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Celebrating Zion: Pioneers in Mormon Popular Historical Expression

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Celebrating Zion: Pioneers in Mormon Popular Historical Expression Celebrating Zion: Pioneers in Mormon Popular Historical Expression by Eric Alden Eliason, M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Panial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin May,1998 tlRlliHAM YOU~G uNJ.Vi::R&n . PROVO, UTAH Celebrating Zion: Pioneers in Mormon Popular Historical Expression ,-,~ ,_.,.__ ~ ,- ~Neil K il UMI Number: 9837950 Copyright 1998 by Eliason, Eric Alden All rights reserved. L'l\11 1\ficrnronn 9837950 Copyris::ht 199M. h~ Ul\ff Company. All rights reserved. This microronn edition is protected against unauthorized cop~·in~: under Tille 17. United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor. Ml 48103 Dedication To my parents. Dan and LeAnn Acknowledgements The following people have read this manuscript whole or in part and have provided invaluable insight and suggestions: Robert Abzug. William H. Goetzmann, Roger Renwick. Howard Miller. Tad Tuleja. Neil Kamil. William Stott, Jan Shipps. Stephen Olsen. Stephanie Smith Eliason. Robert Crunden. Ben Bennion, William A. Wilson. and John Alley. Tad Tuleja deserves special mention for inviting me to write an essay for his collection of scholarly anicles on the uses of history by American folkgroups. This opportunity sparked an idea which evolved into this dissertation. An earlier version of the first section of this dissertation entitled ''Pioneers and Recapitulation in Mormon Popular Historical Expression'' appears in Tad's edited volume Usable Pasts: Traditions and Identity in North America. (Logan: Ctah State University Press. 1997). Over the past four years, countless people have provided me with their impressions, opinions. and recollections of Pioneer Day and pioneer veneration in their lives. Ron WaJker helped introduce me to the scholarly literature on the Mormon Cultural Region. Thanks is due to KSL television in Salt Lake City for broadcasting Salt Lake City's "Days of '47" parade and to the people of Fairview. v Spring City, and Manti in Sanpete County. Utah for their Pioneer Day festivities and pageant spectacles in which I was panicipant observer. My wife· s grandparents Marion and Wanda Smi£.h shared many of their own reminiscences and documentation of Snowflake, Arizona· s Pioneer Day celebrations since the 1870s. My parents Dan and LeAnn Eliason. my wife Stephanie. and children Shelby and Caleb have been great cheerleaders and a wonderful suppon. The Charles Redd Center for Western studies assisted this project with a generous grant without which the research for chapters five through eight would not have been possible. The University of Texas at Austin Office of Graduate Studies also made fellowship money available. In the course of this research. I spoke on the phone with over two hundred mayors. city-council men and women, city and county government workers. chamber of commerce personnel. historical society volunteers, LOS bishops and Relief Society presidents. and other designated festival organizers-all of whom were gracious and helpful. My own curious interest in this topic stems in part from the fact that lam a Mormon who is neither a conven from outside of the LDS Church nor an .. ethnic Mormon·· descended from plains-crossing pioneer ancestors. My liminality betwixt and between these two categories highlighted by my culture have given me somewhat of an outsider/insider perspective on the Mormon historical experience. '"Mormonism" is the religion I practice. I came to do so as a "conven from the inside" rather than a proselyte. As far as this study is a study of religion. it is reflexive ethnography. As far as it is an ethnography of Mormon regional culture. my qualifications for being an "insider" are somewhat more ambiguous vi having grown up the child of an Air Force pilot and having lived five years in Utah and four in a historically Mormon pan of Arizona. Nevenheless. Mormon pioneer history is my "identity history .. -the history of the people with whom I identify (even if they are my "spirituar· rather than biological ancestors) and to whose genealogical heritage I am linked by marriage. I am grateful to the Latter-day Saints who, with their heroic transcendence as well as with their human frailties. established Zion in the wilderness and gave it a strong base from which to reach out and touch the lives of my twentieth-century ancestors in South Dakota and California. I am what I am today because of the legacy they bequeathed me through their sacrifice. vii Celebrating Zion: Pioneers in Mormon Popular Historical Expression Publication No. ______ Eric Alden Eliason. Ph.D. The University of Texas at Austin. 1998 Supervisor: Robert Abzug From 1846 to 1869. eighty thousand Mormons took wago!l.s and handcarts across the Great Plains to the Rocky Mountains to perform the Western Hemisphere's largest ever religious migration. This dissenation examines how Mormons celebrate this pioneer experience as an identity-defining touchstone of their American-born religion. In the 1990s, Latter-day Saints still remember their precursors· flight from persecution in folklore; art; numerous museums and monuments; as well as annual plays. pageants. and pmades throughout the West. The most significant uniquely-Mormon holiday is Pioneer Day-the yearly July 24th celebration of Brigham Young's arrival in the Salt Lake Valley. While several studies have recounted the story of the Mormon Exodus itself, my dissenation will be the first to examine the historical development. geographic distribution. and cultural function of Latter-day Saint remembrances viii of their pioneer past as Mormondom has responded to the challenges of rapid global growth and increased contact with the ··Gentile" world. In so doing. this project suggests a new area of scholarly inquiry-the study of sacred migrations or ·•trek studies''-as a useful tool in understanding the history and identity-forming processes undergone by many peoples. ix Table of Contents List of Figures ......................................................................................................... xi List of Maps .......................................................................................................... xiv Introduction: The Monnon Trek in a Comparative and Biblical Perspective ......... 1 SECTION ONE: PIONEERS AND RECAPITULATION IN MORMON HISTORICAL EXPRESSION 27 Chapter One: Understanding the Mormons and their Exodus .............................. 27 Chapter Two: Genres of Pioneer Celebration ...................................................... .46 Chapter Three: The Construction of a Memory and a Challenge to Mythic Unity ............................................................................................................. 84 SECTION TWO: MOR.MONDOM THROUGH THE LENS OF PIONEER DAY CELEBRATIONS 113 Chapter Four: An Experiment in Ethography ..................................................... 113 Chapter Five: Terms and Patterns for Civic Pioneer Day Celebrations ............. 128 Chapter Six: Creative Meanings of Pioneer Day ................................................ 157 Chapter Seven: Civic Pioneer Day Variation and Inter-cultural lmeraction ...... 185 Chapter Eight: Pioneer Day. Temples, and Monnon Cultural Geography ......... 219 Appendix .............................................................................................................. 252 Bibliography ........................................................................................................ 255 Vita .................................................................................................................... 274 X List of Figures Figure l. Map showing the similarity between Palestine and Salt Lake valley ... .41 Figure 2. Photograph of Mormon dignitaries taken at the dedication of the first This is the Place monument during the Diamond Jubilee Pioneer Day celebration in 1922 ................................................................... .49 Figure 3. The current .. This is the Place" monument. ........................................... 50 Figure 4. Kelly Clark Price, The Martin Handcart Company. 1980 ...................... 54 Figure 5. Minerva Kohlhepp Teichert ( 1888-1976), Handcart Pioneers. 1930 ..... 55 Figure 6. A panel from C. C. A. Christensen's ··Mormon Panorama.'' ................. 56 Figure 7. A Salt Lake Tribune Advenisemenr, 15 July 1995 ................................ 57 Figure 8. A Salt Lake Tribune Advenisement. IS July 1995 ................................ 58 Figure 9. BYU students pull a handcart as pan of a leadership exercise. July 1995 .................................................................................................. 64 Figure 10. An invitation to the 1856 Pioneer Day Picnic Party ............................ 77 Figure 11. Map of all civic-sponsored Pioneer Day Parades in the Amencan West. ............................................................................................... 125 Figure 12. Spring City fire engines parked after their Pioneer Day wake up call. .................................................................................................. l38 Figure 13. Pioneer Day pancake breakfast served by Spring City volunteer f1refighters ....................................................................................... 139 xi Figure 14. Miss Fairview Ciry and her attendants prepare to give their Pioneer Day speeches in the cultural hall of an LOS chapel in Fairview. Utah, 1995 ......................................................................................
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