Herbal Smoking Blends - SPICE
• SPICE and other herbal blends have been sold in head shops and on the Internet since 2006 for their cannabis-like intoxication Classes and Structures of Emerging Cannabimimetics • The herbal blends sometimes have a fragrance and Cathinones which could include vanilla, potpourri, spice, blueberry, caramel, and strawberry Arthur Berrier Senior Research Chemist Special Testing and Research Laboratory • The plant materials for the different blends Drug Enforcement Administration have a wide variation in appearance
~ ) D[A Speco0I Tornnr. oncl lle1ea1ch 1.1boratory ~~ Emt!•t;mg Trends Ptobr,1m
Herbal Smoking Blends - SPICE Herbal Smoking Blends - SPICE
• In late 2008, THC Pharma reported the • K2 enters market in April, 2009 presence of JWH 018, a synthetic cannabimimetic indole in some blends • Interest booms in herbal smoking blends in 2009 • In early 2009, analogues of CP 47,497 (another synthetic cannabinoid) were also • Many new products appeared, typically with found in some blends by the U. of Freiburg JWH 018 and JWH 073
• In early 2009, several European Countries • States begin to control the blends/synthetic control Herbal Blends/JWH 018/CP 47,497 cannabinoids
~) 0(1\ Spr•c:i.11 f~l'.. [1 ng and Rtl~C!'allh l11hor,1to ry ~ ' ) O(I' S1Jec1a l Tl.?sltng amJ RPWJr< h l .1bor,1tory r"::::> Fme rf;mg Trt>nd. Proc;f.101 ~=> [me1eing Tr!>nth P1ogr.i111
Classes of Synthetic Cannabinoids Herbal Smoking Blends - SPICE Observed on Smoking Blends
• Products quickly reformulated with new, non i) 2-(3-hydroxycyclohexyl)phenol (CP 47,497) controlled synthetic cannabimimetics ii) 3-(1-naphthoyl)indole (JWH 018) iii) 3-(1-naphthoyl)pyrrole • Five of the synthetic cannabimimetics iv) 1-( 1-naphthylmethylene )indene controlled at the Federal level in 2011 v) 3-phenylacetylindole or 3-benzoylindole
• Synthetic Drug Abuse Prevention Act of 2012
~ ) 11[ •\ "' 1,r( 1,-,1 lf'.',..tr11g and [~p Pnrch lJUOrdto1 y ~ \ DE/\ Special Te1 1ing .1nrJ R·~>P
? 3-beri zoy nllole ( RCS-4 2--{3-hydroxycyclohexyl)phenol CP 47 497 C8
~ ' ) DtP Special le.::.L1ng an d Research Labor ,1to1 y ~ \ lJEA Sptcial Te,lmg und Re;ca1ch lauoratory r e> Fme1t;111b Tremh PrO!; ICJ!ll S,} f.mergrng lrt:'nd:; Program
Cannabimimetics Observed Starting in 2011- More 2011- Introduction of Fluoroalkyl JWH's, Introduction of Fluoroalkyls and the Beginning of Novel Materials Derivatives
JWH019 JWH 081 JWH 018 JWH 122 JWH 073 JWH 200 JWH250 AM 2201 CP 47,497 AM694 RCS-4 JWH 018 AM2201 RCS-8 Fluoro version of JWH 018
~ \ O[A Spec1ul ie:.t1ng ,md Ri:'iearch I ubor(1tory ~ ' ) lJEA Spec1ol Te,t1ng ,1nd Research Laboratory ~-:::::>} r nlt:rbuig lr(•nd~ Progrl'n'1 .-::-c::> fme151ng Trends. Progrilm
2011- Introduction of Novel Materials 2011- Introduction of Novel Materials RCS-4
• Materials identified never reported in scientific or patent literature • Initially named after the website selling it = - RCS-4 - RCS-8 AM67Q RCS-4 JWH081 • Made by changing/modifying known material New
~ ') DI 1\ Special Te:;.t111g anU Re:evrch I il l>0ratorv ~ ',) DEA S1wr:1CJI T~ ~t1ng and Re_,ea1ch Laboratory S I mrrt~mg lr('rah ProgrJm f"'."C > Ernert,1ng T1 en d_, Pro1:11.1m 2011- Introduction of Novel Materials Cannabimimetics Observed Starting in 2012 - RCS-8 Continuation of New Materials and New Classes
JWH 019 JWH203 JWH 081 UR 144 JWH 018 JWH 122 A 796,260 JWH 073 JWH200 5FUR144 JWH 250 AM 2201 2NE1 CP 47,497 AM694 STS-135 RCS-4 AKB48 RCS-8 ABOOl JWH 250 RCS-8 New
~ ·) DEA Special Te :.t 1ng and Re~earch LC1bor.lto1y ~ ') DEA Special Testing and Re, h i1rh L..ilioratory ~..::> I rner gmg T1 en ds. Progr a1n ~:> Emerging Trends P1ogrc1m
2012 - Introduction of AKB48 - New Material in 2012 Tetramethylcyclopropyl Materials
0 Ql ~J H cr;N ~ ~ = ~ 0 ~ ~ F ~ A-796.260 U R-14 4 5FUR 14 4 AKB48 A-It l abs A-It l abs New Falls within claims of 2003 World Patent but not given as example
~ ) OlA Special Te~t1ng a nd ke~C'arc h L.1 boratory ~ ~) DEA Special Te::.t111g and Re::.e2. rch l dborato1y ~? [ m er~ rn g T am d ~ Prog ram ;-:;~ E1ne1g111g T1 c nds Progrdm
2012 - Continued Introduction of New 2012 -ABOOl, A New Material Derived Materials from a Combination of Known Compounds ~ AM124B ~
l\K.848 2NE1 STS-135 'low lndole vt=rs1on of AK 940 H 10ro ver&on o( 2NE1 A8 001 New New -:~ JWH~ New
~ ) [JfA '"pf'c1al Te:.t1ng and Re~earch Lalwr ,1to1y ~ J Dfl\ ~pec1a l T<-1tin;: .ind He·.~aich UborJtory ~/ hnt·1 ~ 111 g Trend:. Progrcim r':::::> ( nwrg111g rrends Progr.1m Cannabimimetics Observed Starting in 2013 - 2013 - Introduction of lndazole Continuation of New Materials and New Classes Carboxamides and Derivatives +1111••111
JWH 019 JWH203 MN-25 JWH081 UR 144 AB-FUBINACA JWH018 JWH 122 A 796,260 ADB-FUBINACA = JWH073 JWH 200 5FUR144 PB22 JWH250 AM 2201 2NE1 5FP822 CP 47,497 AM 694 STS-135 8822 RCS-4 AK848 A8PINACA RCS-8 A8001 AD8/CA AB-FUBINACA AB-P!NACA 2009 Pfizer Patent New
~ J DEA Specral Test mg and Reoei1fch Lobo r ~tory ~) DEA Snec•ol Tes t on~ and Re , e,1'ch laborotory f':'Q lmer;;rng hend> Progr<1m S [mer~inc: Trends P1ogr.1m
2013 - Introduction of lndazole 2013 - New Materials Derived From Carboxamides and Derivatives 8-Hydroxyquinoline
= = = c6·0tY c6°t9' c6°t9 ~ '-v ~
88-22 PB-22 5Ff>S..22 New Now Ne~ Esler, Ouifl.uhne ADB-FUBINACA ADBICA 2009 P1izer Patent New
~ \ DEi\ Speual Te:.ting and Rt"'::iea1 ch Laboratory ~ ') DEA 5pccral ieslrng ,ind Re;e,lfch Labor,1tory "'':::::) Emerging T1encls Prog101T"\ S EnH~f t,; 1ng Trend1.. Progrom
Designer Cathinones - Designer Cathi nones Changes in the Aromatic Ring
Three parts of methcathinone can be modified: Aromatic ring O Alkyl group drH Amine group N'-.... C H3 ' motht111h nooe
Armm1tic Alkyl Amine
~) DE1\ <;pecral Te'lrng and Reseorch I <1bor,1tory ~ " [1E1\ SpPcral Te,t111g ar'U RP~:,(?arch L;:iborator { S fmer1;111g Trrntl~ Prngr.1111 ~c:) Cme1 t:;ing T1 f'nd::. P1 r\~1 din Designer Cathinones - Designer Cathinones - Changes in the Alkyl Group Changes in the Amine Group
0 H ~, N-CH 3 O CH3 melhcathinone ethcathinone methcathinone buphedrone
0 H o I\ .,, )I ( N ,,/ '"'r-N 'CH3 ( O CH, ...... ,:.-· CH,
methcathinone methcathinone r<-PPP
~ - ) Dfll Spc<.101 foiling'""' ReseMch l oboroto1y ~\ DEA 5peual Je;tmg and Resea1ch L.1bor,,101y ~ [me1r;11\G frt!tlcl!. ProgrJm ~.::::::>} f:merc,1ng Trends Progr,1m
Designer Cathinones - Questions? Changes in All Groups
methcathinone MDPV Arthur Berrier [email protected] Just the changes discussed in the last three slides can produce 12 different Cathinone derivatives Drug Enforcement Administration
~) Dfl\ Special Tes11ng onci Rese;;tr.h l.ilm
Outline
• Hallucinogens • Plant-Derived Highs - 2C Compounds - Kratom - NBOMe Compounds - Fly Agaric Mushrooms Novel Hallucinogens and - DOX Compounds - Kava Kava - Kanna Plant-Derived Highs • Empathogens - Aminoindanes Emily Dye - APDB Forensic Chemist - APB Special Testing and Research Laboratory Drug Enforcement Administration
~) Drn ~peC1al Te;tmg and H,»earr.h 1.1bor.11ory ~ fmergrng Trends P1ug1um 2C Compounds 2C Compounds
Name R1 I R1 • Psychedelic phenethylamines 2C-B H Br 2c-c• Cl 2c-o• H CH, 2C-E"' CH2CH1
2C-F 2C-T-2"' SCH10t, • Synthesized by Alexander Shulgin ZC-T-4" SCH(CH J, 2C-G CH1 CH, 1 - Published in PiHKAL 2C-G-3 (CH,), 2C-T-7 H S{CHzhCH, 2C-G-4 {CH2)4 2C-T-8 SCH 2CH (CH ih
2C-G-N (CH), 2C-T-9 H SC(CH1),
2C-H• H H 2C-T-13 H S(CH 2)20 CH, • 27 known compounds 2c-1• H 2C-T-15 H SCH(CH,J, 2C-N' H NO, 2C-T-17 SCH(CH l)CH2CH1 - Most common: 2C-C, 2C-B, and 2C-I 2C-O H OCH, 2C-T-21 H S(CH 2),F 2C-0-4 H OCH(CH 1J, 2C-TFM CF 2C-P"" H CH2CH2CHJ 1
~\ DfA <; pec1al Test111g and Research Labor,1tn1v ~ ' ) DEA Special Testing and Re scdrch l dl.Joratory ~} frnerg1ng Trends Program ~J ErY1erg1ng Trench Progr<1m
2C-B-FLY Bromo-DragonFLY 0
CH ~ • Psychedelic phenethylamine • Psychedelic phenethylamine B IH2
0 • Synthesized by Aaron Monte • Synthesized in the lab of David Nichols
• Deaths associated with misrepresentation as 2C-B-FLY
~~ ' ) Uri\ Special Testing
Mti,.IMKllCM+M-CMM@l,,IWW·'MWWW NBOMe Compounds 258-NB20Me Br OCHJ H H 25N-NB20Me N01 OCH 1 H H 25B -NB30Me Br H OCH1 25N-NB30Me NO, OCH 3
25B-NB40Me Br H OCH1 25N-NB40Me NO, H OCH 1
25C-NB20Me Cl OCH 3 H 2SP-NB20Me CH 2CH 2CH 3 OCH3
• Hallucinogenic phenethylamines 25C-N830Me Cl OCH 1 25P-NB30Me CH;i,CH1CH1 OCH1 H
25C-NB40Me Cl OCH 3 25P-NB40Me CH 2CH 2CH 3 H OCH3
25D-NB20Me CH, OCH1 H 2ST2-NB20Me CH,CH,S OCH, H
25D-NB30Me CH, H OCH3 25T2-NB30Me CH 3CH 2S OCH1 25D-NB40Me ,, ,_y.· CH, OCH, 25T2-NB40Me CH3CH,S H H OCH 1 25E-NB20Me C2Hs OCH 3 H 25T4-NB20Me (CH3 JiCH5 OCHl H • Synthesized by Heim, et al . 25E-NB30Me H OCH 25T4-NB30Me '.~I~, · C,H, 1 H ICH,),CHS DCH1 H 25E-NB40Me C,H, H OCH 3 2ST4-NB40Me (CH3),CHS H OCH,
2SH-N920Me H OCH3 H H 25T7-N820Me CH1ICH,),S OCH1 H H
25H-N830Me H OCHJ H 25T7-NB30Me CH:i(CH2 hS H OCH3 H
2SH-N840Me Ii OCH1 25T7-NB40Me CH 3(CH1),S H H OCH3 251-NB20Me • Isomers can be distinguished via RT and MS I OCH 3 H 251-NB30Me I H OCH, H NBOMe Compounds 251 -NB40Me H OCH 1
~ ' ) DEA )pernl Te sting and Research Labor,1tnr'I ~ " ) DEA Special Testing and Rt> ::. t' dl ch Lr":iborJtory ~-- :> I r11t'.1 b 1ng lrends ProgrJm ~=:> Emergmg T1end~ P1og1,1m NBOMe Dangers DOX
• Compounds are highly hallucinogenic at very low dosages - As low as SO µg • Psychedelic phenethylamine - Has been seen in kilogram quantities • Synthesized by Alexander Shulgin • Due to their potency, misjudging the dose of NBOMe series www.erowid,org chemicals carries very real risks . A substantial dosage error - Published in PiHKAL could lead to undesirable or dangerous effects. If one of these compounds is in pure powder form, small breezes, accidental inhalation, or touching the eyes or mouth after • Most common: DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM handling could result in full-blown effects or dangerous overdoses. Because of these dangers, NBOMe series chemicals should be labeled clearly and handled with laboratory methods (goggles, gloves, mask) to minimize risks . wvrov. crr;,.~ ld.ofa/dlf!'1lbb/~ 1 r/11bo1T~~\kfml
~ ') DE!'\ Sperial Te::it111g and ReC>earrh Labort1tn1.; ~ ') DEA Special Te .... t1ng and Re.,c<111..li l ,1buratory ~--::.:> I rnc1t;111g Trencis P1ogra1n ~.:> Emerging Trend:> P!og1am
_,.CH3 0 DOX Compounds Aminoindanes Mt'fi..!W ~NH , DOAM Cs Hu R 3 • Psychoactive empathogen DOB Br 0 DOBU C4H, H3C_,. DOC Cl Mfoi,,ip.. • Synthesized in the lab of David Nichols MEM OCH 2CH3 DOM CH3 DOET CH2CH3 Aleph-1 SCH 3 Aleph-2 SCH2CH3 DOF F DON N02 Aleph-6 sc.H, DOEF C2H4F DOI DOPR C3 H7 Aleph-7 Aleph-4 sc,H, sc,H, 5-IAI DOTFM CF, TMA-2 OCH 3
~ ) Dt1\ '.pPCIJI Testing and Resea1ch Labor,1!Pr'/ ~ ' ) DEA 5pec1.ll Te;t1ns ,rnrl Ro , eMch labor,>tory r :::::> lrnc:r 01ng Ti ends P1 og1 .irn ~--:::> fm~rg1ng Trends Progr11m
5-APDB and 6-APDB 5-APB and 6-APB • Phenethylamine empathogen • Phenethylamine empathogen • Synthesized in the lab of David Nichols • Different color test results • Different color test results • Difficult to differentiate via RT or MS, but IR is • Difficult to differentiate via RT or MS, but IR is different different
5-APB 6-APB 5-APDB 6-APDB
~ ") Df:A SpC'Clill Te,t111g and Re.,earch Llbur.it'11v ~.. ·,) DEA Special T~sl1 11g ancl Re -. ei a1ch L,1borJtory ~::> F111 e 1! 111i; Trend':> P1ogram ~-=> Emerginb Tr timh P1og1dm Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) Fly Agaric Mushrooms (Amanita muscaria)
• Can be found as: • Can be found as: - Dried mushroom material - Whole or powdered leaf - Extract - Resin • Legal status: • Legal status: - No federal regulation - No federal regulation - LA and TN have controls in place - Some states have controls in place
/!'~ ~ ) DEA Spec1a.J Te.Jt111g and Re::.Parch I iJbOr ato1 y ~') DEA Special Testing and Research Laborato1y ~:::> Eme1g:1ng Trends Program ~:::::> E111e1g1ng Trends P1ogrum
Kava Kava (Piper methysticum) Kanna aka Channa (Sceletium tortuosum) 011 • Can be found as: • Can be found as: z~Hl o"'" ' 0 , ~ - Ground or whole leaf generic - Ground or whole leaf # - Ground root kavalactone - Extract - Extract • Legal status: I o 11,c mesembrine - No federal regulation • Legal status: - No federal regulation - FDA and CDC have issued warnings
~} DEA Spec1ci1 Te_,t1ng and Re'::.earch Laboratory ~ \ DE1\ Sµec1•I Te>i"'e •nd Re , earch 1,1llor.torv ~ => Emerging T1 ends P1 og1 cllTI SJ Emergmg Trend~ Progt.Jm
Thank you References Reed, EC and Kiddon, GS_ "The Characterization of Three FLY Compounds (2C-B-FLY, 3C-B-FLY, and Bromo-DragonFLY)." Microgram Journal (2007) Vol 5, Na. 1-4, pg 26, Maurer, HH. "Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Metabolism of Emerging Drugs of Abuse" Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (2010) Vol. 32, pg 544-549 Chan, KB, Pakiam, C, and Rahim, RA "Psychoactive Plant Abuse: The Identification of Mltragynine in Ketum and in Ketum Preparations." Bulletin on Narcotics (2005) Vol 57, No . 1- 2, pg 249-256 Collins M. "Some New Psychoactive Substances: Precurso1 chemicals and synthesis-driven end products." Drug Testing and Analysis (2011) Vol 3, pg 404-416 Zuba, D, and Sekula, K "Analytical r:haracterization of three hallucinogenic N-(2-methoxy)benzyl derivatives of the 2C-series of phenethylamine drugs." Drug Testing and Analysis (2012) epub 31Aug2012 ~ Zuba, D, Sekula, K, and Buczek, A. "25C-NBOMe - New potent hallucinogenic substance identified Emily Dye on the drug market:' Forensic Science International (2013) Vol 227, No 1- 3, pg 7-14, Ratsch, C The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants: Ethnapharmaco/ogy and Its Applications. Inner [email protected] Traditions International: 1998 {2005 English Translation). 703-668-3381 Casale, J and Hays, P. "The Characterization of 6-{2-Aminopropyl)benzofuri:'ln and Differentiation from its 4-,5-,and 7-Positional AnalogL1es." Microgram Journal (2012) Vol. 9, No . 2, pg 61 . U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration Casale, J and Hays, P. "Characterization of Eleven 2,5-Dimethoxy-N-(2-metho)(ybenzyl) phenethylamine (NBD Me) Derivatives and Differentiation from their3- and 4-Methmc:ybenzyl Analogues Part-1." Microgram Journal (2012) Vol. 9, No. 2, pg 84. ~ ' ) Dr II 5pccral Te>tinc ond flrororch I <1bor ,11o1y ~") DEA Special TPst1ng and Rc:sear ch I (lborato1y S, Eme1,;1ng T1C1nd~ F1 rogr.1m ~:> Emerging Trend::. Prog1am European Monitoring Centre Overview for Drugs and Drug Addidion
EU Early warning system Fundamental shift in the drugs market Diversity of new drugs - monitoring in action Emerging Trends in New Drugs in the Concerns - getting new drugs in perspective European Union What next?
Andrew Cunningham, Scientific Analyst NIST/DEA Emerging Trends in Synthetic Drugs Workshop, 30 April 2013
cmcddaeuropa cu
EWS Institutional partners
I lnformallon oxctinnoo IL Risk assessment Ill Decision.making Eatty warning syslem (E.WS) J---- 1
EWS~- EWS ..European Database on New Drugs (EDND) ' ...• ... .,_ - htlp:l'WIM' enlCoda eurcpa eJ!crug-sll~ahc<•·new orugs ·-·
• emcoaa europa cu
Risk assessment new psychoactive substances It Formalized guidelines Health risks, Social risks, Organized crime Diffusion potential Internet, media, users
MBDB (1998) - not controlled EU 4-MTA (1999)- controlled EU GHB (2000) - controlled UN Ketamine (2000) - PMMA (2002) - controlled EU 2C-t, 2C-T-2, 2C-T-7, TMA-2 (2003) - conl!oUed EU Forensic data/toxicology. BZP (2007) - controlled EU +------+ law enforcement. Mephedrone (2010) - controlled EU surveys, health & care 4-MA (2012) - proposal for control EU 5-tT (2013) - risk assessment held April 2013 European Database on New Drugs II 4lrnooda curoc>a ou • Fundamental shift
Real time information Gary L. He'1der3on , 1 Ph.D. Low cost Shared investment & shared benefits Designer Drugs: Past History and Future Prospects
~...::=., ... _,,_ _,. ., __.,,_. _____
:..~..:;;,,.,...... -... - ..,, .. -1 •• _,_ ..... j .. ~--.. -·,..
REFERENCE: H'ndeuon, G. L , ' 1o...ipu Drllf'I FISC Hllte17 &nd Fwt11n rr..pectl," Jo1<1r· nal of ForuW.c ScW/fceJ, JFSCA, Ve>I. JJ, "No 2, Mmh J9BB, pp 569-575.
Fuhlft Trend.t In the view of this author, it is likely that the future drugs of abuse will be synthetics rather than plant products. They will be synthesized from readily available chemicals, may be de rivatives of pharmaceuticals, will be very potent, and often very selective in their action . Jn additioh, they will be marketed very cleverly. __ ... II II --..
The challenge we lace today - has it changed? Substances reported via the EWS
U.S. Drug Sleuths Finally Solve Joint action 971396/JHA Council Decision 20051387/JHA Mystery of the Deadly China White (June 1997 - May 2005) (May 2005 - 2012) - 30 notifications - 230 notifications New Narcotic Identified After Monthlong Quest Increasing number & quality of reports received
As Federal drug agents and Califor nia police stepped up their search for the sources of the China White, the fo- -+--Reporting forms receiwd . . ~ - . m New notifications scales to a backlog or other, more rou tine cases. The challenge of identifying .. a new drug from the street comes no more than once or twice a year. II
riving this?
A complex web . . ~
Synthetic cannabinoids, Globalisation and advances in information technology, internet as: phenethylamines and cathinones Communication tool most common Access to information (medicinal chemistry, patents, etc., etc) Global market place
More diverse and obscure Available and cheaper organic syn thesis capacity substances being reported 'legally' sourced often oulside Europe limited regulation/enforcement: availability on the open market differences in nalional laws I • I I Many more substances offered for
sale that have not yet been
identified by chemical analysis
,....,.,.,...,, ~ :h,...·~w / ~ Res anding to new marketplace
A complex web ..•
Innovative marketing of products within a 'grey' regulatory zone 'Specialist' shops Responses have been quite successful (IE, PO)
Changes in illicit drug market and interaction between markets Internet Gaps in avail ability (such as poor qu ality of Illicit stimulants or heroin A challenge I dro ught?) The illicit market place Interaction between the marke ts in illicit drugs, 'legal highs' and medicines Controlled and non controlled NPS increasingly present Crealion of new drug markets Some evidence manufacture in illicit labs Interaction with other synthetic drugs and stimulants Users willing experiment. . . and substitute Internet and darkweb
o;neoda europa eu 14
A new market place: monitoring the Internet The internet and drug diffusion - Spice
693 online shops Identified selling to the EU in 2012 Up from 314 in 2011and170 in 2010 Other features of the online market include: • Monitoring internet may also be important for
Legal highs may not be legal understanding trends
Open market • 'Mexican seafood' was asking about spice dietary supplements, lifestyle and self. .. medication products (e.g. phenlbut, DMAA) back in 2006 and 'mad scientist' told him that .. . we did not know . Developments : .. w Spamdexing, diversification, & • It took another 2 years to confirm the nature ~ ltlf .,. ll:'Q more covert strategies of the ingredients.
II 15 ,,
Sti mulant type drug (little known)
SomeLimes sold as 'Benzofury' which has con tained different drugs in the past (e ,g. 5/6-AP B)
Users may think they are taking a different drug
Analytical difficulties (cf. AMT) First CRA in a smDking mixture sold as 'Spice' was JWH-01 8 First detected (analytically confirmed) in Europe, Dec. 2008 24 deaths in 4 MS linked to the drug Now, EWS monitors more than 70 CRA ' s
II emcdda europa Ci.I -NBOMe compounds (1 ) lnfermation sources - The challenges
N-2-methoxybenzyl derivatives or the '2C·series' of phenelhylamines Speed of developments Extremely potent, active at µg level Increase in the number type and avai!ability Binding aHinlties at 5-HT2A receptors Ki O 16- 1. 49nM More diverse, obscure compounds Products, mixtures and mis labolling (licit & illicit) Typically detected in 'blotters'/tabs, sugar cubes Forensic capacily li mited. analytic challenges Lack of reference standards Increasing number& or mixtures Dilficulties in idenlirication (don'I know what your looking for) l!!lll!lfllbl!!Aml!!!I ~~..i D.ilJ.Q Ciulnl!x 2C-B 258-NBOMe Dec-12 Sweden Epidemiological challenges Sell-reported data becoming increaslr.gly less uselul 2C-C 25C-NB0Me Jun-11 Finland Mislabelling of products change ol compos11ioo over time and re11ion 2C-D 250-NBOMe Apr-12 UK Lack o/ standardised questions common delinitions and agreed terminology
2C-E 25E-NBOMe Dec-12 Poland Integrate more innovative & proactive monitoring approaches 2C-G 25G-NBOMe Dec-12 Poland Wastewater T l lJl,t ~hlll:lliQ 2C-I 25t-NB0Me Jun-12 Sweden hU&ttnti mon.. ot ""9 C0tf01tn1m~ 11L!Oft 2C-N 25N-NB0Me Dec-12 Poland emcdaa europa eu • omcd Information sources - The challenges What next? Better conceptual models to understand diffusion potential Synthelic cannabinoids, not yet detected in Europe, e g Need to develop hospital emergency data N. Uchiyama el al./ Forensic Sdence lntemalfanal xxx (2012) xxx-xxx Increase capacity to respond rapidly to particularly toxic products - rapid and sound assessment of properties & risks Identification of DID associated with NPS Evaluation ol potential acu1e and chronic toxicity in humans Receptor binding and mode ol aclion studiB'S Assessment ol psychoactivity Follow - up over time important Re-emergence ol controlled drugs and establrshmotll on the licit market ~tnoytlndolo(ll) C1oH1of'N20: 310 21 • emcdda curopa eu n What next? What next? Dhooper, H K , (2010), Opioid-cannabfnold ca-drugs with enhanced analgesic and Synthetic 'co-drugs ' pharmacokinetic profile, University of Kentucky, KY N. Ucl1iyama el al/ Forensic Science lntemational xxx. (2012) KXX-XXX -produ Codeine-Ll9-Tetrahydrocannablnol Carbonate. emcd02 europa eu 24 What next? Let's see! Legislation Legislation • Virginia • Synthetic Cannabinoid Definition: - Amendments to VA Code in March 2011, July - Virginia: 2012 and March 2013 • Any substance that contains one or more - SyntheticCannabinoids-§-Ul.2·-2Mh-1-~------cannabimimeticagents-or that-contains their • 26 Specifically Listed Compounds salts, isomers, and salts of isomers • Eleven Structural Classes - Schedule I - § 4.1 -3446 • 'Cannabimimetic agent' is any substance within • 41 Specifically Listed Compounds added through any of eleven defined structural classes or is legislation since July 2012 specifically listed under* 18.2-248.1: I (A)(2l Structural Classes Legislation 2012 2013 a. Cyclohexylphenols f. 3-cyclopropoylindoles • Virginia Code§ 18.2-248.l:l(F) b. Napthoylindoles g. 3-adamantoylindoles - "Designer Drug" (analog) clause Napthylmethylindoles h. N-( adamantyl)-indole-3- • Privately compounded with intent to circumvent r. Napthoylpyrroles carboxamides crimin Legislation Legislation • Maryland - 2008 Provision in Maryland law allowed for • Pennsylvania the use of Federal Controlled Dangerous - Senate Bill No. 1006 (Enacted 2011) Substances (CDS) Regu l AK-47 AMPED BAYOU Bl.ASTER BLAZE-IT CALIFORNIA DREAMS CARE-FREE POTPOURRI CLll'AR DOA DEMON FREE GET SOMli SUPER KUSH GREEN COBRA HAMPSTER PURP INCREDI BLE HULK PURPLE CRONIC JUDGEMENT DAY UR-141andXLB- 11 KUSH STRAWBERRY LEGAL RX MITBAG)'N!N e'! KRAIOMl MAKES SCENTS l!&lli MR, HAPPY UB-144 and XLR -11 MR NICE GU'' - DMG ll&liilnrn&ll OBLIVION ll>'.lill8. ORGAZMO XlJUl PURP llR-H4 a odXLR- 11 SAT/VAH p;arn,.noumsUuwten SCOOBYSNAX !JB-141 and XI 8 - 11 SKUNK101 !lR-J44 andXLB·ll SON JC ZERO - BLUEBERR)' XlJUl STRAWBERRY BASH ~ !! f11$UUT.Uifjiis SUPRR KUSH XlJUl VELLA ~ C:1rv-M~nol 2.DB CP47.497 2.14 CP47,497C8homolog 234 CPSS,940 JWH-203 291 HU-211 3.12 '34 HU-210 2 .94 3.14 .,, JWH-250 2.75 2.95 .,, RCS-4 2 .87 309 472 JWH-201 2.95 3.2 491 JWH--015 3.04 555 JWH-073 3 .11 3.42 579 .foNH-018 337 3.73 JWH-019 3 ... 4.12 '"721 JWH-122 3.83 4.33 804 AM-2201 3.71 4 22 818 JWH-210 4.07 464 ... AM-2233 4.04 4.00 911 J'\.'\IH-081 4.41 5.10 1053 AM-12W 4.93 576 1254 JWH-200 S.09 6.09 14'37 SaMnorlnA 3.42 3.!Kl 561,654 XLR-11 2.06 218 272 XLR-112FPrsomer U6 239 ,,. 100 ..-.-~---- l 00 110 ,.. r------. J ~ DO Reporting Reporting • Virginia • Virginia - Synthetic Cannabinoids Synthetic Cannahinoids (cont) • \Vlwn a Li'itl'J Synthl'liL' L11111 .1hi11oid is pn'senl: "O 254 grt1m • When a Non-Listed/Non-Structural Class 1J f Jl"wder, fo und to rn ntai n 1 -pe ntyl- 3-[ 1-naphtlwyl) ind o il' [JW H-018) [J syntlwlic c.11111 ,1h i1w id listed i n ~ 18.2-24 8 1:1) " Synthetic Cann,1binoiclmay be present, butis not identified: • \Vhe n a tompound \'\' ithin .l ckfin L'd stn1t:tur.1I rlass is prese nt - "No conlrollPd substances or synthetic c;innabinoul s [but n" t spccitic.1ll y lis t L' d) : "() 254 g1.1111 of p l.rnt 111a tl'n.1I , define d 111 § 18.2 -24 8.l:l(A) w e re fo und lo contain l-pru pyl-2-nwt hyl-3-[ 1-n.1phthoyl)i11d olc lJWH-015). T his comp.,u nd is " synlh l' tic c.rn11ahi11 01 d as J e fined in Ii 18.2- 2 ~ 8 . l:l( A)[ I )[h) Reporting Acknowledgements • Maryland • Maryland - [Name of compound] - Eileen M. Briley, Maryland State Police - [Schedule] - Jessica Taylor, Maryland State Police •"Not a Controlled Dangerous Substilnce" • "No Controlled D;rn gerous Substance Detected" • Pennsylvania • Pennsylvania - Kristen Clemens, Cumberland County Office - Analog language: of the District J\ttorney • Identified and scheduled substance to which it is structurally similar is i11dic;1ted in results FDLE Crime Lab - Overview FDLE - Pensacola • The Chemistry lab in Pensacola provides controlled substance analysis for theist, 2nd, and i4tb judicial circuits in Florida, covering i6 counties and a population of about 1.25 million. The FDLE crime lab provides timely, expert and professional examination of evidence to aid in the investigation, prosecution, and/or exclusion of • The lab averages about 400 cases per month. criminal offenses by using scientific equipment and proven techniques. • The lab has 3 full time analysts, 2 part time lab FDLE has 7 regional laboratories offering services in the following disciplines: Chemistry, Biology, Latent Prints, Firearms, Toolmarks, Crime assistants, and a supervisor Scene Services, Computer Evidence Recovery, Questioned Documents, Footwear/Tire Impression, Toxicology, Trace Analysis FDLE has over 400 forensic personnel and works on average 76,000 service requests per year •methamplllttam~c • Hvdrocodone Our lab covers the northwest • 1lpr1zo~m region (left of the blue line) •cloN1zep;im metNdcme - ~ ~ --- Top Drugs in our Region, 2012 Top Drugs in our Region, 2013 to date Hydromorphont", U ~ . 10 •Coo:alr.1 ..... • Melh • Omnabo • Me!l>.ilmphetam!ne - • llvdrocodo~ • Hydrocodone • Oocytodone • O•y(Odof'le • Alpruo!Mn • A.lpr;11olilm • MetlTfJoM ~ ~udof'pll@driM r.fV11~ pt..drir.e • Amphetamine -~lh',.to no: • cton.1tjMm • Amp~lamiM •UA-144 • Alphlo·l'llP •Di;;,np;im Me!N.d1me • l+/dromorphone tf'ildromorphone MetN!dCHlll! Clona1ep.un • Morphine Morphine •Alpha-PVP MOPV THC Designer Drugs, 2012 NW FL Trends • AM-2201 - 204 cases • XLRn & UR-144, both emergency controlled in December 2012, have moved to #4 and #12, respectively. • Methylone - 62 cases • AM-2201 &JWH-210, #7 and #8 lastyear, respectively, have • JWH-210 - 84 cases dropped out of the top twenty. Both were controlled in • Alpha-PVP - 55 cases March 2012. AM-2201 and JWH-210 were "replaced" by XLRn and UR-144 after legislation. • JWH-122 - 27 cases • Methylone continues to climb. It was #lo last year, with 62 • Pentedrone - 24 cases cases. It sits at #8 currently. 62 total last year, 30 already • Pyrovalerone - 8 cases thru March. • Heroin use on the rise - o cases in 2010, 11 in 2011, 21 in 2012, 8 through 3 months. • PB-22 - 16 cases in 2013. ~=:::===~~~~--~~ Florida Legislation - Timeline Florida Legislation - Timeline • January 26, 2011-The Florida Attorney General's • July 1, 2011 - HB1039 made the following designer Office emergency scheduled six drugs that were cathinones permanently controlled, schedule I, FS893: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethcathinone commonly seen in "Bath Salt" samples in Florida. Methylrnethcathinone They were added to schedule I. • Methylethcathinone • Methoxymethcathinone • 3,4-Methylenedioxymethcathinone (Methylone) • F]uoromethcathinone • 3.4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) • 3A-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) • Differences from emergency control le_gislation: • 4-Methylmethcathinone (Mephedrone) Addition of Methylethcathmone (MEL); Removal of • 3-Methoxymethcathinone (3-MMC) isomer designations on some· Removal of common names, wiili the exception of MD PV • 3-Fluoromethcathinone (3-FMC) • 4-Fluoromethcathinone (Flephedrone, 4-FMC) Florida Legislation - Timeline Florida Legislation - Timeline • July 1, 2011 - SB204/HB 39 Made the following • March 23, 2012 - HB1175 added approx. 90 new drugs synthetic cannabinoid compounds illegal, schedule I, to FS893, schedule I. These include many synthetic FS893: cannabinoids, designer cathinones, and novel • CP47'497 • CB homologue of CP 47,497 hallucinogens. • HU-210 • Included: BZP, FPP, MPP, CPP, 12 Tryptamines, DOI, • JWH-018 • ]WH-073 DOC, 2C-E, 2C-C, 2C-I, Butylone, Ethylone, • ]WH-200 Naphyrone, Buphedrone, 3,4- • Plant material coated with SY.f1thetic cannabinoids Dimethylmethcathinone, Pentylone, MDPBP, BTCP, have reduced penalties if unCler 3 grams (misdemeanor). Automatic felony at any weight if in alpha-PVP, PPP, and PBP, MPPP, 16 JWH compounds, powder form. CB-13, 25, and 52, AM-2201, AM-694, RCS-4 and 8 ~ Florida Legislation - Timeline Florida Legislation - Timeline • December n, 2012 - The Florida Attorney General's • Pending bills: S294 and H6i9 - Controlled Office emergency scheduled 22 new chemicals: Substances. They include the permanent addition of • Pentedrone, Fluoroamphetamine, the emergency scheduled drugs from 12/11/12 to Fluoromethamphetamine, Methoxetamine, schedule I of FS893. Methiopropamine, 4-Methylbuphedrone, APB, APDB, • Also adds PB-22, 5-Fluoro PB-22, BB-22, and 5-Fluoto UR-144, XLRn, 5-Chloro-UR-144, AKB48, AM-2i33, STS- AKB48 135, URB-597, URB-602, URB-754, 2C-D, 2C-H, 2C-N, 2C-P, and 251-NBOMe • Unanimously passed House and Senate; awaiting Governor's signature ~ Drug Generations - Florida Drug Generations - Florida • 1st generation bath salts began in mid to late 2010 and • 2nd generation bath salts emerged after the July 1, 2011 ended shortly after the emergency rule. legislation, and ended in March 2012 (with the next • i•t generation bath salts: Mephedrone, Methylone, legislation). They include Naphyrone, Buphedrone, MDPV. Methylone, however, has not disappeared. It is alpha-PVP, Pentylone, Pentedrone, MPPP our gth most popular drug in our region, even after being • 2nd generation synthetic cannabinoids, same time added to schedule I. "Molly" is the slang term. frame: ]WH-250, AM-2201, ]WH-210, ]WH-122, ]WH- Generally seen in capsule form. 081, ]WH-203 • 1st generation synthetic cannabinoids: ]WH-018, JWH- 073, ]WH-200. These are long gone. Drug Generations - Florida PB-22 • 3rd generation synthetic cannabinoids (after March 23, 2012, ending with emergency schedule i2/n/12): UR- C23H22N202, MW 358 144, XLR-n; to a lesser extent, AKB48 and STS-135 PB-22 is a potential analog of JWH-018 (8-hydroxyquinoline replacing • 3rd generation bath salts: Pentedrone, naphthalene group) Fluoroamphetamine • 4th generation (current) synthetic cannabinoids: PB- 22 and 5-Fluoro AKB48 • No 4th generation bath salts. Major dip in siezures/submissions after mid-2012. However, Methylone has moved in to the illicit drug market as "Molly" JWH-018 PB-22 Storage • Store cold (at least -:wC) ....--- • PB-22 is an ester and not stable in alcohols • Transesterification will cause major degradation peaks on GC/MS if you store iri alcohol -·- -~-- • Try acetonitrile as the solvent • "'.. 1--•ca t 40 PB-22 PB-22 • Mass Spectrum is dominated by the product of an .,_, alpha-cleavage at the right of the oxo-group at nominal m/z 214 i. Sh l'N .111000 3750 3500 2700 PB-22 ~TCH 04<45$70-10 "'" rH.01 l) f~\•• 1t;s- 1 \ a , D Opec at.or < I 0..1te AcquJ.red i 4 - r >OJ> 1.,o.24 I n•t.~nt.. ~1lOl'lC. ••:tON 5,.,JMlll) OO'lSI) ttell:bod Pila1 .8P]CIJ M U .5 PB-22 EXPANDED VIEW a....,"i. .. v-· . .. ~ .... •• '"'"""' ~ ::: ~ r " %T I I 010\. 1-.ul .... r -laro i ....,,., •"1.S 15 ...,, o.:;r5- l "'C.• C'ft•I Di-c..r. O.:l!i- Film Th1.d1:1w1•• 1 CM:io \. iu-c. uvJ ~ a ....,. u -."" .. l~H! :!:T.b~!~O::~! ~:!~ · !:~~:~· ~ N W • - • • DC f 9r I a., • .,., •• , r~ to llOC at: soc/_.1 ... ti~•• •• noc ffllr .. ,, ... 11nn:e., 82.5 ------.n " E! 1=i, ~ 87.5 ~ I .. l. ~:-:1 r .F- ,1 -·-·;;->·-- 525 ,_ $h1madzu FTIR-&400S I ~ : Pike MIRacle ATR ..is Re&olution: 4 cm-1 Number of Scans: 10 Apodization: Happ-Genzel !800 1700 1500 1500 1<00 1300 1200 1100 1000 ... 100 eoo PB-22 BATCH: 0445570·10 """ ~-FLUORO· f'B ·?2 5-FLUORO·PB-22 EXPANDED VIEW 97-S 97.5 %T %T 90 .. < I 82.S ' BH . ~ J ~· < i ol t ' 75 75 87.5 87.S 60 BO ,• Shimadzu FTIR-64008 $hln\Mf~u F11R-&il00S i Pike MIRacle ATR Pike MIRacle ATR Re&Olufion: 4 cm-1 Resolution: 4 ~1 52 6 Number of Scans: 10 52.5 Number of Scan&: 10 Apodlzatlon: Happ-Genzel Apodization: Happ-Genzel 1800 1700 11Kl0 1500 UCO 1'IOO 1200 1100 1000 000 800 700 600 5-fLUORO-f'S.22 BATCH'°"45481·9 - 5-FLUORO-PB-22- -BATCH 0445481·9- - ~ ~ ~ = - ~ ~ - ~1/cm """ - ~ AKB-48 / 5-Fluoro AKB-48 AKB48 Mass Spectrum AKB48 M\\1·365 &1 876 N·Adamantyl-1-pentytindazofe-3-carboxamide MM 365 N671 Texas Department of Public Safety, R A Rendon C,,H.,N,O COll!labtmimello CAS' 1 ~5973-53-6 RJ 303) !••le j GC/lolS El 70 eV TSO 700 0!:967 AKB48 5·1'luoNJ AKB.;.8 C23H31N30 C23H30FN30 MW365 MW 383 El)le~cn cy controll ed ln FL. l.EGAL 12/11 /12 = -~-~~----~:;;...r ~- 5-Fluoro AKB48 Mass Spectrum-- (standard 5-Fluoro AKB48 Mass Spectrum purchased from Cayman Chemicals) N-{1-Adamantyt>-1-{5-ftuoropentyl~ndazofe-3-carboxamide MW:3B3.50922 r= -- 5F-AKB48, 5F.Af'INACA MM:383.23729 LKA 8aden-Wun1ombllf9'lKA SH C23H30FN30 RI 3252 (DB-1) GC/MS El 70 eV 13 383 TSQ 7000 01:995 29 COURTESY ROSNER Where Do These Names Originate? UR-144 / XLRll AKB48 - Japanese girl band UR-144 C21H29NO XL Rn STS-135 - Final mission MW311 AKA 5-Fluoro UR-144 of the American Space Emergency Controlled in FL, C21H28FNO Shuttle Program 12/n/12 MW329 Emergency Controlled in FL, r2/n/12 -14 4 Mass Spectrum Xt R1l Mass Spectru m urc ased from Cayman Chemicals) from Cayman Chemicals) So!rl ~ (52li mn): IW CMata---.n5 232,1 300000 ' -> .~-=== Sam ples in the lab Samples in the lab Positive for Butyl one Positive for JWH-210 ~-== Samples in the lab Samples in the Lab Positive for AM- 2201 Both Positive for AM-2201 and JWH- 210 -Samples in the lab Samples in the lab Positive for XLR11 T20 High Quality damiana not for human consumption. Legal under New FL Law HB/1175 (eff. 3/23/12) Potpourri Popular Brands Popular Brands • Most popular brands seen in the lab: · ~- ·~"Wit • WTF: Next Generation ,I , '.°)'17.· , •· ... • •''Iilll., ... ,. • Dead Man Walking · r.~~· ~ . .f • Super POW \. ..,·. , .: ;..1 • Scooby Snax • OMG ~ • Master Kush J-,C · ··:' ~." ~ :-.\j~· ii-u, • Forget-Me-Not • Bird of Paradise • Mad Hatter • Lick Me All Over • Dowm Earth ClirnaXXX and Reggie ~= Popular Brands Popular Brands N-Ethylbuphedrone (NEB) 4-Fluoroamphetamine Preparation tips Websites for Spectra Searching • Build libraries - buy standards and add them to your Designer Drugs (Rosner website): internal GC/MS libraries. Use free libraries like btlps://db12.dcsigner·drugi .de/db/main.pl Cayman and SWGDRUG. Buy Mass Spectra of Designer Drugs by Rosner. Forendex Forum: • Stay active - become a member of CLIC (they have an http ://forendexforum . southernforensic . o~/ active Yahoo! Group). Use Forendex and Forendex Forums. • Build an internal drug repository to store articles and Forendex: data for easy search and retrieval. http:t/forendex. . outher11foren!.ic.01g/index.pl1p/home/i • Read as .many articles as you can get your hands on. ~ ~~- ==~~~~~~~ Drug Standards Analytical issues it s : //www.ca:yma n chc~m . com • To reduce analytical issues, we try to name compounds in the statutes without isomer designations, and http://www.cerilliant.com specify that all isomers are controlled. For instance, http://www.lipomed.com "Fluoroamphetamine" is controlled, all isomers. So up://www.. igmaald ri h.c:om instead of having to differentiate between the 2, 3, and http://www.steralajds.com 4, we just obtain a MS, and compare retention time against any of the 3 isomers. If it matches, we report http://www.trc-canada.com out Fluoroamphetamine. This cuts down on standards httv://www.disco erysciences.com needing purchasing; analytical procedures to differentiate; and reporting clearly and http://www.usp.org/products unambiguously. ~=- Analytical issues How we report drugs • Those that get added in statute with isomer • If a controlled substance: Name of substance. designation (like TFMPP) are compared with the 3- • If it is emergency scheduled, we add a comment under TFMPP and a remark is placed on the report that the remarks section that: ***was emergency "Specific isomer not determined" controlled in the state ofFlorida December 111 2012. • If it's a potential analog: ***; which is substantially similar to ***. • If we do not identify the specific isomer in statute, we add a remark that: Specific isomer not determined. Analogs • (2)(a) A used in this section, "controlled substance • We only deal with prong I - whether it is substantially analog" means a substance which, due to its chemical structure and potential for abuse, meets the following similar in chemical structure. We have a generally criteria: accepted practice in Pensacola for how to approach i. Is substantially similar to that of a controlled and determine potentially "substantially similar" substance listed in Schedule I or Schedule II of s. compounds. 893.03; and 2. Has a stimulant, depressant, or haJlucinogenic effect on the central nervous system or is represented or intended to have a stimuJant, depressant, or hallucinogenic effect on the centraf nervous system substantially similar to or greater than that of a controlled substance listed in Schedule I or Schedule II of s. 893.03. AKB,.S 5-Fluoro AKB48 C23H31N30 C23H30FN30 MWJ65 Emergency controlled in FL, MW383 12/n/u LEGAL 5-Fluoro AKB48, which is substantially similar to AKB48. Synthetic Drugs 2008-2012 Benzylpiperazines (6+) BZP, TFMPP, m-CPP p.Keto amphetamines (30+) Ephedrone, mephedrone, methylene, methedrone ... Phenethylamines (2C suite) (20+) 2C-B, 2C-E, 2C-I, 2C-B, 2C-T-7, NBOMe Series ... Pyrro/idophenones (pyrovalerones) (20+) a-PVP, MDPV, PPP, ... Synthetic Cannabinoids (200+) JWH series, AM Series, Adamantyls, Cyclopropyls ... ------WHEN YOU NEED TD KNOW NFLIS 2011 Scope: Hallucinogens & Stimulants • I W ;wt:J.\'IXU:.\'l Screen: .. ,.,,..;if/9'1' '';f'J"~""t~ .,,,.,,. ... _w;.mnw ~,JS,141,,_ zo i • '·""·DMAA 66 Basic Extraction lfoll11ci.11ogen R~ports Number Pen:ent alpha-PVP 62 El/GCMS MOMA 9,305 20.50% MDPV 39 AM-2201 6,130 13.51% Methylene 32 Confirmation: P,i~dn/plil0 W H E II Y II U II E E D T 0 K H II ,W WI/EN ~OU !IEED TO KHOW Scope: Synthetic Cannabinoids December 12, 2012 J,11, a.11 ,,,, NMS Labs JWl-1-018 AM-2201 AM~2201 JWH-073 AM-694 AM-694 Synthetic UWH-019 J\Mi-,018· JWH-018 Cannabinoids Tucker Cipriano smoked Spice, took JWH-250 JWH·019 JWH-019 JWH-073 JWH-073 Screen, Blood mushrooms and drank alcohol in hours before JWH-681 JWH-081 (Forensic) Test a fatal baseball bat attack on his father JWH--122 JWl-1-122 JWH-200 JWH-200 JWH·2-10 JWH-210 JWH-250 JWH-250 RGS-4 RCS-A RGS·B RCS-8 JWH-203 JWH-022 UVVH·ois·c1-anatog UR-144 ,l(Lf~·11 AM-2233 AM·1248 A-796260 WHEN YOU NEED TO KNOW WHEN VOU NEf.D TO KNOW I December 23, 2012 November 9, 2012 •··- r._~ftlS l.'J}__ :J Bath Salts Mystery: Ex-Universal Pictures Co-Chair Breaks Silence on LAPD Beatdown 1•--·fk'••'o...,ater New Otl~41'S Pagei . , 3' '" XI • Ill 25-J banned after Voodoo Fest death, Legislature to m;m move forward on anti-drug laws The Louisiana Depmment of Health and Hospitals (DHH) announced Friday It was banning the p:~on, manufacture and distribution of 25-I, the synthetic drug that resulted in the death of au Alabama student at last month's Voodoo Festival in New Orleans. DHH Secretary Bruce Gre:enstein said he, along with the Legislature and police, wollld continue to target the class of drugs writ large. WHEN YOU NEEO TO KNOW WUEll YOU rcEED lO KNOW April, 2013 April 2013 • NMS - (_ - •':.! _] !to.s Angele.s ij'.;ime.s LOCAL Bath salts overdose killed teen, sickened 4 'Bath sn1ts 1 suspect due in court in Glenda1e sbm·el others, medical examiner says attack WllEH YOU NEED 10 KllOW WHEN YOU NEED TO KNOW Toxicology of Synthetic Drugs • NMS . • l ··-~.:.• . .. 1 •Adverse Events Designer Stimulants and • Intoxication/Impairment Hallucinogens • Psychosis • Medical Crises • Death WHEN YOU NEED TO KNOW "Bath Salts" 5-HT 2A Effects AKA: l Bath Bubbles Effects I Agonists Antagonists Anxiety 251·NBOMe Cfozaplne l Bath Salts Appetite 2C-B Olanzaplne l Pond Cleaner Cognition 5-MEO-DMT Que!ipa1ne l Soft Drink Additive Imagination BZ? Rlsperldone l Burial Powder Learning DMT Zlprasii:lon_e l Glass Cleaner Memory Haloperidol Mood DropertdoJ l Plant Food 0 Perception l Plant Vitamin S.exual Driile l Insecticide Sleep Thermoregulation ------======------I • • • • W;tJEll Y, o·u M_ EE~ 10 "K,11!-',W . WllEN VDU NEED TO KllOW - ~ ------ Synthetic Stimulants Adverse Effects • NMS Containing - c._ of.5- ... _J Agitation • Insomnia l Cathinones Mydriasis l Phenethylamines (Shulgin/Nichols) • Myoclonus l 2C-X • Tachycardia Hypertension ~ NBOMe's • Chest pain l Pyrovalerones • Paranoia Delusions/hallucinations l Pyrrolidophenones Excited Delirium Combative behavior Hyperthermia Rhabdomyolysis Kidney Failure Seizures Death WHEN YOU NEED TO KNOW WHEll VOU llEEO TO Kl/OW Intoxication - 251 -NBOMe • NMS Intoxication - Me hedrone -- ,____, ~~'----- Rose SR, Poklis JL, Poklis A. A case of 251-NBOMe (25-1) Cosbey SH, Peters KL, Quinn A, Bentley A. Mephedrone intoxication: a new potent 5-HT2A agonist designer drug. (methylmethcathinone) in toxicology casework: a Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2013 Mar;51(3):174-7. Northern Ireland perspective. J Anal Toxicol. 2013 Mar;37(2):74-82. • 18-year-old male presented to the emergency department • 32 Impaired Driving arrest cases, including nine with (ED) with severe agitation and hallucinations after jumping mephedrone as the only drug present. out of a moving car. Tachycardiac (150 - 160 bpm) and • Generally impaired driving, weaving, erratic, dilated pupils, hypertensive (150 - 170 mm Hg systolic and 110 mg Hg poor performance, slurred speech. diastolic), required physical restraints and treatment with • Blood concentrations ranged up to 0.74 mg/L (n=9; mean intravenous lorazepam administration. 0.21, median 0.10) although the most common value • 0. 76 ng/ml of 25-INBOMe o.... c •., Ji encountered is likely to lie between 0.2 and 0.3 mg/L. '"' ~ ""' 0 ~ I ~ ,.a-' ...... Hfo" ....:: HCI WHEH YO U NEED 10 KllOW WllEI~ YOU llEEO TO KllOW Intoxication - DMAA Intoxication - MPHP Gee P, Jackson S, Easton J. Another bitter pill: a case of Sauer C, Hoffmann K, Schimmel U, Peters FT. Acute toxicity from DMAA party pills.NZ Med J. 2010 Dec poisoning involving the pyrrolidinophenone-type designer 17;123(1327):124-7. drug 4'-methyl-alpha-pyrrolidinohexanophenone (MPHP). • Consumed two capsules of 99.9% DMAA. Became Forensic Sci Int. 2011 May 20;208(1-3):e20-5. confused, incontinent, drowsy, slurred speech, facial droop, • A 27 year old man was admitted to hospital in an agitated asymmetric weakness, memory impairment, seizure. Pills state and with fractures of both feet after jumping from a were analyzed and contained only DMAA. window. Pronounced rhabdomyolysis and had to be treated by repeated hemodialysis. Elevated liver parameters indicated toxic liver damage. • MPHP was found at 100 ng/ml ~f) ~ NH2 ~ '\_ WHEN YOU NEED TO KNOW WHEN YOU NEED TO KNOW Ps chosis - MDPV, 4-FMC Ps chosis - "Bath Salts,, Thornton SL, Gerona RR, Tomaszewski CA. Psychosis • Penders TM, Gestring RE, Vilensky DA. Excited delirium from a bath salt product containing flephedrone and following use of synthetic cathinones (bath salts). Gen MDPV with serum, urine, and product quantification. J Hosp Psychiatry. 2012 Nov-Dec;34(6):647-50. Med Toxicol. 2012 Sep;8(3):310-3 .. • e.g. 31 year old male, found wandering in his neighborhood, • 23-year-old male with a prior psychiatric history, with bizarre fearful, confused, "Overheated", sweating. Became behavior, suicidality, and hallucinations. MDPV levels of combative. Reported seeing snakes who were threatening 186ng/ml and flephedrone of 346ng/ml in the serum. his life. Agitated and complained of visual, tactile, and auditory • Hallucinations, paranoia and agitation resolved after hallucinations. He stated snakes were crawling on him and administration of haloperidol. in his bed . Treated and stabilized with Lorazepam, and • No Toxicology confirmation. Droperidol. o ~~~~ F H HCI WHEll ~OU HEED ro KllOW WHEN YOU NEED TO KNOW Medical Crises - DMAA • t:J ..~ ·~. Medical Crises - Bath Salts? • N(y1_S Young C, Oladipo 0, Frasier S, Putko R, Chronister S, Regunath H, Ariyamuthu VK, Dalal P, Misra M. Bath salt Marovich M. Hemorrhagic stroke in young healthy male intoxication causing acute kidney injury requiring following use of sports supplement Jack3d. Mil Med. 2012 hemodialysis. Hemodial Int. 2012 Oct;16 Suppl 1:S47-9. Dec;177(12):1450-4. • 26 year old soldier in Afghanistan, takes 3 scoops of • 39 y/o male brought to the emergency room by police. Jack3d, before exercising. Awakes with worsening Combative and confused. Sedated for CAT scan. Elevated headache, assymetrical dysesthesia, weakness and lack of CK indicating renal problems. Diagnosed with acute tubular coordination. Diagnosed with Dejerine-Roussy Thalamic necrosis, and spent 13 days in dialysis. Admitted to recent stroke. 1 scoop contains 4g of DMAA. increasing use of Bath Salt pills, and confirmed that the precipitating event had occurred immediately after such an administration. WHEN YOU NEED TO KNOW IVHHI YOU llEED TO KHOW • NMS • NMS Death - MDPV . [-.,- ...-..-, Death - Me hedrone Murray BL, Murphy CM, Beuhler MC. Death following Wyman JF, Lavins ES, Engelhart D, Armstrong EJ, Snell recreational use of designer drug "bath salts" containing KD, Boggs PD, Taylor SM, Norris RN, Miller FP. 3,4 Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV). J Med Toxicol. Postmortem tissue distribution of MDPV following lethal 2012 Mar;8(1):69-75. intoxication by "bath salts". J Anal Toxicol. 2013 • 40-year-old male who injected and snorted "bath salts" Apr;37(3):182-5. containing MDPV and subsequently became agitated, • 40-year-old male who injected and snorted "bath salts" aggressive, and experienced a cardiac arrest. He was containing MDPV and subsequently became agitated, resuscitated after his initial arrest; however, he developed aggressive, and experienced a cardiac arrest. He was hyperthermia, rhabdomyolysis, coagulopathy, acidosis, resuscitated after his initial arrest; however, he developed anoxic brain injury, and subsequently died. hyperthermia, rhabdomyolysis, coagulopathy, acidosis, • MDPV was quantified in his serum at 82 ng/ml. anoxic brain injury, and subsequently died. 0 • MDPV was quantified in his serum at 82 ng/ml. ( o~I~ _ NC) O HCI ------WHEN YOU NEED TO KNOW ' yit1EH Y; OU _flEED __ ro _ KH: OY'. MDPV PMD Death - MDPV, others • NMS Marinetti LJ, Antonides HM. Analysis of synthetic Tablll I Torirnlogy lleslJts for MDPV Dwffios:e cathinones commonly found in bath salts in human Dugsdclile.ted !µ.g/rri_crµ.g/g) performance and postmortem toxicology: method development, drug distribution and interpretation of fem:>talbbod 04' .... ,.,.., 050 results. J Anal Toxicol. 2013 Apr;37(3):135-46 . ltioo >5.o Posi.He GaWi< >2.0=5011i • Commonly poly drug cases with multiple synthetic or ... 088 ~mpinalftlid 0.41 lmg O.llll therapeutic drugs present. 0.84 O!le • In five cases both peripheral and heart blood were were ...,..,'""'""""' 056 O.B4 tested with an average heart to peripheral blood ratio was lhfl Panetal 0'6 1.48, with a range of 1.3 to 1. 7. -Ce D.42 lfl'llihnnm.c:rus 0.30 • Concentrations were not correlated with outcome. Frm!al 030 Occpjt;ll 0.42 • e.g. In PM Case 1, the death was caused by injuries ...... 0.42 0.12 sustained in an auto accident; however, this decedent had a ....""'" 11,660 pg/mg 1,332 pg/m;;i blood methylene concentration of 729 ng/ml. Wyman et al, 2013 WllEH YOU llEEO TO KNOW WllEN YOU llEEO TO KNOW Synthetic Cannabinoid Agonists • . 1'JMSl , .... Synthetic Cannabinoids AKA: l Legal high l 50 state legal l Incense l Fake Weed l Fake Pot l K2 l Spice Wlll:rl VOU llEfO TO KNOW Scope: Synthetic Cannabinoids Cannabinoids Adverse Effects • NMS _.. i.:.~~ :-· NMS Labs •Major Effects JWH-018 AM-2201'·'' AM-2201 •Other Effects JWH-073 AM-694 AM-694 Synthetic JWH-019 JWH-0"18 JWH-018 Cannabinoids ·Cardiovascular •Headache JWH-250 JWH.019 JWH-019 • Hypertension •Muscle JWH-073 JWH-073 Screen, Blood JWH-081 JWH-081 (Forensic) Test Tachycardia •Numbness JWli-122 JWH-122 • Slurred speech JWH-200 JWH-200 •Gastrointestinal JW\-l-2.10 JWH-210 Syncope •Vomiting JWH-250 JWH-250 •Vomiting RCS-4 RCS-4 RCS-8 RCS-8 •Neurological •Tremors JWH-203 •Agitation JWH-022 ·Drowsiness JWH-018 Cl-analog •Confusion UR-144 XLR-11 • Hallucinations AM-2233 •Seizures AM-1248 Texas Poison Center Networks A-796260 ------WHEN YOU llEED TO KNOW WHEN YOU NEED TO KNOW Marijuana/K2 Effects •- NMSc: ... ' -, Intoxication - S n Canns • NMS - - - - - . ·'··"-·) Red eves I bloodshot Yeakel JK, Logan BK. Blood Synthetic Cannabinoid Burnlna of the eves Concentrations in Cases of Suspected Impaired Driving. Xerostomlo fdrv mouth} Tachvcordla J Anal Tox (In Review, 2013). Chanaes In aerceatlon/mood • 12 cases of Suspected impaired driving involving synthetic Balance and Coordination cannabinoids. Other drugs and alcohol were ruled out. Halluclnatlons Sedation Attitude of the drivers was described as cooperative and Subjective thought relaxed, speech was noted to be slow and slurred, and d/sruatlonlloss of concentration coordination was noted to be poor. Pulse and blood Impaired sense of time pressure were generally elevated. The most consistent ' Self assessed lmaalnnent sign noted was a marked lack of convergence in all cases Arrhythmias Seizures/Convulsions where it was assessed. Panic Attacks • JWH-018 (n=4), 0.1-1.1 ng/ml; JWH-081 (n=2) qualitative Pafflifllllf alld Anxiety only; JWH-122 (n=3) 2.5ng/ml; JWH-210 (n=4) 0.1 ng/ml; Sickness JWH-250 (n=1) 0.38ng/ml; AM-2201 (n=6) 0.43 - 4.0n /ml. W~!Ell YOU llEED TO KllOW WllEN YOU UEED TO K~OIY Ps chosis - S n Canns Medical Crises - S n Canns ~ ~~ Synthetic Cannabinoid JWH-018 and Psychosis: An Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Acute Explorative Study. Every-Palmer S. Drug Alcohol Depend. kidney injury associated with synthetic cannabinoid use- (2011). multiple states, 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013 • Semi-structured interviews regarding the use and effects of Feb 15;62(6):93-8. JWH-018 in 15 patients with serious mental illness in a New • Three sentinel cases of AKI in patients in Wyoming. Zealand forensic and rehabilitative service. • A case search defined as nausea, vomiting, abdominal or • Anxiety and psychotic symptoms were common after use, back pain, and AKI led to a cohort of 16 patients in 5 states. with 69% of users experiencing or exhibiting symptoms • All had smoked products containing synthetic cannabinoids, consistent with psychotic relapse after smoking JWH-018. confirmed in product samples and serum to be XLR-11 . Although psychological side effects were common, no one • Five of the 16 patients required hemodialysis, and four reported becoming physically unwell after using JWH-018. patients received corticosteroids; none died. Three subjects described developing some tolerance to the • Other infectious, autoimmune, pharmacologic, or other toxic product, but no one reported withdrawal symptoms. causes of AKI were not found. . . I WHEN YOU NEED TO KNOW , •• • • , WH .£11 - YOU .N' EED' T, 0 KNOW -' •• • •11 I t ' Ji Death? - S n Canns Conclusions ( 11111']<'[. r ,111'.tl'.fdc L lll~··,[, d I ih'lllli ,ii I• ll 011<1 in J.1L, 111.111i1 1.111.1 I" !'111" 11, <1:, d • Adverse effects from both classes of drugs have been "". documented. • They include intoxication, and the risks associated with m r '· · ~ I. A f ~ m· cognitive and psychomotor impairment. Anderson Umversity basketball player Lamar Jock died alter ingesting a chemical the1 • Synthetic Stimulants and Hallucinogens is e key ingredienl in synthetic marijuana, the county comer said Saturday • Cause suicidal and homicidal ideation Anderson County Coroner Greg Shore said speclel~ts from en accredited laboratory • Induce psychosis 1n Pennsylvania ran IDxicoklgy tests and analyzed blood samples lhal wefe laken • Cause excited delirium when Jack was admitted to AnMed Healttl Medical Conler in Andersoo The lob testing Md analysis revealed lhal Jack hBd the chemical JVVH-018 in his body when • Can result in serotonin syndrome he CO(tapsed during a preseason wann-0p with htS team on Sept 30 Just days later, • Synthetic Cannabinoids on Oct 4, JacXdied He was 10 • Induce psychosis On lhe basis or an autopsy and the toxicology Lest • May be associated with Acute Kidney Injury results, Shore is ruling Jack's death accidental - caused by ·acute drug toxicity with excited delirium that led to muniple organ fe11ure • J WHEN YOU NEED TO KNOW WHEN YOU NEED TO KNOW Questions? CEnTE-A FD-A 1nnovRTron www.nmslabs.com www.forensicscienceeducation .org W H~H YO U llE E D lO KllOW