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On the Flying Behavior of Neon Flying Squid Ommastrephes Bartrami Observed in the Central and Northwestern North Pacific

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On the Flying Behavior of Neon Flying Squid Ommastrephes Bartrami Observed in the Central and Northwestern North Pacific Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 54(7), 1167-1174 (1988) On the Flying Behavior of Neon Flying Squid Ommastrephes bartrami Observed in the Central and Northwestern North Pacific Mamoru Murata* (ReceivedDecember 12, 1987) The flying behavior of neon flying squid was observed at 8 different locations in the subtropical region between long. 160•‹E and 172•‹W along lat. 37•‹N (surface temperature: 17-24•Ž), on board the R/V Omi-Maru in the period from July to August, 1984. Roughly 10-300 squids (estimated mantle length: 14-18cm) flew a distance of 10-20m at a height of 1-2 m above the sea surface in the same direction both by day and by night. The form of squid in flight closely resembled that of purpleback flying squid. Judging from these results, it is beleived that the smaller individuals under about 18cm in mantle length of neon flying squid live mainly near the surface of the sea, by day and night, and that they have a gliding-type flying behavior like flying fish, mainly to escape from their enemies. Several species of the family Ommastrephidae between flying behavior and body length of the are known to show a leaping, or flying behavior.1-3 squid, the possible causes of the flight behavior, Arata1) reported on the flying behavior of neon and the swimming depths of the squid, are pre- flying squid, Ommastrephes bartrami, or webbed sented here. flying squid, O. calori, observed off the Atlantic coast of North America. Akimushkin2) and Materials and Methods Clarke3) also referred to the flying behavior of these species, and reported that the name "flying The survey on the distribution and abundance squid" was applied to O. bartrami because of this of neon flying squid, as well as on marine behavior. It was also reported4) that purpleback mammals, in the central and northwestern North flying squid Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis was ob- Pacific, was carried out between July 1 and served flying over the sea surface off the Pacific August 3, 1984, using the research vessel Omi- coast of the southern Japan. Moreover, Azu- Maru of the Yamaguchi Prefectural Fisheries ma5) inferred from photographs of purpleback High School (417.47 GT, 47.10m in overall flying squid in flight in the Indian Ocean that their length). The cruise track, locality of station for arms and instant membranes would play a vital operations, and the principal survey items, are role in flight. shown in Fig. 1. However, none of the reports have included Squid jiggings were operated at 22 stations by such information as the size of the squids observed night (2000-2300); while gillnets were set at 17 flying, their numbers, flight condition, and as- stations before sunset, and retrieved in the early sociated oceanographic and weather conditions. morning hours (0300-0600) of the next day. The Although the neon flying squid stock is quite sighting survey for mammals was carried out considerable in the northern part of the North each day in the daytime between sunrise and Pacific,6) and yields an estimated 182,000 tonnes sunset on the run between Honolulu, Hawaii, and per year (1982-86 average) to Japan's squid gillnet Kushiro, Hokkaido. All times given in this report and jigging fisheries,7) virtually no information are local times. Sunrise and sunset occurred at has yet been reported on the flying behavior of this 0341 and 1819, respectively, at lat. 37•‹N, long. species from this area. 172•‹W; and at 0447-0449 and 1913-1916, re- During a survey on the distribution of squid in spectively, at lat. 37•‹N, long. 158-175•‹E. the North Pacific in 1984, 8 flights of neon flying To avoid size bias in the catch from mesh-size squid were observed. The results of the observa- selectivity, the gillnet used was constructed of 13 tions and some considerations on the relationship different mesh sizes as follows: 33, 37, 42, 48, 55, * Hokkaido Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory , Katsurakoi, Kushiro, Hokkaido, 085, Japan (村 田 守:北 海 道 区 水 産 研 究 所). 1168 Murata 63, 72, 82, 93, 106, 121, 138 and 157mm. Results Flight Observations During the survey, the flight of neon flying squid was observed eight different times during July 7- 23, 1984 (Fig. 1) and the relevant data are shown in Table 1. The present author witnessed one flight of neon flying squid in a group during a squid jigging operation (No. 8 in Table 1) and two others when the gillnet was being retrieved (Nos. 1 and 2 in Table 1), while another researcher (Hiro- yuki Yamawaki) on board observed 5 flights (Nos. 3-7 in Table 1) along the vessel's track during sighting surveys. All of these observations were made at the southernmost extremity (near lat. 37•‹N) of the survey area (lat. 37-43•‹N) (Fig. 1). The results of the flight observations were as follows: (1) Observation 1 (No. I in Table 1) At lat, 37•‹03'N, long. 172•‹00'W (Station 1) at around 0700 on July 7, approximately 100 squids became airborne near the floatline of the gillnet, about 20-30m from the ship, as the net was being retrieved. The squids flew a distance of 10-20m at right angle to the gillnet, at a height of 1-2m above the sea surface. The squids were estimated to be of about the same size as neon flying squids that were being caught in large num- bers by the gillnets of 48 and 55mm in mesh size (range in dorsal mantle length: 15-19cm; modal length, 17cm). The flight occurred immediately after the rolling ship had caused the floatline of the gillnet to slap sharply against the sea surface. At this station, the surface temperature was 19.2•‹C, salinity, 34.12•ñ; winds, E-SE'ly at Beaufort 4; and the weather was clear. (2) Observation 2 (No. 2 in Table 1) At lat. 37•‹09'N, long. 175•‹06'E (Station 26), at around 0530 on July 20, about 20-30 squids broke surface and became airborne about 20m from the vessel as the gillnet was being retrieved. These squids flew a distance of 10-20m in the direction of the vessel at a height of about 2m above the surface of the sea. Three of the squids landed on the gillnet and were caught in the 72-mm mesh section (Fig. 2). The flight direction coincided with the wind direction, and the flight lasted only about 3-4s. In flight, the squid resembled pur- pleback flying squid,5) with fins and arms spread out in the horizontal directions. Moreover, the dorsal surface of the mantle andjfins blended with the color of the sea, appearing very dark, while Flying Behavior of Neon Flying Squid 1169 Fig. 1. Track chart of the R/V Omi-Maru during July and August in 1984, and the locations (stars) where flying behaviors of neon flying squid were observed. Numerals and alphabets denote No. of Stations, while numerals (1-8) in parentheses are the same as Obs. No. in Table 1. Fig. 2. A schematic diagram showing the flying behavior of squid observed on 20 July, 1984 (See No. 2 in Table 1). the ventral surface of the mantle and the arms was cloudy. appeared whitish in color. The flight, similar to (3) Observation 3-5 (Nos. 3-5 in Table 1) the previous one, occurred immediately after the At around 1630 on July 20, while the vessel was sea surface had been sharply whipped by the underway at lat. 37•‹01'N, long. 173•‹06'E, ap- floatline of the gillnet. At this station, the surface proximately 40 common dolphins Delphinus de- temperature was 17.4•Ž, the salinity, 33.94•ñ, Iphis were sighted at a distance of about 3.6km. winds E-NE'ly at Beaufort 5, and the weather The dolphins then began moving toward the 1170 Murata vessel and in about 10 minutes, were swimming vessel. During the flight, the shape and colora- alongside. Ahead of them and in their path, tion of the squid resembled the squid in the Ob- three separate flights of squid schools were ob- servation 2 above. The size of these squids served. The first was at 1633 when 200-300 coincided with neon flying squid that were caught squids took flight; the second at 1638 when there by jigging (range in dorsal mantle length: 13- were around 50 squids, and the third occurred 18cm; modal length, 14cm). The flight began soon thereafter, when roughly between 10 and 20 immediately after a large squid jig (20cm long squids were seen flying. In each case, the flight stainless steel hook used in hand jigging) was was in the same general direction as the path of cast into the water. At this station, the surface the dolphins. At Station H (lat. 37•‹01'N, long. temperature, salinity, etc. were as described above 172•‹30'E) closest to these observed flights, the for the Observation 7. surface temperature was 21.0•Ž, salinity, 34.66•ñ, and winds, E-NE'ly at Beaufort 4; and the weather Squid Catches in the Vicinity of Observed Flights was cloudy. At the survey stations in the vicinity of the (4) Observation 6 (No. 6 in Table 1) observed flights (near lat. 37•‹N), neon flying squid While underway during the morning of July 23 and luminous flying squid Eucleoteuthis luminosa (0700-1100), at lat. 37•‹00'N, long. 162-163•‹E, were only two species taken. The catches totalled roughly between 30-50 of squids were observed 2,318 neon flying squid and 615 luminous flying in flight.
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