption (CEDAW) Women Against Discrimination of Forms or all definition the in relation in of Elimination the on Convention the law of adoption the after even long; rights for GBV of consideration human international in gap huge a was There 2.1 sexual abuse, sexual rape, harassment, school violenceexploitation, and partnerviolence. sexual violence, sexual women, against violence No. session,General19 Recommendation (llth 1992)Committee the against Elimination of on Discrimination UN GA Resolution UN GADecember 48/104, 85th meeting,plenary20 Resolution 1993 “StrengtheningResponsesHealthGender System to .1 Gender http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/recommendations/recomm.htm basis of gender or sex. It includes a includes It sex. or gender of basis Gender

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This CEU eTD Collection 18 48/104, A/RES/48/104,UN General Assembly85th meetingplenary DecemberResolution 20 1993 Africa The that The whether liberty, occurringprivate or life.” inpublic in of deprivation arbitrary or coercion acts, such of threats including women, sufferin or harm psychological or sexual physical, in, result to likely is or in, results that act “any as women against violence defines Women Against Violence law, GBV, like Just 2.1 UN GA Resolution UNGA 48/104, Resolution .2 Violence Women Against

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52 note 2, p note 2,p 27

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ArticleCEDAW, 1, United Nations Nations United social, cult human of women, and men of equality of basis a on status, marital their of irrespective women, by exercise or enjoymentrecognition, the nullifying or impairing of purpose oreffect

Any Women (CEDAW) (CEDAW)

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s fnaetl ntuet n eain o oe‟ rgt. h preamble The rights. women‟s to relation in instrument fundamental a is

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against against Discrimination of Forms All of Elimination the on Convention that states have an obligation to guarantee freedom from discrimination from freedom guarantee to obligation an have states that ihs n fnaetl reos n h pltcl economic, political, the in freedoms fundamental and rights

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CEU eTD Collection 108 http://www.achpr.org/instruments/women 107 forms to v support measures ofsexual inrelation as well as punitive preventive, on focuses it as thesis this to central very is article above The violence, to requires it states school in aga discrimination of promotion the out wipe to and training and education equalityin for provide and women against discrimination eliminate to key o field the on focuses but this to related also is 12 Article measures. other and rehabilitative punitive, incorporating measures, reactive and preventive for both provides practice effectively if which measures of range broad a is This

ibid AfricanArticle tothe Human Protocol Charter 12, Rightson the on and Rights of Peoples' Women,

education curricula including teacher training. · abuses and harassment; sexual · against theperpetratorssuch practices; of sanctions for provide and institutions educational other and schools in harassment ·

hs thesis. this provide access to counselling and rehabilitation services to women who suffer suffer who women to services rehabilitation and counselling to access provide girl women,protect especially the nert gender integrate y tt pris il o vr ln wy n lmntn voec aant oe. It women. against violence eliminating in way long very a go will parties state by textbooks . It requires states parties to take the necessary measures to combat and and combat to measures necessary the take to parties states requires It . slaue a wl a te media. the as well as syllabuses ,

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- protocol/

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108 integrated into national laws, policies and policies laws, national into integrated

107

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CEU eTD Collection http://www.au.int/en/content/african 113 http://www.au.int/en/content/african 112 111 http://www.au.int/en/content/african 110 http://www.au.int/en/content/african 109 3.4 are These particular. in violence sexual and examined below general in women against violence addressing framewor national The 3.4 andsexualexploitation abuse requires and exploitation caregivers of hands the from things other amongstabuse sexual against children protect to state the requires the” of sections all for education to access equal to and drop of reduction the and schools at attendance regular encourage to “takemeasures aspects. other and years.” 18 of age the below being human “every as child a defines 2 Article violence. sexual from children of protection the as well as education Child the of Welfare and Rights the on Charter African The AfricanCharter3.3.2 The the Welfare Child theof and on Rights

Article 27, Article 16, Ibid Article 11, Article 2, .1 Cameroon National LegalFrameworks

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. 113 - - - -

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47 - - - - child child child child “ 109

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111

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CEU eTD Collection victim is 16 and is16 abovevictim therape perpetrated. when was female the provided victim, the and rape of perpetrator the between marriage consented freely is i rape for prosecution that stipulates Code Penal Cameroon‟s of 297 Section rtcin n spot evcs o vcis 2 eebr 00 CR 031 aalbe at available 103371, CMR 2010, December 2 victims, for services support 117 and http://www.refworld.org/docid/4db7b9d92.html protection 116 115 114 act inhis or whenisassisted otherby orseveral religioustheperpetrator officials one persons. custo or authority some or doubled be could Penalties victim. years 25 16 below is victim the is rape statutory considered is It years." shallbepunished intercoursefive forsexual withimprisonment fromto10 withhim moral any ascendancycompels orbelowageabove puberty female, the whether of old orolder yearsyearsSection 296punishesof rape withaprison five 16 toten sentencethevictim whenis The Cameroon all other laws. gender. including ground any on discrimination of prohibition the is there and protection special given manner. humane a in treated be to and life to right the Constitution The

Preamble, Constitution of the Republicof the ofPreamble,Constitution Cameroon,Janua 18 Cameroon Cameroon Code Penal state ofavailability legislation, including violence, Domestic Cameroon: Canada, of Board Refugee and Immigration Canada: ibid

osiuin f h Rpbi of Republic the of Constitution 115

as mentioned in section 296 of the penal code penal the of 296 section in mentioned as

The Cameroon Constitution is the supreme law of the country, taking precedence over precedence taking country, the of law supreme the is Constitution Cameroon The

and 15 to 25 years 16 and ifthe 15to25 isbelow victim ) stipulates that all persons have the right to physical a physical to right the have persons all that stipulates

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no. no. 67/LF/1 June 1967 of12

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[accessed 1 October [accessed2014]1 lf snec ipsd where imposed sentence life a aeon constitution Cameroon

ry 1996, amended Aprilry 20081996, 117 114

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CEU eTD Collection educational system. In this light, corporal punishment and all other forms of violence or or violence of forms other all the and proscribed. are discrimination within punishment corporal students light, of this integrity In moral system. and educational physical the guarantees 35 Section councils). socio students, parents, teachers, personnel, support and administrative leaders, includes which community educational c be should up follow psychological school that states 29 Section amongstothers. sex of discrimination without education to access in opportunities of equality all to guarantees state the 7 Section In education. that stipulates 6 Section responsibility. civic , dialogue and peace for love discrimination, and of forms rights all against human fight for the tolerance, and respect justice democracy,liberties, of practice and culture a into students and pupils ini to is education of objectives the of one that states 4) section of elaboration (an 5 Section factors. moral and political cultural, social, economic, account into taking society, in insertion intellectual her or his to ensure is Cameroon in education of mission general the that states 4 Section it. to relating articles Law Education Cameroon of Orientation the on 1998 4th April of 98/004 number Law givenrewards are or byfamilies. proposed marry to families by forced a who organisations society civil and groups

arried out for students throughout the school system. school the throughout students for out arried

- rfsinl rus a wl a decentrali as well as groups, professional ) the alleged perpetrator perpetrator alleged the os o drcl ades eul ilne u cnan a ubr of number a contains but violence sexual address directly not does The Cameroon Educati Cameroon The pyia, ii ad oa dvlpet and development moral and civic physical, ,

rgue that it worsens the state of victims as some are some as victims of state the worsens it that rgue 49

and end prosecution, especially after financial after especially prosecution, end and on Law on

h sae urnes h cids ih to right child‟s the guarantees state the Section 32 centres on the concept of the the of concept the on centres 32 Section Education in Cameroon in Education

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CEU eTD Collection aud aogt tes l fri sxa o ee dtn rltosis ewe tahr and teachers students aswell between a relationships dating even or sexual forbid all others amongst Yaoundé School High Bilingual Government Wum, School High Government College, International King Anglo students. Ju and Pi on of regulations violence of form any as well as students and teachers between relations sexual or dating forbid regulations and rules internal with schools is she or he which in school the of regulations and rules interior the especially texts existing of respect strict the to submitted is teacher the that stipulates (2) 39 indi 37 Section o students by out carried violence of form anyforbid which of most student, is she or he which in school the of regulations and rules 119 118 the concerning matter every in importance paramount of are interests best child's “A that states “ pregnancy. or gender, sex, on based person any on person a or (Sectio life to right the guarantees also It 12). public (section integrity or psychological and private bodily and from sources either violence from freedom includes which person the of security its for right protection. the and preservation respect, as well as person human the of dignity inherent the 10 section in stipulates The 3.4 hlrn ae o e rtce fo mlramn, elc, bs o degr or abuse neglect, maltreatment, from protected be to have children Ibid, Section9. Ibid, Actof Section1996, 108 No. 10 .2 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 1996 (hereafter 1996 Africa South of Republic the of Constitution SOUTH AFRICASOUTH n 11). Section 9 proscribes unfair direct or indirect discrimination carried out by the state state the by out carried discrimination indirect or direct unfair proscribes 9 Section 11). n

cates that the teacher is the principal guarantor of the quality of education. of quality the of guarantor principal the is teacher the that cates s between students themselves.

- Saxon Saxon n

other students, teachers or other members of the community. the of members other or teachers students, other 118 International College, Nono Bilingual College, Christ the the Christ College, Bilingual Nono College, International

It also guarantees the right of all citizens to freedom and freedom to citizens all of right the guarantees also It

o eape h itra rls and rules internal the example For the the

119 teaching. In this light, most most light, this In teaching. South African constitution African South

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CEU eTD Collection 121 120 Lawof violence. sexual including violations many from children protecting at aims which Africa South in instrument The unfairlywithout discr requirements educational their serve and learners admit must school public "a that states further It first.” occurs whichever grade, ninth the or years 15 of age the reaches learner such which years seven of age the reaches learner such which in year the of first school day from the attend school a to isresponsible she or whomhe every for learner The African South 3(1) Act No.84of states 1996,Section Schools that“Every cause parent must also is education guaranteed (Section in the constitution 29). basic to right The 18. under person a as here defined being child a child”, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/safrica/ZA Section Ibid., 29

ot African South listed in Part B of the Register, he or she is prohibited from managing, managing, from prohibited is she or he Register, the of B Part in listed grievousb do to intent the with “assault or rape, assault, indecent offenses, other among of, convicted is she or he if children” with work to “unsuitable be to considered is person children.”A Pa children.” specific on inflicted neglect deliberate or abuse of “record a registerincludes the of A Part (NCPR). Register Protection Child National the established Act Children‟s The explains that explains

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51 Studies, University of the W the of University Studies,

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Centre for Applied Legal forCentre Applied University Studies, School LawWitwatersrand ofof Lawthe Cornell S and with learners. Additionally, where an educator compels a learner to engage non engage to learner a compels educator an where Additionally, learners. with “consens ostensibly in engage who educators prosecute to used be can provision This 16. of age the under individual any with sex consensual in engage to offence statutory a it makes also Act The assault. sexual or rape constitutes sexual presumed any that legally meaning consent, are giving of 12 incapable of age the under children Act, amended the Under victim. the of or perpetrator the of gender the of irrespective consent, without making by rape of definition the expanded also Act The law. statutory into them codified and rape as such crimes of definition the amended Act the Substantively, Republic.” the in committed ultim and, combat to and Act this of provisions the to effect full give to state the of the organs relevant enable to seek which measures introduce “to aims Act Act) Amendment Offences (Sexual Matters) Related and Offences (Sexual Law Criminal The including children, serve that schools. institutions any at working or volunteering, 122

sexual offences as well as other aspects such as the management of sexual sexual of management the as such aspects other as well as offences sexual

ately, eradicate the relatively high incidence of sexual offences sexual of incidence high relatively the eradicate ately, - 14

it applicable to all forms of sexual penetration sexual of forms all to applicable it passed the Sexual Offences and Related Matters Matters Related and Offences Sexual the passed 52

Sexual in ViolenceSexual Educators by African South act with a child under 12 12 under child a with act

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CEU eTD Collection 124 123 Witwatersrand School the in embodied as Africa;” rights, South human of Constitution basic promote and uphold acknowledge, Educators: registered are who educators T Education The e ot Arcn oe f rfsinl tis i Euain sae i Scin that 2 Section in states Education) (in Ethics Professional of Code African South he http://www.sace.org.za/Legal_Affairs_and_Ethics/jit_default_21.The_Code_of_Professional_Ethics.html ibid, 11 ibid, p South African Council for Educators (SACE) A (SACE) Educators for Council African South n eal h poess o te netgto o bece o te oe the code, the of breaches of investigation the for processes the detail in relation sexual of form “any and learners,” of otherwise) or (physical harassment “sexual learners,” with contact physical “improper abuse,” of “anyform from refrain and learners of e is that of code the of conduct breach the outlines Ethics Professional of a Code SACE The ethics.” of professional guilty “found was she or he if register the from removed be may educator an that states Act The educator.” an as appointed being counci the with register “must person a that stipulates Act The educators. of registration the concerning regulations the as well as SACE, of composition and duties, powers, the out lays Act Educators for Council African South The of crimes for or “sexual exploitation” “sexual grooming.” accountable them holds Act the behaviour, sexual penetrative

also help to address sexual violence in South African schools amongst other issues. other amongst schools African South in violence sexual address to help also xpected between educators and learners. Educators must respect the rights the respect must Educators learners. and educators between xpected

of Law of (2014) that states ship with learners at any school.” The Code goes on to describe to on goes Code The school.” any at learners with ship

or provisionally registered with the South African Council for for Council African South the with registered provisionally or 124

h Cnr fr ple Lgl tde, nvriy f the of University Studies, Legal Applied for Centre The 53

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“The “The in CEU eTD Collection 126 125 UniversityLaw the Witwatersrand of states (2014) Act Schoolinrelation ofthis that to misconduct. sexual including educators of misconduct African South The LawWitwatersrand School(2014) of in states harassment sexual from victims The

ibid note 122,Supra, p 12

South African South

tee at. Shdl 2 f h At ecie discipli describes Act the of 2 Schedule acts.” [these] of any perform to student a or learner a “causing and employed,” is she or he where school the of learner a serious with relationship sexual a “having employee,” other of Acts learners. of and act an “committing include misconduct employees other intimidating and person, another assaulting manner,” unacceptable or disgraceful improper, an “in oneself categories: two into misconduct and misconduct divides Act The misconduct.” “on of discharged account be may educators Act, Educators of Employment the Under economic or physical, harm. psychological, mental, causing of belief reasonable ins or causes that way a in her harassed sexually educator the if educator of an orders against order protection a obtain may of learner A harassment. against protection issuance the for provides Act Harassment from Protection The and panel disciplinary the committee, thedecisions ofthe council, and of recommendations the hearing, disciplinary 126

P rotection from Harassment Act 2011 Act Harassment from rotection

E pomn o Euaos Act Educators of mployment serious misconduct. Misconduct includes acts such as conducting conducting as such acts includes Misconduct misconduct. serious

. The Centre for Applied Legal Studies, University of the the of University Studies, Legal Applied for Centre The relation to this Act tothis that relation 54

sexual assault on a learner, student or student learner, a on assault sexual the appeals process. the 1998) lso helps to prevent and punish punish and prevent to helps lso 1998) h Cnr fr ple Legal Applied for Centre The

aims at protecting victims or potential potential or victims protecting at aims nary procedures and and procedures nary

125

pires a pires

Studies, CEU eTD Collection shall be chapter. theconcern next of the This different. quite is practice and policy law, national of terms in these of application local against violence particular. in (girls) pupils sexual and students and general in women against violence and discrimination address of number Therefore,a working the after days educatorthe hearing receivesnotice of are ledby anda ten within place take must hearings Disciplinary misconduct. of acts for sanctions international, regional and National instruments have been put in place to place in put beenhave instruments National and regional international,

However, at the national level there is a dispari a is there level national the at However, 55

ty of the of ty CEU eTD Collection Studyfor and the Reconciliation of(CSVR), Violence 127 the to status social additional provides rather but censorship, social in result not does often violence of committal the that means wants one what get to tool appropriate an as violence violence.” sexual of perpetuation the foster to serves spheres. political in and community the in groups, peer in school, in relationships, sexual in family, the in problems and conflict resolving Sigsworth the existence, and promotion tolerancea ofviolence culture of violenceSexual 4.1.1 These entrenched usuallyinthe violenceSexual 4.1 countries. both in schools in girls against violence sexual tackle to taken measures of analysis comparative environment. school the in out played are dynamicsthese how and schools is chapter this of focus The ANDANALYSIS COMPARISON CHAPTER INSECONDARY 4: VIOLENCE SCHOOLS: SEXUAL TACKLING

Sigsworth, Romi (2009) „ANYONESigsworth, ARomiCAN ‟: (2009) RAPIST… BE Causes of Sexual Violence Sexual and Africa Causes Cameroon of South in Culture of Culture of factors against the backdrop of gender and other social dynamics that perpetuate sexual violence sexual perpetuate that dynamics social otherand gender of backdrop the against

ons u ta “i that out points could be cultural, political,economic,cultural, could personal be otherwise. or against girls against girls V iolence

culture ofsociet

Suh fia voec i acpe a a long a as accepted is violence Africa, South n in schools in bothCameroonin schools could becaused and Africa by South causedin schoolsis or

an examination of the causes of sexual violence against girls in in girls against violence sexual of causes the of examination an

Johannesburg, p. 15 ies

and the status it ascribes statusit girlsand women and the toits This social tolerance of violence in general only only general in violence of tolerance social This 56 AnOverview of

perpetu 127

Vogelman ated by several factorswh Sexual Violence in Africa SexualSouth Violence

notes that „the eulogisation of eulogisation „the that notes The chapter also chapter The

- standing means of of means standing undertakes ich areich

2009, 2009, Centre .

a CEU eTD Collection UniversityAfrica. Oxford CapeTown. Press: 128 practicedfellow by studentsby aswell onstudents as and teachers administrators. This mentality.this period of tochange time her. love not does he means it her beat not does husband or boyfriend her if that say boldly would who girl a find strang not is It violence. demand even they which in consciousness of sense false some of stage the to got have women and girls cases many in and „normal‟ as seen therefore are violence been post has the violence during partners their by gifts and love with students program radio Regions,Southand Centre the such Cameroon in Education of Orientation schools, several are punishment of forms various Yaounde) (including Cameroon of parts different life. of way a or problems solving of means general aIn cu the there isalso tolerance Cameroon of 1990s. early and 1980s late the in Africa South in transition political the to particular in violence sexual perpetrator‟. Vogelman, L. (1990). „Violent Vogelman,L. Crime: (1990). & B. McKendrick, in Hof Rape‟,

culture ofviolenceincluding affects ofsociety theschool. facets all is thus Violence

have indicated that violence against them gives them the opportunity to be showered showered be to opportunity the them gives them against violence that indicated have 128 n smlr ih som light similar a In e te oiie Pe Positive (the we though forbidden by forbidden though This indicates a deep structural problem that needs intense efforts over a long a over efforts intense needs that problem structural deep a indicates This warped up and confused in the definition of love. Domestic and partner partner and Domestic love. of definition the in confused and up warped

From my observation and interviews personally interviewsand myobservation From c Gop aeon run Cameroon) Group ace section 35 of Law n Law of 35 section hv atiue te nrae n ilne n eea and general in violence in increase the attributed have e . Also, .

From my observation as a teacher for 10 years in years 10 for teacher a as observation my From from my observation, my from 57

lture of violence and vio violenceand lture of fman, W.C. (eds.), People and the and the W.C. fman, in (eds.), Violence South People - umber 98/004 of April 14 1998 on the on 1998 14 April of 98/004 umber atr rcniito process. reconciliation battery n ua rgt, some rights, human on

in some parts of Cameroon, Cameroon, of parts some in olence

for practiced practiced

is used as a is used

a weekly a female Thus, Thus, e to e in CEU eTD Collection 131 130 129 cause violence. sexual including violence facilitate effect relationships: t that notes further Sigsworth Inrelation violence sexual Africa, to inSouth Sigswort history ofviolence. in general violencehomes where apast comefrom there inparticular andsexual orcurrent is vindictiveness, andrevenge‟. of violence sexual are „fuelled by historical experience ofthe the leads family, rage, which to culture. find normal Some it while othersrevenge seek inothers. encourageshomes isalsoafactor uptolearn violencea sexual asgrow such as children that well of violence whichby turncopied isin children. ontheir partners their ofviolence The use in V 4.1.2 V iolence note 127Supra ibid ibid

s ively as well as serious conflict between parents or between parents and children helps to helps children and parents between or parents between conflict serious as well as ively

of sexual violence against Cameroon violence girlsand Africa.of South schools sexual in iolence the Family in fromfriends, parents,strangers. neighbours or an sexual physical, suffered have and homes, violent from often are Perpetrators villains. the become sometimes do emotional) or sexual physical, (whether abuse of victims whereby pattern a identified has research s the all for blame to not Although

in schools , , p. 5 The lack or absence of communication, failure of parents to play their role role their play to parents of failure communication, of absence or lack The

could could

begin 129

i i as cue o cmone b a bre a by compounded or caused also is his

It likely most is therefore th from homes when parents homes when from orshow violent are onchildren acts 131 xa asut ht cus n ot Africa, South in occurs that assault exual

Family violence is violence Family

130 h

notes that at any students who exhibit violence exhibit any students who Vogelman Vogelman

d psychological abuse psychological d therefore one of the probable the of one therefore points out thatacts out points akdown in family family in akdown

CEU eTD Collection Africa. South 133 132 of definition the to central as women masculinity. over control as well as violence encourage which trad within masculinity of views are above the to Related 4.1.4 powerful, be thatmust kept their unstablein place‟. subclass potentially the become have people) black of (instead women words, other „in that and Africa the of Mofett out classroom. or in it be locale school the in inequality gender of manifestations thus are There is which milieu manifold.” are violence sexual for opportunities the use, sexual for women of availability the and entitlement sexual of ideologies with coupled societ a In abuse. for opportunities of range a up open as well as women and abuse men between relations power “Unequal that for light this in argues Sigsworth violence. doors open discrimination and inequality The girls. against violence g in women against violence encourages that factor structural fundamental women and men between power of imbalance The 4.1.3 Mofett, H. (2006). „“These Women, They Force us to Rape them”: Rape as Narrative of Social Control in Post in Control Social of Narrative as Rape them”: Rape to us Force They Women, „“These (2006). H. Mofett, ibid

Cultural Views on Views Cultural Masculinity Gender Inequality f strong of relationships sexual in hierarchy a asserting of importance the and entitlement of) forms other (and sexual implies Ownership relationship in women over control men‟s of terms in defined is patriarchy,masculinity Within Journal of Southern of AfricanStudies Journal Sigsworth points out that out Sigsworth points a reflection a - armed masculinity and and masculinity armed

pns ht hr hs en „rss f aclnt‟ n post in masculinity‟ of „crisis a been has there that opines

, oin o onrhp eoe nerl o hs definition. this to integral become ownership of notions s,

of the society in general since the school is not found in a vacuum. vacuum. a in found not is school the since general in society the of

, vol. , 32, 1,129 no. pp.

docile/passive femininity, it is the male who who male the is it femininity, docile/passive 59 132

This is This –

because there is an accepted notion accepted an is there because n oh aeon n Suh Africa South and Cameroon both in - 144. y where unequal gender relations are are relations gender unequal where y

most likely most 133 itional itional

aeon and Cameroon manifested in the school the in manifested eneral and sexual sexual and eneral - apartheid South Africa Africa South – -

Apartheid South South

s a is

CEU eTD Collection 134 could alsolead violence tosexual aspects related other or psychology personality, as such disorders especially factors Personal 4.1.5 and non the culture ofviolence. There isalsothe n dominance Since definitionsofmasculinity violence,control as over include as sexual women well Peer pressure considered ofmasculinityas aspart amere notjust of expression the„right‟ butalso of men. violenceSexual by such a society accepted menin becomes thus because or tolerated itis Supra note note 127Supra Personal Factors eul ilne bhvorl rbes t ea at problems behavioural violence; sexual in expression an find might which tendencies psychopathic of demonstration the include: perpetrators to common as identified been have that factors Individual femalearewith. they the of responsibility the is o release this that and aroused become manipulatively they time every directly, whether it, taking release sexual to entitled are they that belief men‟s from results suggestively.This simply by respond may men some woman, a from forthcoming not is sex when society, a such In norm. becomes the is entitlement sexual wherein asociety male acquaintances inrelationships, or coercion and consent between line The criminal. or harmful as assaults sexual see to perpetrators rape of inability the in results often entitlement of sense This hierarchy. a such in dominance assumes - discrimination within the schooldiscrimination within system by

could also be could male students. Anti male students.

a factor that encourage helpsto stud male 134

bot - violence programs inthe areunlearning necessarytohelp of h in Cameroon and Africah inCameroon South eed to promote peaceful topromote coexistence,eed mutual respect 60

rly stages in their lives, such as as such lives, their in stages rly blurred, especially between between especially blurred, ents perpetrate to violence. . Sigsworth

states that r

CEU eTD Collection South Town, Cape In Risk HIV Africa. And Abuse, Substance Women, Against Violence Regarding Men Coloured And Black/African 137 136 135 consumers. in behaviour violent even and euphoria intense causes addictive, very is poor the to attractive very is price low whose substance, addictive highly This rape. gang especially women against Cape Western as such areas agains violence increased of cause major a as out pointed been particular in has alcohol of abuse The officialwere data notreadily availablefrom educa ind teachers by or students fellow by abused sexually been have to discussions informal in accepted who students female many and students by alcohol of consumption high very a is there Yaounde, in schools several Africa. South in women and girls against violence sexual increases that factor a as advanced been has men amongst substances of abuse high The 4.1.6 Department ofHealth (South Department Africa).1998. Demographic Africa South HealthSurvey. and ibid .. Sawyer K.M.

Substance abuse abuse Substance PsychologyMen Masculinity of and t women. Methamphetamine (locally known known (locally Methamphetamine women. t goac aot h dfeet as n hc mn n wmn experience women and men which sexuality. in ways different the about ignorance compounded general, in relationships love and relationships about sexual knowledge of lack a to due behaviour sexual normal in engagement of under an and disorders; deficit attention and impulsiveness 137 - uin WM Wcseg n WK Luseno. W.K. and Wechsberg W.M. Kurian,

135

icated that they were first lulled into consuming alcohol. However, However, alcohol. consuming into lulled first were they that icated , South Africa South ,

, 10(1): , 13 – 29.

have been pointed out as causes of increased violence increased of causes as out pointed been have

09 Epoig h Dfeecs n Smlrte Between Similarities And Differences The Exploring 2009. tional authoritiescontacted by me. 136

n ot Africa South in In Cameroon, from personal observation in observation personal from Cameroon, In - development or lack or development

s tk) bs b mn in men by abuse „tik‟) as y their by

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C onstitution veryofratesonstitution high discrimination n JA Mrio. 06 Hat Bhvo ad aclnt i Kna Ad s ae College Male Us And Kenyan in Masculinity and Behavior Health 2006. Morrison. J.A. and

139

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abducted, murdered and and murdered abducted,

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As stated As . Many . - CEU eTD Collection 143 142 out, roles parental their perform cannot they jobs more or one by overburdened get parents when Furthermore, violent. more be to Sigsworth men makes also and exploitation and abuse sexual to vulnerable more particular in violence sexual and general in violence to lead could unemployment as such difficulties economic and Poverty 4.1.9 Supra note note 127Supra http://cameroonlatest.blogspot.com/2013/01/suspected

Poverty Economic and Difficulties emotional withdrawal and emotional distancing is common in these situations andsituations these in common is distancing emotional and withdrawal emotional rela family stressful creating to way long a go hardships Economic rangeactivities which ofdaily place athigher risk. them a out carry to women forces and… sex, transactional of forms subtle more or proper without experimentation sexual the increases Poverty guidance…. promotes turn in this acts; sexual in engaging relatives other or parents their witness to children force conditions risk key a are poor and rich between gap growing the and poverty of levels high The states that factor associated with sexual violence in South Africa. Poor housing housing Poor Africa. South in violence sexual with associated factor

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likelihood that women will engage in sex work sex in engage will women that likelihood - ritual 65 - killing

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CEU eTD Collection 144 place take studying inEastern phenomenon this CapeAfrica inSouth thus could sex Transactional involved. are transactions financial cre attitudes and behavioursexual norms on social as well Gender,return.ascultural in offersex to has gainswho material or financial of need in girl a usually involves which sex transactional is this to Related ibid

women to have sex in situations where they might otherwise refrain, and has been been has and refrain, otherwise might they wheresituations in sex have to women sub sexual well a underlying is relationships force motivating a as exchange material and Financial … income critical provide which relationships sustain to order in violence sexual or and sex, by reciprocated be would outlay financial that anticipated who men from violence physical and rape face also may Women condoms. without means often very which terms, his on sex accepting means that assert often Women thereforerisk factor a pre the exercise not is children of care and supervision do of lack The children. their over therefore care necessary and away, distance long a work to go to have Parents communiti children. of vulnerability the increases which supervision, and monitoring child in difficulties to leads poverty - Saharan Africa. Often referred to as transactional sex, it is a motive for for motive a is it sex, transactional as to referred Often Africa. Saharan ate power imbalance in relationships in favour of men particularly when when particularly men of favour in relationships in imbalance power ate es

–

may relinquish their parental duties because, for instance, they they instance, for because, duties parental their relinquish may

- recognised dynamic in the HIV pandemic, parti pandemic, HIV the in dynamic recognised sent particularlycommunities. inpoor cetn fnnil r aeil sitne rm man a from assistance material or financial accepting 66

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atclry rm impoverished from particularly women often tolerate physical tolerate often women that state

144

cularly in in cularly .

uke t al et Dunkle CEU eTD Collection 147 146 1235 pp. Main and amongPartners African theYoung EasternSouth Rural Science in In & Cape‟. Social vol.Men Medicine, no. 65, 6, 145 crimes. sexual for investigations high to due net the of out way their find criminals many and loopholes numerous by characterised generally is Cameroon in system justice criminal The free speak again)to and tosexuallyoutand seekjustice.” discourages violate victims unpunished go to perpetrators allows it as much as in Africa, South in problem violence sexual the in part a thereforeplay systemdoes justice criminal the “Theresponseof that by point supports this that stating encourages or crimes commit further commit to them leads this sentences weak get perpetrators or unpunished go crimes When crimes. violence sexual Thea existence toencourage poor, crimes ofsystemjustice ineffective sexual for further helps 4.1.10 Related to this is t is this to Related ibid ibid Supra K.L., Jewkes, Dunkle, Nduna.Jama, R., M., Levin, Sikweyiya,N., J., (2007). &M. Koss, Y.

Poor CriminalPunishment Justice, Referral Systems and note 127 1248. hs n un los hs wo r cmitn sc cie t cniu their continue to crimes destructive unhindered. behaviour such committing are who those allows turn in this and Africa: South in with away get to crimes easiest the of one is violence sexual an arrested police, tothe bewill reported they that chance small a of only is there culture that know a perpetrators whereby impunity, create does violence sexual to response justice criminal poor A sex gender to vulnerabilitywomen‟s of source potential a as noted ual exploitation.

he victimisation of victims in school or the the or school in victims of victimisation he

145

rte saeet umte by submitted statement written 146

67 d convicted of the crime. This means that This means crime. the of convicted d

corruption and the absence of effective of absence the and corruption justice system. Sigsworth Sigsworth system. justice tes to others

- h Avcts o Human for Advocates The based violence and and violence based

„TransactionalSex with Casual

do same. Sigsworth Sigsworth same. do

(and therefore (and 147

notes notes CEU eTD Collection 149 Against Discrimination par. Women,February 3 2014, 148 matters procedural addressed include to extended was before definition The before. existed what to Act Amendment Matters Related 2007. in President African South the by law into signed was which when 1997 in commenced was process amend parliament reform legal violence sexual the Africa South In violence sexual addressing in Cameroon than especially system. theschool within advanced more far is Africa South which T particular. in school the addressed have some However milieu. the of irrespective general in society in violence sexual address generally reforms legal the of Much system. school the within especially and general in violence sexual combat to place in put Africa South and Cameroon in reform Legal 4.2.1 other actors stepsaddress to taken have t and authorities educational society, civil state, the particular, African in schools South and general and in society Cameroonian the in violence sexual of problem serious the with Faced 4.2 the absence ofeffective investigations and prosecutions”. of result a as perpetrators by enjoyed rape for impunity “widespread is there that and rare” are aga violence to relation in that Rights

SexualOffences Act(ActRelatedMatters of Amendment 2007) and 2007 number 32 WrittenStatement by Submitted Responses to Sexual ViolenceResponses toSexual in Legal and PolicyLegal and Reform in 2014 to the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women point out point Women Against Discrimination of Elimination the on Committee the to 2014 in ed the law through the Sexual Offences and Related Matters Amendment Act, Amendment Matters Related and Offences Sexual the through law the ed

non

- consensual The Advocates for HumanAdvocates for Rights The

such as the management of sexual offences by courts of law, the law, of courts by offences sexual of management the as such inst women, “prosecutions by law enforcement and the judiciary judiciary the and enforcement law by “prosecutions women, inst

2007

p Cameroon and SouthCameroon Africa and enetration 149 his issue.

the legal definition of rape is broadened as broadened is rape of definition legal the could be could 68 . It also establishes a list of sexual offences sexual of list a establishes also It .

to the 57 to etitd o aia sx n now and sex vaginal to restricted

major indicators major 148 th

Session of the Committeeof thethe Session Elimination ofon he area of legal reform is one in one is reform legal of area he

In the the for assessing measures assessing for Sexual Offences and and Offences Sexual

compared a been has and

CEU eTD Collection 150 harassment,sexual schools elsewhere. beitin or rape. of perpetration case, this section ofcriminal 297absolvinga rapist proceedings ifthevictim C E is mentioned be can that reform legal only The women and general in rights human protecting instruments major the all ratified has country the that fact the in despite Cameroon inexistent is women against violence combat to legislation specific Generally, inexistent. reform legal such Cameroon, In includingmisconductto prevent ofeducators misconduct sexual andpunishing harassment sexual from victims potential The issues. other amongst schools African South in violence sexual address to help also Ethics Professional violence. sexual including violations many from children protecting at aims which Africa South in instrument condu Afric personnel. forensic or police ducation in Cameroon which forbids any form of violence on students. on violence of form any forbids which Cameroon in ducation ode ode

Section 35, LawSection 35, Orientation the on of1998 Educ number98/004 an Code of Professional Ethics Professional of Code an t uh s eul harassment. sexual as such ct

in section 296 section in

ges o ar hm a be hgl cnend s n norgmn fr the for encouragement an as condemned highly been has him marry to agrees

South African South

The

Worthy of note is also the fact that there is no law or policy addressing addressing policy or law no is there that fact the also is note of Worthy forbipunishesrapeand South

Protection from Harassment Act Harassment from Protection

fia Cucl o Euaos ( Educators for Council African

nte isrmn adesn sxa ofne i the is offences sexual addressing instrument Another n eain o eul offenses sexual to relation in The The Education in . ot Arcn hlrns Act Children‟s African South The ds sexual relations with minors with relations sexual ds

69 Employment of Employment Law number 98/004 1 98/004 number Law

ation in Cameroonation

which prohibits professionally inappropriate inappropriate professionally prohibits which

2011 and chil and SACE) Act and SACE SACE and Act SACE) Educators Act (1998) also helps also (1998) Act Educators

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Established inEstablishedthe 1976, RapeCrisis Town Cape establishedTrust aSouth Africanorganisation in is 1976supporting the tem.

Violence Prevention and VictimPrevention and Violence Assistance

http://rapecrisis.org.za/ i shos Te ete o Apid ea Suis Uiest o te W the of University Studies, Legal Applied for Centre The schools. in e - oriented advocacy initiatives have also been carried out by some institutions or groups or institutions some by out carried been also have initiatives advocacy oriented

Theirmissionto is end topromote an violence against women,specificallyto assist womenachieveand rape, to 151 CRC, the Banjul Charter and the and Charter Banjul the CRC,

developed an online application for users to be able to navigate through a virtual a through navigate to able be to users for application online an developed reveals:

y raiain i Cmro ad ot Arc. n ot Africa, South In Africa. South and Cameroon in organisations ty

h Suuia apin f h Ntoa Wrig Gro Working National the of Campaign Shukumisa the

n Suh fia ae ratified have Africa South and African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the of Welfare and Rights the on Charter African 70

CEDAW, CEDAW, deo clips of of clips deo itwatersrand the

whichwomen Maputo up on on up ice

- CEU eTD Collection 152 Wit schools. in violence sexual tackle to Africa‟sSouth policies fromApart

Supranote 122 watersrandLaw School of programmes include a focus on the factors that contribute to school to contribute that factors the on focus a include programmes these of Some schools. in harassment and violence sexual address specifically prog initiated has DBE the policies, promulgating to addition In deal cases sexual abuse. with of 2010, in programs. response comprehensive own their developing are that procedures standardise Guidelines The Schools Public in Harassment and Violence Sexual of Management ofIn Education Department published 2008,the o “disciplinary a is and law the violates learners with Sex educators.” female or schoolgirls with sex “demanding stop must and responsibility” special a have educators “[m]ale that notes Minister publishe was which Educators for Guidelines Education of Department Emergency: HIV/AIDS The in violence sexual in schools in violence sexual of issue the addressed manage also Department The schools. to how on administrators and educators train to Gender Eyes: Our predecessor,published DBE‟s the Education,of Department the In2001, , p 15 Speak Out Speak - 17

- Based Violence in South African Schools African South in Violence Based i 20. n h Mnse o Euains nrdcin the introduction, Education‟s of Minister the In 2002. in d (a handbook) is focused on educating learners about how to to how about learners educating on focused is handbook) (a

notes that Department of BasicEducat of Department The Centre for Applied Legal Studies, University of the the of University Studies, Legal Applied for Centre The ffense” that “betrays the trust of the community.” community.” the of trust the “betrays that ffense” 152

Guidelines for the Protection andGuidelines theProtection for en t ass shos in schools assist to meant ion has also undertakenprogramalso has ion Published by the DBE the by Published , which has be has which , - (Guidelines). ams that rammes based sexual based Opening Opening en used en , s CEU eTD Collection 155 154 i psyc and legal medical, offer organisations other some and AVLF rape. of victims for service specialised a operate also They rape. especially schools, Network violenceAunties”) sensitisation campaignsonsexual carriesoutregular in RENATA of not though pregnancy, teenage milieu school the specificallyon and rape incest, of phenomenon the on especially research doing are and done have NGOs Some country. the throughout centres service social at violence based gender of victims to services counselling provides Affairs Social of Ministry the Cameroon In Wit schools. in violence sexual of cases investigate to others amongst helps which Unit Protection Child Family and Service also has government African South The African schools. the and (2012) schools in bullying and violence sexual addressing campaign Ubuntu the include, programsSuch bid

ibid, ibid , p 15 p , watersrand School o

, , p 28 osdrbe ok o drs sxa voec i Cameroon in violence sexual address to work considerable - Uni (FSC) Offences Sexual and Protection Child Violence Family specialised the to duty To a schools. in violence sexual of reports investigate has Service Police African South the institution, government a As se about education of lack and inequality, gender violence, general as such violence, 17

xual violence.xual

ts in 1995inaneffortts in to 154 StopRape

f Law f 153

apin 21) o as aaees n eul ilne n South in violence sexual on awareness raise to (2013) campaign

notes that h Cnr fr ple Lgl tde, nvriy f the of University Studies, Legal Applied for Centre The . For example, the“RéseauxForexample, .

reduce sexually

taken further action by creating the South African Police Police African South the creating by action further taken 72

- related crimes related hosocial assistance to victims of sexual sexual of victims to assistance hosocial fulfil

Nationale des Tantines” Nationaledes

this duty, SAPS created created duty,SAPS this . 155

and have carried out some some out carried have and

(“National CEU eTD Collection Girls”, Womenand New 2013 March York, Republic the 57 ofCameroon, 156 violencesexual inprivate ormuch of public schoolsthe and tac to government the by place in put been has policy or programme direct no as this from much learn to needs Cameroon coordination. and implementation effective ensure to done be to programmes and policies society. civil and organisations nongovernmental by done been has violence sexual combat to work the of much that noticed been has it Furthermore, and and national produ legal instruments regional international, disseminating stakeholders, of capacities the building at aimed have out carried actions violence, domestic and sexual against fight the “regarding that stated Family the Wom of Minister Cameroon‟s Girls”, and Women Against Violence of Prevention and “Elimination theme the on Women of Status the on Commission the of Session 57 the to statement her In assistance. psychosocial and legal medical, proper getting in victims assi and violence sexual on sensitise to International Health Radio on program radio weekly a runs currently organisation The Region. West North the in Bamenda and Region Centre the sexual combat to gi against violence campaign a organising currently is Cameroon Group Peace Positive The victims. for hotlines operate also RENATA as such NGOs Some violence. of victims to support Gender Against Action in Women clinics. mobile through as well as Bafoussam and Douala Yaoundé, in centres three through victims to counselling and aid legal free provides Jurists Female of Association The violence.

StatementneeObama byAbena MinisterProfessor Ondoua Marie of Therese, Women‟s Empowerment rls in secondary schools in Cameroon, beginning with schools in Yaoundé in in Yaoundé in schools with beginning Cameroon, in schools secondary in rls

Commission on the StatusCommission ofon Women, theme and Prevention“Elimination ofAgainst Violence

to address sexual violence sexual address to

Based Violence also provides legal counselling and offers offers and counselling legal provides also Violence Based cing and disseminatingcing and educational materials” 73

in schools in

ot Arc hs u i pae several place in put has Africa South action is directly, though much still needs still much though directly,

limited tocivil society.limited en‟s Empowerment and Empowerment en‟s

and the Family and of 156 .

kle kle st th

CEU eTD Collection to seen been have factors Some environment. school the in violence sexual of perpetuation and perpetration the encourage that factors major be to seen been have system justice criminal the in and schools in systems anti of coordination difficulties, poor economic or violence, family absence society, in violence of culture a women, disfavour that imbalances Power found. is it which in society the in violence promote that dynamics the reflec a is violence Sexual factors. societal and group personal, by fuelled is Africa South The vi f draw Africa South and Cameroon can lessons applicable schoo in violence sexual combat how and regional and international the Africa, South and playe are dynamics these how and violence sexual perpetuate that the dynamics social compare other and to gender aimed thesis the specifically, More Africa. South and Cameroon in schools to out set thesis This 4.1Summary drawn. are conclusions and presented is findings the Recommendations providedrelevant for arealso the of summary the chapter, this In CHAPTER AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5: CONCLUSION olence girls against schools. in thesis points thesis d

out in the school environment, theschool out in

ainl a ad rcie seily n h ae o education of area the in especially practice and law national

out that sexual violence against girls in secondary schools in Cameroon and Cameroon in schools secondary in girls against violence sexual that out examine the phenomenon of sexual violence against girls in secondary secondary in girls against violence sexual of phenomenon the examine

extent extent

ua ihs ntuet addressing instruments rights human ae hge pr higher a have

o hc Cmro ad ot Arc hv c have Africa South and Cameroon which to ls in Cameroon and South Africa. The thesis also examines the examines also thesis The Africa. South and Cameroon in ls the causes of violence against girlsof violenceagainst the causesschools in - ilne programs, violence 74 evalence

stakeholders

ihr o aeon r ot Africa. South or Cameroon to either rom each other in combating sexual sexual combating in other each rom weak . violence against ( against violence

reporting and punishment punishment and reporting have en alrd to tailored been mle with omplied col girls, school) Cameroon tion of tion

CEU eTD Collection the putting inplaceeffective policies and ofprograms. and laws of implementation of area the in efforts more in put however to have countries inc violence sexual of forms various on laws separate effective make to effort much putting is and enacted has which Gabon, country neighbouring of example Cameroon. in jurists female of Association the by clinics such organisations society civil some of interventions effective the on lessons borrow well as can Africa South programmes. school in practice. and policies Cameroon laws, existing on sensitisation and information poor or complacency number a been have schools in especially harassment. sexual code. penal the as well as Cameroon of constitution the in just generally and partially only mentioned s address directly that laws national enacting made has Africa South However, Protocol. Maputo the and ACHPR the CRC, major the addressing instruments regional all and international ratified have Africa South and Cameroon both that shown also has thesis The occult Africa. rituals more is prevalentinSouth inCameroon than of part as violence sexual whereas Africa South to specific more is rape‟ „corrective Specifically In Cameroon, the law has also been also has law the Cameroon,In s could positively borrow positively could n h ae of area the in o impleme f n Cameroon In

been

utn i pae h aporae ea faeok plce and policies framework, legal appropriate the place in putting tto calne i Suh fia uh s or coordination, poor as such Africa South in challenges ntation

as generally

the provision of free legal aid to victims throug victims to aid legal free of provision the from uh f h efrs ie a cmatn sxa violence sexual combatting at aimed efforts the of much

South Africa South

totally limited to the civil society. However, there have also have there However, society. civil the to limited 75 silent on some forms of sexual violence such as such violence sexual of forms some on silent xa voec against violence exual

sexual sexual

violence against girls such as CEDAW, as such girls against violence combating sexual vi sexual combating

Cameroon could also copy the the copy also could Cameroon luding sexual harassment. Both harassment. sexual luding

il wees hs is this whereas girls olence against girls girls against olence greater strides in strides greater h mobile law law mobile h

CEU eTD Collection inCountries Developing Violence 157 number high the as well as classmates, and teachers both by schools in harassment and abuse Committee) Committee The 4.3.1 recommendationsby sometreatyas made researchers, bodiesas others. well non schools, recommendations of number A &Development Services andTraining Africa South and Cameroon psycho physical, particular practically to efforts more in put to need is There 4.2 Women &Development and Training Services Training and &Development Women Recommendations To teachers, they butalso believe because be will done. thatnothing from especially reprisals, of fear a of because complain even not do girls many countries many in Schools devastating. also are pregnancies unwanted health and HIV/AIDS, including The (STIs), out. infections dropping transmitted sexually to exposure even increased of terms in and consequences school, missing themselves, about feel class, in concentration their losing report Girls attainment. educational

Several studies point out that the consequences of SRGBV adversely affect girls‟SRGBVaffect adversely that theconsequences of Several out point studies the State

seily n schools in especially in 2011“expresse[d] grave concern about the high number of girls who suffer sexual sexual suffer who girls of number high the about concern grave 2011“expresse[d] in - oenetl raiain ad ii scey W cn orw oe useful some borrow can We society. civil and organisations governmental - n h Eiiain f l frs f iciiain A Discrimination of forms all of Elimination the on social and intellectual health of girls in particular and society in general in society and particular in girls of health intellectual and social

. USAID, p. iv USAID, . p. As .

are Sxa voec hs ay eaie osqecs n the on consequences negative many has violence Sexual . etoe by mentioned turn a deaf ear to the female student‟s complaints and complaints student‟s female the to ear deaf a turn

made to both private and public actors especially the state, state, the especially actors public and private both to made

(2009) (2009) ,

Unsafe Schools: A Literature A Schools: Unsafe 76

the the

Wellesley Centre for Research on Women Women on Research for Centre Wellesley drs sxa voec aant il in girls against violence sexual address Review of School of Review ant oe (CEDAW Women gainst 157

- Related Gender Related ing bad bad ing

in both both in - Based

of of CEU eTD Collection 160 159 April (5 CEDAW/C/ZAF/CO/4 2011) 158 addressing women: violenceagainst r periodic fourth and third, second, its following government African South concluding Africa].” South [in school to/from way their on while violence sexual suffer who girls ibid 16 in 16 the January 17 Sess., 48th Women, against Discrimination of Elimination the on Committee U.N. eptain f ae A te doae fr ua Rgt sae n hi aforementioned their tothewritten submission Committee: CEDAW in state Rights Human for Advocates the As rape. of perpetuation Cameroon In

ie te sti the Given puberty of age the above was the victim as female long as married) so are (and married be to consent” “freely parties the when rape forprosecution specificallystops 297 Section victim: marriesthe rapist the if prosecution foreclosing by rape for impunity perpetuates Code Penal The experience ontheir orientation. violencebased sexual victims to services support including programmes, and projects planned of implementation Act Offences Sexual the in made provisions the of implementation the ensure to place in mechanisms rights women‟s of violation a as women against violence and media through awareness public raising women - eiwn te tt‟ multi State‟s the reviewing

caseCameroonof asthe sexualCode relations withPenal accordinga girlforbidden belowis 16 to section 296

bevtos CDW Committee CEDAW observations, ; dpig opeesv maue t ades ilne gis women against violence address to measures comprehensive adopting , Section 297 of the penal penal the of 297 Section , ; aig pca atnin o h nes f ua wmn n toe that those and women rural of needs the to attention special paying

gmatization that rape victims face in their communities, they may may they communities, their in face victims rape that gmatization

; nuig h ncsay ugtr alctos for allocations budgetary necessary the ensuring

- sectoral action plan to combat violence against against violence combat to plan action sectoral oe ed t b rvsd eas i hls n the in helps it because revised be to needs code 77

ae h floig eomnain t the to recommendations following the made

160

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provide a detailed list of recommendations for recommendations of list detailed a provide col eae sxa violence sexual related school

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CEU eTD Collection 168 legal 167 national the of level 166 the at Africa South from copy to needs particular in Cameroon th on consequences negative very has It Africa. South and Cameroon in addressed properly be to needs that violation right human a is violence Sexual 4.2 Conclusion and girls.” a and training education, raising, awareness continuing to committed is Cameroon potentials, its of conscious also and of…weaknesses… “Conscious that stated Family the and Empowerment Women‟s Prevent and “Elimination 57 the to statement her In butcounterproductivesimplistic as well. par and violence sexual generaleffortscombatgirlsgirls in violenceagainstof and bothboys in in to inclusion the Furthermore, schools. in established firmly be must equation power the balancing but term long p the Addressing addressing women violenceagainst ingeneral. training, teacher leadership, youth development, “curriculum proposes Women on Research for Centres Wellesly ibid ibid ibid ticular is ticular

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167 81

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