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Mass Screening Techniques for Selecting Crops Resistant to Disease

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Mass Screening Techniques for Selecting Crops Resistant to Disease spine: 19.48 mm Mass Screening Techniques for Selecting Crops Resistant to Disease to Resistant Selecting Crops for Mass Screening Techniques Mass Screening Techniques for Selecting Crops Resistant to Disease This publication presents an overview of mass screening techniques for the selection of disease resistant crops. Various aspects are considered in choosing the most suitable selection technique for specific plant–pathogen interactions. The careful selection of the infectious agent is very much dependent on its origin, method of preparation, content of active substances, and ease of use. The publication also covers radiation induced mutations, which in addition to in vitro and in vivo screening methods, provide a secure and rapid means of developing resistant genotypes for fruit trees, legumes, vegetables and tuber crops, with greater emphasis on banana — dessert and plantain — for its high nutritive value. INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA ISBN 978-92-0-105110-3 Atoms for Peace P1458 Cover.indd 1 2010-05-18 15:24:49 Atoms for Peace Large figure: Sporulation of cucurbit powdery mildew (Golovinomyces cichoracearum) on cotyledons of susceptible Cucumis sativus cv. Stela F1. Circles: Detail of leaf discs with different degrees of infection 14 days after inoculation with Golovinomyces cichoracearum. Photographs courtesy of A. Lebeda, Palacký University in Olomouc, Czech Republic. P1458 Cover.indd 2 2010-05-18 15:24:49 Mass Screening Techniques for Selecting Crops Resistant to Diseases MASS SCREENING TECHNIQUES FOR SELECTING CROPS RESISTANT TO DISEASES Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA, 2010 COPYRIGHT NOTICE All IAEA scientific and technical publications are protected by the terms of the Universal Copyright Convention as adopted in 1952 (Berne) and as revised in 1972 (Paris). The copyright has since been extended by the World Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) to include electronic and virtual intellectual property. Permission to use whole or parts of texts contained in IAEA publications in printed or electronic form must be obtained and is usually subject to royalty agreements. Proposals for non-commercial reproductions and translations are welcomed and considered on a case-by-case basis. Enquiries should be addressed to the IAEA Publishing Section at: Sales and Promotion, Publishing Section International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna International Centre PO Box 100 1400 Vienna, Austria fax: +43 1 2600 29302 tel.: +43 1 2600 22417 email: [email protected] http://www.iaea.org/books For further information on this publication, please contact: Plant Breeding and Genetics Section Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna International Centre PO Box 100 1400 Vienna, Austria email: [email protected] MASS SCREENING TECHNIQUES FOR SELECTING CROPS RESISTANT TO DISEASES ISBN 978-92-0-105110-3 © IAEA, 2010 Printed by the IAEA in Austria May 2010 IAEA-TDL-001 FOREWORD Diseases caused by fungal pathogens are the major causes of crop loss. Crop diseases not only reduce yield but can greatly impair the quality and stability of production year after year, undermining efforts to promote sustainable agriculture. Environmental and health hazards, resulting from the application of numerous chemical fungicides, are causing increasing concern. Well established crop breeding schemes have for a long time allowed the development of tolerant and/or resistant varieties of valuable food crops. However, these programmes are often long, fastidious and most of the time, fail to identify the positive mutant. As advances are made in mutation breeding, biotechnology and gene techniques, more rapid and cost efficient screening methods are needed to enhance the efficiency and success rate of resistance breeding programmes. Alternative selection methods rely on scaling up the number of plants screened while reducing the space and time needed for such. Mass screening methods can be performed with well specified pathogen inocula, filtrates or purified toxins applied to plant organs or their parts, and/or in vitro produced plant material. The most important characteristic is that they mimic the infection process under natural conditions. Whereas purified toxins can be more easily quantified and replicated than inocula and crude extracts (filtrates), there are pathogens from which toxins have not yet been isolated (mostly obligate biotrophic parasites). In addition, before utilizing a toxin (mostly produced by necrotrophic pathogens) as a selection agent for disease resistance, it is important to determine whether the toxin is an essential component of the pathogenicity and disease development. Some toxins may not be needed for the full spectrum of pathogenicity and plants may be selected as toxin resistant but disease susceptible. The use of controlled inoculations and crude extracts on explants (e.g. leaf disks and detached leaves), or in vitro material, are more laborious than using toxins, but may be the best choice for plant–pathogen interactions for which reliable toxins are not known. The source of variation for plant resistance to pathogen can be natural or induced. The use of mutagenic treatments is an effective way to induce plant variability for resistance to pathogens when this cannot be obtained by conventional selection procedures and introduced into the cultivated material through hybridization. The Joint FAO/IAEA Programme on Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture promotes the use of nuclear techniques in agriculture to sustain food security and rural development. This book has been sponsored by the Joint FAO/IAEA Programme in recognition of the importance of minimizing crop losses due to fungal diseases for the effective implementation of sustainable agricultural practices, and to support mutation breeding programmes. The impact of induced mutations on breeding of disease resistant cultivars is summarized in Chapter 1. Different aspects that must be taken into consideration when choosing the most suitable in vitro resistance screening method for a given plant–pathogen interaction are reviewed in Chapter 2. Furthermore, in vivo and in vitro mass screening methods developed for fruits, legumes, horticultural and tuber crops, with emphasis on banana (Musa spp.), are also compiled in this book. Banana and plantain are an important source of food security and income in many tropical areas of the world. Their vulnerability to diseases is augmented by the genetic uniformity of the commercial crops and the absence of efficient resistance sources and genes. Moreover, cultivated triploid bananas are seedless and breeding through conventional methods is challenging. Methods of resistance screening for two of the most devastating diseases of banana (Black sigatoka and Fusarium wilt) are shown. Resistance mass-screening in vivo and in vitro methods for root, vegetable, industrial, legume and fruit crops are also presented. 3 The IAEA would like to express its thanks to A. Lebeda (Czech Republic) for the revision of the chapters. The IAEA officers responsible for this publication are M. Miranda and M.M. Spencer of the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture. EDITORIAL NOTE The papers in this publication (including the figures, tables and references) have undergone only the minimum copy editing considered necessary for the reader’s assistance. Although great care has been taken to maintain the accuracy of information contained in this publication, neither the IAEA nor its Member States assume any responsibility for consequences which may arise from its use. The report does not address questions of responsibility, legal or otherwise, for acts or omissions on the part of any person. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the IAEA, the governments of the nominating Member States or the nominating organizations. Owing to their number, the references in this publication have been left, as an exception, in the ‘author-date’ style. They have not been converted into the IAEA’s numbered reference style. The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries. The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA. The authors are responsible for having obtained the necessary permission for the IAEA to reproduce, translate or use material from sources already protected by copyrights. CONTENTS Chapter 1: Summary: Improvement of crop production and disease resistance through mutation induction: the IAEA mandate ..............................................................................1 M. Spencer and A. Lebeda Chapter 2: In vitro screening methods for assessing plant disease resistance ......................................5 A. Lebeda and L. Švábová Chapter 3: Mass-screening techniques for early selection of banana and plantain crops resistant to major diseases and pests .................................................................................47 B. Okole Chapter 4: Mutation induction by gamma-rays and carbon ion beam irradiation
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