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Southern Burial Practicies and Society, 1775-1850 Anne Marie Martin University of Arkansas, Fayetteville

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Southern Burial Practicies and Society, 1775-1850 Anne Marie Martin University of Arkansas, Fayetteville View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ScholarWorks@UARK University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Theses and Dissertations 8-2018 Death Among the Palmettos: Southern Burial Practicies and Society, 1775-1850 Anne Marie Martin University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd Part of the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Martin, Anne Marie, "Death Among the Palmettos: Southern Burial Practicies and Society, 1775-1850" (2018). Theses and Dissertations. 2906. http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/2906 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Death Among the Palmettos: Southern Burial Practices and Society, 1775 - 1850 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History by Anne Marie Martin Clemson University Bachelor of Arts in History, and Secondary Education, 2006 University of South Carolina Master of Library and Information Science, 2007 Sam Houston State University Master of Arts in History, 2012 August 2018 University of Arkansas This dissertation is approved for recommendation to the Graduate Council. ____________________________________ Beth Barton Schweiger, Ph.D. Dissertation Director ____________________________________ ___________________________________ Kathryn A. Sloan, Ph.D. Anthony J. Stanonis, Ph.D. Committee Member Committee Member ____________________________________ James Gigantino, Ph.D. Committee Member Abstract Using burial as a way to view social and political anxieties in the Antebellum South, “Death Among the Palmettos: Southern Burial Practices and Society, 1775 - 1850” argues that the treatment of the dead was based squarely in the social concerns and situation surrounding the living. Specifically examining Charleston, South Carolina, the ways people used burial to make statements about themselves and their class standing both established their status in an ever- shifting society while simultaneously regulating it in ways that became exclusionary to others. Considering Charleston as a microcosm of statewide and national tensions over class, economics, and slavery, I argue that the concerns over these uncertainties played out in Charleston’s churchyards and cemeteries as well as in the city’s daily life. When Magnolia Cemetery opened on the outskirts of Charleston, South Carolina in 1850, it seemed to address many of the problems that had plagued the city for years. Due to disease, epidemics, and natural disasters, over its nearly two hundred year history, Charleston gained a deserved reputation as an especially deadly place. While religious intuitions throughout the city maintained their own cemeteries, these were restricted on the basis of both class and race. Charlestonians who were poor or non-white found themselves relegated to public city lots. Following the Revolution, these groups will debate the roll of race and class in cemetery construction, and fight for space for independent cemetery construction. For the city’s post- Revolutionary government, burial laws will offer a new way to establish authority. Throughout the nineteenth century, city residents saw changes with the introduction of new religious groups, evolving ideas about the cause of disease, and an increase in migrants from different parts of Europe. These developments, combined with the concerns upper class Charlestonians had over their waning influence in both state and national politics, led to uncertainty and a resistance to change on the part of Charleston’s elites. ©2018 by Anne Marie Martin All Rights Reserved Acknowledgement Throughout my Ph.D. work I frequently have said that I did not know how I could have gone through this process alone. Now, as I finish, I believe it even more. I am so thankful for all the help, encouragement, and support I have been fortunate to receive over these past five years. Throughout my time in the University of Arkansas’s History Department I have had the privilege of learning from many members of the faculty, to whom I am very grateful. I am especially indebted to my dissertation advisor, Dr. Beth Schweiger, who not only has helped me grow academically, but has been unfailingly encouraging and concerned about me both as a student as a person. She often had far more faith in me than I had in myself. I would also like to thank Dr. Kathy Sloan, Dr. Jim Gigantino, and Dr. Anthony Stanonis of Queen’s University, Belfast for being willing to serve on my committee, and for all their help and advice. I have always been thankful for being a part of such a friendly and helpful department; the camaraderie among graduate students made an often challenging process much easier. I do not think I could make a list long enough to acknowledge everyone in the program who has helped me get to this point, but I would especially like to thank Scott Cashion, Sanket Desi, Madeleine Forrest, Mary Margaret Hui, Rebekah McMillian, Michael Powers, and David Schieffler for their friendship through every stage of the process. Madeleine has also been best and most encouraging writing partner I could have asked for. Louise Hancox, Chelsea Hodge, and John Treat have been the kindest and most generous people to share an advisor with; I could not have hoped for better. Any thanks in the department would be incomplete without mentioning Melinda Adams, Brenda Foster, and Jeanne Short, who not only keep the department running like clockwork, but are always kind, caring, and incredibly helpful. This dissertation would have been impossible without all those who helped me in the research process. The staff of the College of Charleston’s Addleston Library Special Collections, the Charleston County Public Library’s South Carolina Room, and the University of North Carolina’s Wilson Library were all friendly and helpful as I spent days and weeks in their reading rooms. I never ceased to be amazed at the material the University of Arkansas Library staff, and especially the Interlibrary Loan department, could find. The University of Arkansas’ History Department provided considerable research and travel funding. I would also especially like to thank Cheryl and Bob de Holl for their friendship and for providing the nicest accommodations a grad student could ask for on my trips to Charleston. Finally, I would like to thank my friends and family for all their support. I have been fortunate to have old friends in South Carolina, new friends in Fayetteville, and others across the country who have been encouraging (and sympathetic) throughout this process. I am so thankful for all the love and support I have received from the Martin and Mathieu families, and especially from my brother and his family, Will, Emily, Lucy, and Amelia Martin. I would like to dedicate this dissertation to my parents, William and Lou Ann, who have encouraged me through all the twists and turns of my educational journey, even as it has included some big changes and leaps of faith. I could not have done this without your support. Table of Contents Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….….……1 “Death and the prison-ships was the unanimous determination:” Death, Memory, and the American Revolution ……………………………………………………………………..…..…..8 “It appears that no place has been hitherto set apart:” Burial, Laws, and the Challenges of Independence……………………………………………………………………………….……36 “During life they were found all professing one faith:” Space, Race, and Religious Burials…...58 “By cutting off as many heads as possible of this fatal hydra:” Science, Medicine, and the Dead……………………………………………………………………………………………...85 “In this City of the Dead:” Magnolia Cemetery and Middle Class Aspiration………………...112 Conclusion…...…………………………………………………………………………………138 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………144 Introduction In early America, the treatment of the dead was based squarely in the social concerns and situation surrounding the living. Americans used burial to make statements about themselves and their class standing, both establishing their status in an ever-shifting society while simultaneously regulating it in ways that became exclusionary to others. Members of the lower classes and people of color were often relegated to public cemeteries that closed after several decades of use and the land was sold for redevelopment, while those in the higher classes were buried in more permanent religious cemeteries. Over the course of the Early Republic and antebellum periods, excluded social groups began to push back against these practices. African Americans petitioned for separate cemeteries to be opened to accommodate black members of local churches, while members of the middle class enthusiastically joined the rural cemetery movement as it expanded across the United States. “Death Among the Palmettos: Southern Burial Practices and Society, 1775 - 1850” considers Charleston as a microcosm of statewide and national tensions over class, economics, and slavery, I argue that the concerns over these uncertainties played out in Charleston’s churchyards and cemeteries as well as in the city’s daily life. Charleston’s cemeteries provide a new way to view and understand the changes taking place in the city between 1775 and 1850. During this period, Charleston wrestled with issues
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