DOCSLIB.ORG

Securing Critical Infrastructures

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Securing Critical Infrastructures Securing Critical Infrastructures PhD Candidate: Alberto Carelli (241776) XXXII Cycle Advisor: Prof. Stefano Di Carlo PhD Thesis Defense – September 3rd 2020 Politecnico di Torino - Dipartimento di Automatica e Informatica OUTLINE Introduction & Core Concepts Motivations & Goal of the research Contributions Conclusions 2 OUTLINE Introduction & Core Concepts Motivations & Goal of the research Contributions Conclusions 3 INTRODUCTION Definitions - Critical Infrastructures Critical Infrastructures (CIs): “Infrastructures whose incorrect functioning may negatively affect a subject/group with economic losses and exposure of people to safety and security risk.” [1] However, no general definition, but several: • Italy [2], Europe [3], United Kingdom [4], United States [5] 4 INTRODUCTION Definitions - Critical Infrastructures CIs: Public/Private companies of 16 Sectors* Financial Information Chemical Dams Services Technology Defense Food and Nuclear Reactors, Industrial Communications Agriculture Materials, Waste Base Critical Emergency Government Transportation Manufacturing Services Facilities Systems Water, Commercial Healthcare, Energy Wastewater Facilities Public Health Systems *according to U.S. President’s PPD-21, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security’s (DHS) and the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency5 (CISA) INTRODUCTION Definitions - Cyber-Physical Systems CIs are based on Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS): “physical and engineered systems whose operations are monitored, coordinated, controlled and integrated by a computing and communication core”. [1] Control Sensors Data Commands Actuators 6 INTRODUCTION Definitions - Cyber-Physical Systems Characteristics of CPSs: • Architecture: Distributed • Components: ⁃ IT + OT (Information Technology) + (Operational Technology) ⁃ Both infrastructures IT & OT are linked to each other • Technologies: • ICS – Industrial Control Systems • SCADA – Supervisory Control and • DCS – Distributed Control Systems Data Acquisition • IIoT/IoT – (Industrial) Internet of Things • PLC – Programmable Logic Controllers • WSN – Wireless Sensor Networks • CNC – Computer Numeric Control • … 7 INTRODUCTION Definitions - Cyber-Physical Systems Characteristics of CPSs: • Architecture: Distributed • Components: ⁃ IT + OT (Information Technology) + (Operational Technology) ⁃ Both infrastructures IT & OT are linked to each other • Technologies: • ICS – Industrial Control Systems • SCADA – Supervisory Control and • DCS – Distributed Control Systems Data Acquisition • IIoT/IoT – (Industrial) Internet of Things • PLC – Programmable Logic Controllers • WSN – Wireless Sensor Networks • CNC – Computer Numeric Control • … 8 INTRODUCTION Definitions – Information Security C.I.A. Triad Information Security 9 INTRODUCTION Definitions – Information Security C.I.A. Triad Information Security Confidentiality Protection of sensitive information from unauthorized third parties 10 INTRODUCTION Definitions – Information Security C.I.A. Triad Information Security Integrity Protection of information from unauthorized or unwanted alterations 11 INTRODUCTION Definitions – Information Security C.I.A. Triad Information Security Availability Ability to readily use an information (or a system) Availability 12 INTRODUCTION Definitions – Information Security C.I.A. Triad Information Security + Non-Repudiation + Authentication Availability + Authorization + … 13 OUTLINE Introduction & Core Concepts Motivations & Goal of the research Contributions Conclusions 14 Source: https://ioactive.com MOTIVATIONS Cyber Attacks Source: https://www.wired.com/story/ekans-ransomware-industrial-control-systems/ Source: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-cyber-attack-energy/ukraines- power-outage-was-a-cyber-attack-ukrenergo-idUSKBN1521BA Source: https://ics-cert.kaspersky.com/news/2020/04/29/israel-water-15cyberattacks/ MOTIVATIONS Cyber Attacks ICS Cyber Attacks Source: Kaspersky ICS CERT Reports / Threat landscape for industrial automation systems. Ransomware and other malware: key events of H2 2019 Source: Noguchi M. et al., NEC Technology Journal, 2017 16 MOTIVATIONS Cyber Attacks ICS Cyber Attacks Source: Kaspersky ICS CERT Reports / Threat landscape for industrial automation systems. Ransomware and other malware: key events of H2 2019 Source: Noguchi M. et al., NEC Technology Journal, 2017 17 GOAL Target of PhD [Carelli2020] Carelli, A., ‘‘Securing Critical Infrastructures’’, 2020 {Target} To provide mechanisms and techniques to improve the cybersecurity of Critical Infrastructures 18 STATE OF THE ART Approaches to Security Traditional: • Isolated & air-gapped Systems [6] [7] [8] [9] • Security-through-obscurity [6] [7] [10] Modern: • Cyber-Security Frameworks [11] • National Strategy [12][13] • Security Advisories from ICS-CERT [14][15] • Monitoring & Auditing [10] 19 CHALLENGES Issues Challenges in securing CIs • Complexity → difficult to «secure» as a whole • Interdependence → damage propagates • Legacy → old systems • Heterogeneity → many forms of security 20 GOAL How to achieve? C.I.A. Triad CIA triad is mapped on information systems, composed by: Hardware Software Communication Availability Focus on the security of these components 21 OUTLINE Introduction & Core Concepts Motivations & Goal of the research Contributions Conclusions 22 Securing Critical Infrastructures Contribution: Mitigation against Microarch. SCA CONTRIBUTION C.I.A. Triad CIA triad is mapped on information systems, composed by: Hardware Software Communication Availability Microprocessors are at the base of every system Focus on the#CPU security #Microarchitecure of these #SideChannelAttackscomponents 24 INTRODUCTION Side-Channel Information 25 Exploit this INTRODUCTION information Side-Channel Information 26 INTRODUCTION Side-Channel Information Types of information leaked: - Intended disclosure (Memory Footprint, PMCs, …) - Unintended disclosure (Power, Timing, EM, …) Categories of Side-Channel Attacks (SCA)*: - Active vs Passive - Invasive vs Semi-Invasive vs Non-Invasive SCA = Sampling - Remote vs Near phase + Analysis phase *Taxonomies/Survey: [16][17][18] 27 SIDE-CHANNEL ATTACKS State-of-the-Art Attack Target → Secrets, i.e., cryptographic keys - or: - Existing Security Mechanism (bypass kernel ASLR [19]) - Discovery (detecting crypto libs [20]) - User (keylogging [21] ) - Denial-of-Service (DoS) [22] Attack Surface → CPU Microarchitecture* - Cache memories [25][26] - Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB) Attacks [27] - Branch Target Buffer (BTB) Attacks [28][29] *Survey: [23][24] 28 SIDE-CHANNEL ATTACKS Measuring Leakage Performance Monitor Counters (PMCs): Hardware registers used to store the counts of specific events occurred. Usually employed to measure a behavior for performance/debug/test purposes. However, PMCs might be considered a source of leak [30] 29 TARGET What is the relation between safety and security of CPS? Safety and security must be taken into account to prevent misbehavior leading to catastrophic consequences. In modern microprocessors the usage of Performance Monitor Counters (PMCs): ✚ Helps to detect abnormal behavior ⁃ Introduces security vulnerability 30 TARGET What is the relation between safety and security of CPS? Safety and securityWe want must to protectbe taken into account to prevent misbehavior leadingPMCs to catastrophic from security consequences . attacks without In modern microprocessors the usage of Performance Monitor Counters (PMCs):compromising safety ✚ Helps to detect abnormal behavior ⁃ Introduces security vulnerability 31 Monitor CPS ARCHITECTURE The nodes Node 0 … Tasks Applications Node N K PMC Encryption E Services Service Service System Y Operating Operating Sensors & Actuators Performance Monitor Counters uProcessor 32 Monitor CPS ARCHITECTURE The nodes Node 0 … Safety Tasks tasks Applications Node N K PMC Encryption E Services Service Service System Y Operating Operating Sensors & Actuators Performance Monitor Counters uProcessor 33 SAFETY Safety Technique Safety mechanism 1) Off-line phase: PMCs profiling Safety is guaranteed through PMCs e.g. [31] Two PMCs are considered: • CCC (Clock Cycle Counter) → deadline check • DCM (L1 Data Cache Miss) → abnormal 2) On-line phase: PMCs monitoring behavior 34 SAFETY TECHNIQUE Detecting deadline misses Off-line phase: PMCs profiling • Profile each application to collect PMC values related to their execution time What is the probability the execution time of the application is lower than t? Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) of the execution time of an application 35 SAFETY TECHNIQUE Detecting deadline misses Off-line phase: PMCs profiling • Profile each application to collect PMC values related to their execution time • Define 2 thresholds related to the CDF in order to decide when the execution of an application is safe or critical Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) of the execution time of an application 36 SAFETY TECHNIQUE Detecting deadline misses W C Off-line phase: PMCs profiling TH TH CC • Profile each application to collect PMC CW values related to their execution time • Define 2 thresholds related to the CDF in order to decide when the execution of an application is safe or critical WarningThreshold - WTH Critical Threshold - CTH 푃 푋 > 푊푇퐻 < 퐶푊 → 퐹푋 푊푇퐻 > 1 − 퐶푊 Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) 푃 푋 > 퐶푇퐻 < 퐶퐶 → 퐹푋 퐶푇퐻 > 1 − 퐶퐶 of the execution time of an application 37 SAFETY TECHNIQUE Detecting deadline misses On-line phase: PMCs monitoring CTH • Profile each application to collect PMC values related to their execution time • Define
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Secure Key Storage with Professional Key Management
    Secure key storage with professional key management. What was previously only provided by expensive and proprietary hardware security modules (HSM) is now available as open hardware at an unbeatably low price from Germany. Nitrokey HSM reliably protects your cryptographic keys with encrypted backups, two-man rule as access protection and many other security features. With a USB interface, Nitrokey HSM is the ideal solution for certificate infrastructures of any type and size. Applications FEATURES Operating PKI and CA Nitrokey HSM provides secure key generation, Two-Man Rule as Access Protection / storage and management for public key M-of-N Threshold Scheme infrastructures (PKI), certificate authorities In order to gain access to the cryptographic keys, M of N (CA) and other central signing keys. Technical key administrators must approve. A single person alone security features replace expensive organi- cannot obtain access. If an individual key administrator zational protection measures such as sto- is unavailable, key access is still possible, provided at ring keys in safe deposit boxes, and even least M key administrators are available. This means protect keys for large and changing teams. that your keys are always protected, even in large and changing teams. Fulfilling Compliance Key administrators can either authenticate themselves Requirements (e.g. PCI DSS) using their own Nitrokey HSM (required for M-of-N According to PCI DSS, keys that encrypt or access protection) or by means of a password. Remote decrypt credit card data must be securely access is possible, so key administrators do not have to stored at all times. Nitrokey HSM is a funda- be physically present in the same location.
    [Show full text]
  • Security and Trust in Open Source Security Tokens
    IACR Transactions ISSN XXXX-XXXX, Vol. 0, No. 0, pp. 1–26. DOI:XXXXXXXX Security and Trust in Open Source Security Tokens Marc Schink, Alexander Wagner, Florian Unterstein and Johann Heyszl Fraunhofer Institute for Applied and Integrated Security (AISEC), Germany, [email protected] Abstract. Using passwords for authentication has been proven vulnerable in countless security incidents. Hardware security tokens effectively prevent most password-related security issues and improve security indisputably. However, we would like to highlight that there are new threats from attackers with physical access which need to be discussed. Supply chain adversaries may manipulate devices on a large scale and install backdoors before they even reach end users. In evil maid scenarios, specific devices may even be attacked while already in use. Hence, we thoroughly investigate the security and trustworthiness of seven commercially available open source security tokens, including devices from the two market leaders: SoloKeys and Nitrokey. Unfortunately, we identify and practically verify significant vulnerabilities in all seven examined tokens. Some of them are based on severe, previously undiscovered, vulnerabilities of two major microcontrollers which are used at a large scale in various products. Our findings clearly emphasize the significant threat from supply chain and evil maid scenarios since the attacks are practical and only require moderate attacker efforts. Fortunately, we are able to describe software-based countermeasures as effective improvements to retrofit the examined devices. To improve the security and trustworthiness of future security tokens, we also derive important general design recommendations. Keywords: security token · second factor authentication · FIDO · fault injection attack · side-channel attack · firmware protection 1 Introduction Passwords are the most common authentication mechanism for private as well as profes- sional IT services such as social media, banking or enterprise infrastructure.
    [Show full text]
  • Nextcloud User Manual Release Latest
    Nextcloud User Manual Release latest The Nextcloud developers Oct 06, 2021 CONTENTS 1 Nextcloud latest user manual introduction1 2 What’s new for users in Nextcloud latest3 3 The Nextcloud Web interface7 3.1 Web browser requirements........................................7 3.2 Navigating the main user interface....................................8 4 Files & synchronization 11 4.1 Accessing your files using the Nextcloud Web interface......................... 11 4.2 Accessing Nextcloud files using WebDAV................................ 17 4.3 Managing deleted files.......................................... 28 4.4 Desktop and mobile synchronization.................................. 29 4.5 Encrypting your Nextcloud files on the server.............................. 30 4.6 File Sharing............................................... 33 4.7 Federated Shares............................................. 37 4.8 Making anonymous uploads....................................... 39 4.9 Large file uploads............................................ 41 4.10 Storage quota............................................... 42 4.11 Version control.............................................. 42 4.12 Projects.................................................. 43 4.13 Transfer Ownership........................................... 47 5 Groupware 49 5.1 Using the Contacts app.......................................... 49 5.2 Using the Calendar app......................................... 52 5.3 Synchronizing with Android....................................... 60 5.4
    [Show full text]
  • Stronger NYC Communities Organizational Digital Security Guide
    Stronger NYC Communities Organizational Digital Security Guide For Trainers and Participants Build Power - not Paranoia! NYC Stronger Communities | Toolkit 1 Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International, July 2018 This work supported by Mozilla Foundation, the NYC Mayor’s Office of Immigrant Affairs, NYC Mayor’s Office of the CTO, and Research Action Design. CREDITS Project designed and lead by Sarah Aoun and Bex Hong Hurwitz. Curriculum lead writing by Rory Allen. Workshops, activities, and worksheets were developed by Nasma Ahmed, Rory Allen, Sarah Aoun, Rebecca Chowdhury, Hadassah Damien, Harlo Holmes, Bex Hong Hurwitz, David Huerta, Palika Makam (WITNESS), Kyla Massey, Sonya Reynolds, and Xtian Rodriguez. This Guide was arranged and edited by Hadassah Damien, and designed by Fridah Oyaro, Summer 2018. More at: https://strongercommunities.info NYC Stronger Communities | Toolkit 2 Table of Contents ORGANIZATIONAL DIGITAL SECURITY GUIDE This guide provides tools and ideas to help organizational digital security workshop leaders approach the work including a full facilitator’s guide with agendas and activities; for learners find a participant guide with homework, exercises, and a resource section. 01 03 INTRODUCTION ............................................ 4 PARTICIPANT WORKBOOK ........................................ 110 • Organizational Digital Security Right Now Introduction to the Stronger Communities • Roadmap Workshop series Self-assessment: Digital • Workshop Overview Security Bingo • Series Story • How to coordinate and plan a Stronger Workshop Participant Guides Communities workshop series • Design and facilitation tools 1. Stronger NYC Communities Workshop: • Evaluate and assess Our work is political. • Handout and activity glossary 2. Stronger Communities Workshop: Our work is both individual and collective. 3. Stronger Communities Workshop: Our 02 work is about learning from and taking care of each other.
    [Show full text]
  • Pentest-Report Nitrokey Storage Hardware 08.2015 Cure53, Dr.-Ing
    Pentest-Report Nitrokey Storage Hardware 08.2015 Cure53, Dr.-Ing. Dmitry Nedospasov, Dr.-Ing. Mario Heiderich Index Introduction Scope Identified Vulnerabilities NK -02-001 JTAG Header accessible on the Nitrokey PCB ( Critical ) NK -02-002 Weak Security Fuse Configuration ( Critical ) NK -02-003 Security Relevant Signals Routed On Surface Layers ( Critical ) NK -02-004 Microcontroller Contains DFU bootloader ( Low ) NK -02-005 Brown Out Detection Not Enabled ( High ) NK -02-006 Micro SD and Smartcard Slots lack ejection switch ( High ) NK -02-007 Current Design Lacks Tamper Switches ( Medium ) NK -02-008 No Offline Tampering Detection ( Medium ) NK -02-009 Insufficient Design Density ( Low ) Conclusion Introduction “Nitrokey is an USB key to enable highly secure encryption and signing of emails and data, as well as login to the Web, networks and computers. Other than ordinary software solutions, the secret keys are always stored securely inside the Nitrokey. Their extraction is impossible which makes Nitrokey immune to computer viruses and Trojan horses. The user-chosen PIN and the tamper-proof smart card protect in case of loss and theft. Hardware and software are both available as Open Source to allow verifying the security and integration with other applications.” From https :// www . nitrokey . com /introduction This penetration test against the Nitrokey Storage hardware was performed by one engineer over the period of 10 days. The test is one of the components within a larger scheme of security assessments, thus complimenting penetration tests of the software employed in the Nitrokey setup. The main scope of this assessment was to evaluate the security of the Nitrokey’s hardware against various offline hardware-based attacks.
    [Show full text]
  • Security of Election Announcements
    Security of Election Announcements Table of Contents | Issue | Executive Summary | Agencies | Glossary | Background | Discussion | Findings Recommendations | Requests for Responses | Methodology | Abridged Bibliography | Responses TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS i ISSUE 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 Illustrating the Threat 1 ACRE’s Use of Online Systems to Deliver Election Information 1 The County’s Current Security Methods 2 Expert Advice on Protection Against Hacking 2 Free Resources Available To ACRE 3 Conclusions 3 Recommendations 3 AGENCIES 4 GLOSSARY 4 BACKGROUND 6 Election Threats 6 Political Cyber Attacks 8 Escalating Account Compromises 9 Standard Account Protection Methods 9 “Man-in-the-Middle” Phishing Can Still Defeat Most Two-Factor Authentication 11 SMS-Based Two-Factor Authentication Has Additional Vulnerabilities 12 DISCUSSION 14 Public Trust in Election Communication 14 The DHS (and Not the ACRE) Election Security Website Lists Online Platforms Used for Election Announcements as a High Priority for Protection 14 DHS Directs Voters to County Websites for Trustworthy Election Information 14 The County’s Email Security 14 The County Can Protect Against Email Spoofing with DMARC 14 One-Time PINs for Multi-Factor Authentication Are Vulnerable to Phishing 15 The County Can Protect Email Accounts from Phishing with Physical Security Keys 16 Example from Industry: Google Employees Prevent Phishing with FIDO Physical Security Keys 17 The Cost of FIDO Keys for the Elections Staff 17 ACRE’s Website Security 18 ACRE Does Not Protect
    [Show full text]
  • Nitrokey Start
    Datenblatt Nitrokey Start Artikel-Nr.: NK-STA Hersteller: Nitrokey EAN: 4322345304206 Herkunftsland: Deutschland Zolltarifnummer: 84718000 Gewicht: 0.009 kg Der sichere Schlüssel zu Ihrem digitalen Leben. Verschlüsselt Ihre E-Mails, Dateien und Server/SSH-Zugriffe. Schützt gegen Hacker und Spionage – privat und beruflich. Dabei wird der kryptografische Schlüssel sicher im Nitrokey gespeichert und ist gegen Verlust, Diebstahl und Computerviren geschützt. Mit starker Hardware-Verschlüsselung, vertrauenswürdig dank Open Source, Qualität made in Germany. Anwendungsfälle Für jeden – Schutz gegen Massenüberwachung und Hacker E-Mails verschlüsseln Verschlüsseln Sie Ihre E-Mails mit GnuPG, OpenPGP, S/MIME, Thunderbird oder Outlook. Ihre privaten Schlüssel werden sicher im Nitrokey gespeichert und können nicht exportiert/gestohlen werden. Für Unternehmen, Kanzleien und Selbstständige – sensible Daten schützen Datenschutz gegen Spionage Verschlüsseln Sie gesamte Festplatten von Außendienstmitarbeitern mittels TrueCrypt/VeraCrypt oder einzelne Dateien mittels GnuPG. Dabei werden die privaten Schlüssel sicher im Nitrokey gespeichert. Desktop-Login Melden Sie sich an Ihrem lokalen Computer-Desktop unkompliziert mit dem Nitrokey an. Für IT-Administratoren und Sicherheitsexperten – kritische Infrastruktur schützen Server sicher mit SSH administrieren Haben Sie Ihren SSH-Schlüssel immer sicher im Nitrokey dabei. Ihr Schlüssel ist PIN-geschützt und kann nicht aus dem Nitrokey exportiert/gestohlen werden. Somit entfällt das unsichere und lästige Synchronisieren
    [Show full text]
  • The Secure Key for Your Digital Life. Encrypts Your Emails, Files and Server Access
    The secure key for your digital life. Encrypts your emails, files and server access. Protects against hackers and espionage – private and professional. The cryptographic key is securely stored in the Nitrokey and is thereby protected against loss, theft and malware. With strong hardware encryption, made reliable thanks to open source, quality made in Germany. USE CASES For Anybody – Protection Against Mass For IT Administrators and Security Experts Surveillance and Hackers – Protect Critical Infrastructure Encrypt Emails Securely Administrating Servers With SSH Encrypt your emails with GnuPG, OpenPGP, S/MIME, Securely store your SSH keys in the Nitrokey at all Thunderbird or Outlook. Your private keys are times. Your key is PIN-protected and cannot be securely stored in the Nitrokey and cannot be exported or stolen from the Nitrokey. This means exported or stolen. that you can bypass the insecure and tedious process of synchronizing key files between client systems. For Businesses, Chancelleries and the Self-Employed – Protect Sensitive Data Internet of Things (IoT) and Protecting Your own Products Protect Your Data Against Espionage Protect your own hardware products using Nitrokey Encrypt field workers’ individual files by means of integration. Ideal for remote maintenance and for GnuPG. The private keys are thereby securely ensuring product authenticity. stored in the Nitrokey. Desktop Login Log in easily at your local computer desktop with the Nitrokey. NITROKEY IS BETTER High Security Better Than Software Your private keys are always stored in the The Nitrokey hardware does not depend PIN-protected Nitrokey and are as such on an operating system and reliably pro- protected against malware, loss and theft.
    [Show full text]
  • Protecting SSH Authentication with TPM 2.0
    Protecting SSH authentication with TPM 2.0 Nicolas Iooss [email protected] Ledger Donjon Abstract. For quite some time, desktop computers have been embedding a security chip. This chip, named Trusted Platform Module (TPM), provides many features including the ability to protect private keys used in public-key cryptography. Such keys can be used to authenticate users in network protocols such as Secure Shell (SSH). Software stacks which enable using a TPM to secure the keys used in SSH have been available for several years. Yet their use for practical purposes is often documented only from a high-level perspective, which does not help answering questions such as: can the security properties of keys protected by a TPM be directly applied to SSH keys? This is a non-trivial question as for example those properties do not apply for disk encryption with sealed keys. Therefore this article fills the documentation gap between the TPM specifications and the high-level documentations about using a TPM to use SSH keys. It does so by studying how SSH keys are stored when using tpm2-pkcs11 library on a Linux system. 1 Introduction 1.1 SSH, TPM and how they can be used together When using remote services, users need to be authenticated. Every protocol relies on different mechanisms to implement user authentication: a secret password, an RSA key pair on a smartcard, a shared secret used with a TOTP (Time-based One-Time Password) application on a smartphone, etc. Many authentication mechanisms are considered highly secure nowadays (for example the ones relying on dedicated devices such as smartcards).
    [Show full text]
  • Pentest-Report Nitrokey Storage Firmware 05.2015 Cure53, Dr.-Ing
    Pentest-Report Nitrokey Storage Firmware 05.2015 Cure53, Dr.-Ing. Mario Heiderich, Jann Horn, Nikolai Krein Index Introduction Scope Identified Vulnerabilities NK -01-004 Block number is used as IV in CBC mode ( Medium ) NK -01-005 Out - of - Bounds Read in ConvertMatrixDataToPassword ( Low ) NK -01-007 OTP commands can be used without authorization ( High ) NK -01-008 OTP can be unlocked by replacing Smart Card ( High ) NK -01-009 Passwords are encrypted in ECB mode ( Low ) NK -01-010 GetRandomNumber _ u 32 mixes randomness improperly ( Medium ) NK -01-013 Encryption of uninitialized memory in HV _ WriteSlot _ u 8 ( Medium ) NK -01-014 Security Bit is bound to Firmware Updates ( High ) NK -01-015 Admin Check can be bypassed by resetting Smart Card ( High ) NK -01-016 Out - of - Bounds Read in CCID Handling ( Medium ) Miscellaneous Issues NK -01-001 One - Byte Buffer Overflow in HTML _ CheckInput () ( Low ) NK -01-002 Read access to uninitialized stack memory ( Medium ) NK -01-011 HV _ InitSlot _ u 8 zeroes encrypted slot data ( Medium ) NK -01-017 Sightings of outdated , deprecated or unused code ( Info ) Conclusion Introduction “Nitrokey is an USB key to enable highly secure encryption and signing of emails and data, as well as login to the Web, networks and computers. Other than ordinary software solutions, the secret keys are always stored securely inside the Nitrokey. Their extraction is impossible which makes Nitrokey immune to computer viruses and Trojan horses. The user-chosen PIN and the tamper-proof smart card protect in case of loss and theft.
    [Show full text]
  • Nitrokey Pro 2
    2 Der sichere Schlüssel zu Ihrem digitalen Leben. Verschlüsselt Ihre Kommunikation und sichert Zugriffe auf Ihre Accounts. Schützt gegen Hacker und Spionage – privat und beruflich. Der Nitrokey Pro hilft Ihnen, Ihre E-Mails, Festplatten und Dateien zu verschlüsseln, Server-Zugriffe per SSH zu sichern und Ihre Accounts gegen Identitätsdiebstahl abzusichern. Mit starker Hardware-Verschlüsselung, vertrauenswürdig dank Open Source, Qualität made in Germany. ANWENDUNGSFÄLLE Für jeden – Schutz gegen Massenüberwa- Für IT-Administratoren und Sicherheits- chung und Hacker experten – kritische Infrastruktur schützen Online-Accounts gegen Identitätsdiebstahl Server sicher mit SSH administrieren schützen Haben Sie Ihren SSH-Schlüssel immer sicher im Nitrokey ist Ihr Schlüssel zum sicheren Login an Nitrokey dabei. Ihr Schlüssel ist PIN-geschützt und Webseiten (z. B. Google, Facebook). Es werden kann nicht aus dem Nitrokey exportiert/gestohlen Einmalpasswörter (OTP) und gewöhnliche statische werden. Somit entfällt das unsichere und lästige Passwörter unterstützt. Synchronisieren von Schlüsseldateien auf Clientsys- temen. E-Mails verschlüsseln Verschlüsseln Sie Ihre E-Mails mit GnuPG, Open- Internet of Things (IoT) und eigene Produkte PGP, S/MIME, Thunderbird oder Outlook. Ihre schützen privaten Schlüssel werden sicher im Nitrokey Schützen Sie Ihre eigenen Hardware-Produkte gespeichert und können nicht exportiert/gestohlen durch Integration des Nitrokeys. Ideal zur Fernwar- werden. tung und zur Gewährleistung der Produktechtheit. Für Unternehmen, Kanzleien und Selbst- ständige – sensible Daten schützen Datenschutz gegen Spionage Verschlüsseln Sie gesamte Festplatten von Außen- dienstmitarbeitern mittels TrueCrypt/VeraCrypt oder einzelne Dateien mittels GnuPG. Dabei werden die privaten Schlüssel sicher im Nitrokey gespeichert. Active Directory Integration Rollen Sie Zertifikate auf den Nitrokey mittels zentralem Active Directory aus. Desktop-Login Melden Sie sich an Ihrem lokalen Computer-Desktop unkompliziert mit dem Nitrokey an.
    [Show full text]
  • The Secure Key for Your Digital Life. Stores Your Data Encrypted and Secures Access to Your Accounts
    The secure key for your digital life. Stores your data encrypted and secures access to your accounts. Protects against hackers and espionage – private and professional. With Nitrokey Storage your data is stored securely encrypted and can be kept with you securely at all times. Hidden storage allows you to plausibly deny the existence of en- crypted data. The Nitrokey Storage helps you to encrypt your emails and protect your accounts against identity theft. With strong hardware encryption, made reliable thanks to open source, quality made in Germany. USE CASES For Anybody – Protection Against Mass For Journalists – Source and Data Surveillance and Hackers Protection Protect Online Accounts Against Identity Theft Encrypt and Hide Data During Border Controls Nitrokey is your key for secure login to websites Hide sensitive data on the Nitrokey Storage so that (e.g. Google, Facebook). One-time passwords (OTP) its existence cannot be proven. Hidden data is and conventional static passwords are supported. encrypted using an additional password and cannot be distinguished from empty storage space. By Encrypt Emails default no hidden volume is used. This allows you Encrypt your emails with GnuPG, OpenPGP, to plausibly deny the existence of encrypted data, S/MIME, Thunderbird or Outlook. Your private keys for example during border controls. are securely stored in the Nitrokey and cannot be exported or stolen. Keep a Secure Operating System With you at all Times Encrypt Files in the Mobile Storage Unit in Case Securely boot Windows or Linux directly from Nitro- of Loss key Storage. Nitrokey Storage encrypts and protects Carry important data around with you, always the system against manipulation, such as the instal- automatically hardware-encrypted in the Nitrokey lation of surveillance software via „Evil Maid“.
    [Show full text]