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Linking Gender-Based Violence Research to Practice in East, Central and Southern Africa

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Linking Gender-Based Violence Research to Practice in East, Central and Southern Africa Linking Gender-Based Violence Research to Practice in East, Central and Southern Africa: A Review of Risk Factors and Promising Interventions February 2006 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Myra Betron (consultant) and Elizabeth Doggett under the POLICY Project. POLICY is funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) under Contract No. HRN-C-00-00-00006-00, beginning July 7, 2000. The project is implemented by Futures Group in collaboration with the Centre for Development and Population Activities (CEDPA) and Research Triangle Institute (RTI). The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States government. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS..................................................................................................................... v I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................................................................ 1 II. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 3 Objectives................................................................................................................................................. 3 Scope ........................................................................................................................................................ 3 Methodology............................................................................................................................................. 3 How the Report is Organized ................................................................................................................... 4 III. GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE IN ECSA: AN OVERVIEW ........................................................... 5 Women’s Rights in ECSA........................................................................................................................ 5 Prevalence and Nature of Common Forms of GBV................................................................................. 6 Intimate Partner Violence..................................................................................................................... 7 Sexual Violence and Coercion ............................................................................................................. 8 Early Marriage.................................................................................................................................... 10 Female Genital Mutilation ................................................................................................................. 11 Human Trafficking............................................................................................................................. 12 Health Impacts of Gender-based Violence............................................................................................. 13 Economic and Social Costs of Gender-based Violence ......................................................................... 15 IV. RISK FACTORS FOR GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE ................................................................... 16 Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence .................................................................................................... 16 Definitions and Types of Risk Factors............................................................................................... 16 The Ecological Model ........................................................................................................................ 16 A Summary of Risk Factors............................................................................................................... 18 Sexual Violence and Sexual Coercion ............................................................................................... 24 Why Men Abuse Women: An Issue of Gender.................................................................................. 25 Early Marriage........................................................................................................................................ 25 Female Genital Cutting........................................................................................................................... 25 Human Trafficking ................................................................................................................................. 26 V. PROMISING INTERVENTIONS TO ADDRESS GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE ................................ 28 Background............................................................................................................................................. 28 Conceptual Framework and Organization.......................................................................................... 28 Health ................................................................................................................................................. 29 Justice/Legal/Security ........................................................................................................................ 33 Education/Youth................................................................................................................................. 35 Multisectoral Coordination................................................................................................................. 40 Early Marriage........................................................................................................................................ 41 Legal and Policy Change.................................................................................................................... 41 Support for Physical and Psychological Well-being.......................................................................... 41 Education for Empowerment and Intellectual Development ............................................................. 41 Support for Improved Economic Status ............................................................................................. 42 Female Genital Cutting........................................................................................................................... 42 Legal................................................................................................................................................... 42 Health ................................................................................................................................................. 43 iii Behavior Change and Community Mobilization................................................................................ 43 Human Trafficking ................................................................................................................................. 44 Cross-cutting Conclusions Regarding Promising Interventions............................................................. 47 VI. CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................................... 49 ANNEX 1: MEASURING AND DETERMINING GBV RISK FACTORS IN ECSA .............................. 50 ANNEX 2: SUMMARY OF PROMISING INTERVENTIONS................................................................ 58 ANNEX 3. FIRST SEARCH DATABASES AND ORGANIZATIONAL WEBSITES SEARCHED ............. 60 ANNEX 4. RELATED LITERATURE REVIEWS ............................................................................... 61 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................. 62 iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are extremely grateful to the following people for their high-quality, in-depth review of individual documents: Sarah Bott, Kathy Buek, Britt Herstad, Abigail Hollister, and Claire Wingfield. Thanks also go to Kay Willson, Tara Thomas, and Raising Voices in Uganda for providing data collection assistance. Without the help of each of these individuals, this report would not have been possible. In addition, a special thank you goes to Mark Wehling for his help in compiling the bibliography. Finally, many thanks go to Vathani Amirthanayagam, Sarah Bott, Rochelle Johnston, Ann McCauley, Jennifer Miguel, and Jeanne Ward for their comments and contributions, which were invaluable to completing this final report. v ABBREVIATIONS AIDS – Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome BCC – Behavior Change Communication CDC – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CEDAW – Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women CEDPA – Centre for Development and Population Activities DHS – Demographic and Health Survey ECPAT – End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography, and Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes ECSA – East, Central, and Southern Africa EU – European Union FGC/M – Female Genital Cutting/Mutilation FGMAP – CEDPA’s Female Genital Mutilation Abandonment Project GBV – Gender Based Violence GDP – Gross Domestic Product HIV – Human immunodeficiency virus ICPD – International Conference on Population and Development IEC – Information, Education, Communication IGWG – Inter-Agency Gender Working Group IPV – Intimate Partner Violence IRC – International Rescue Committee MAP – Men as Partners program NGO – Non-governmental organization PATS – The Project Against Trafficking and Sex and Gender Based Violence PLWHA – People
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