DOCSLIB.ORG

Comparison of the Anthocyanins Composition of Five Wine-Making Grape Cultivars Cultivated in the Wujiaqu Area of Xinjiang, China

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Comparison of the Anthocyanins Composition of Five Wine-Making Grape Cultivars Cultivated in the Wujiaqu Area of Xinjiang, China Received: 2 April 2019 y Accepted: 9 July 2019 y Published: 26 August 2019 DOI:10.20870/oeno-one.2019.53.3.2460 VINE AND WINE OPEN ACCESS JOURNAL Comparison of the anthocyanins composition of five wine-making grape cultivars cultivated in the Wujiaqu area of Xinjiang, China Ke Zhang 1#, Lin Yuan 2,3 #, Qian Li 1, Rui Wang 1 and Zhen-Zhen Zhang 1* 1College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830052, China 2College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300380, China 3College of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300380, China *Corresponding author: [email protected] #These authors equally contributed to this work. ABSTRACT Anthocyanins biosynthesis are essentially determined by grape cultivar genotype. However, specific environmental and vine management conditions could alter the accumulation of anthocyanins. This study selected five wine- making grape cultivars cultivated in the Wujiaqu area of the Xinjiang region of China to investigate the profiles of anthocyanins. Results showed that a total of 15 anthocyanins were identified. Marselan contained 15 anthocyanins, whereas only 14 anthocyanins were present in Cabernet-Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc. Syrah and Petit Verdot were found to only contain 13 anthocyanins. Cabernet-Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc appeared to show the highest and lowest levels of the total anthocyanins, respectively. Cabernet-Sauvignon possessed the highest levels of the total monomeric and acylated anthocyanins, respectively. Malvidin-3-O-glucoside and its acylated derivatives (malvidin-3-O-(6-O-acetyl)-glucoside and malvidin-3-O-(6-O-coumaryl)-glucoside) were the dominant anthocyanins in these grape cultivars. Principal component analysis revealed that the acylated anthocyanins were the major anthocyanins that differentiated these grape cultivars. KEYWORDS anthocyanins, grapes, Xinjiang Region, principal component analysis, HPLC-MS OENO One 2019, 3, 549-559 © 2019 International Viticulture and Enology Society - IVES 549 Ke Zhang et al. INTRODUCTION Although some studies have reported on the performance of Cabernet Franc, Marselan and Grapes are one of the most popular fruits in the Petit Verdot , there is no related research in the world and have gained much interest in the field Wujiaqu area. The previous studies indicated that of food and nutritional sciences (Bakels, 2002). the anthocyanin content was affected by It has been confirmed that the consumption of environment conditions, soil status and grapes and wines could significantly lower the viticulture and the anthocyanin biosynthesis incidence of multiple chronic diseases, including pathway was altered by difference climate obesity, hypertension, diabetes and cancers conditions (Kliewer, 1970; Mori et al. , 2005; (Costa et al. , 2017; Iriti and Varoni, 2014). Such Xing et al. , 2015) Therefore, the anthocyanin health benefits in grapes and wines mainly result compounds and profiles of five red grapes from their high levels of antioxidants cultivated in the Wujiaqu area might be different (Frederiksen et al. , 2007). to grapes from other regions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anthocyanin Polyphenols are the major antioxidants in grapes compounds of five wine grapes in the climactic and wines and these secondary metabolites play conditions of the Wujiaqu area to help improve a vital role in the determination of the sensory the quality of the grape berries using appropriate attributes of grapes (Zhao et al. , 2010). In cultivation techniques, to evaluate the addition, polyphenols, as the major antioxidants, winemaking potential of the different grape also determine the nutritional and bioactive cultivars and to enrich variety of grape cultivars. functions of grapes and wines (He and Giusti, 2010). Anthocyanins are a major polyphenol MATERIALS AND METHODS group and they have been confirmed to exert a significant role in the appearance of grapes and 1. Chemicals and reagents wines (Frederiksen et al. , 2007). During the The external standard malvidin-3-O-glucoside grape development period, anthocyanins are was purchased from ExtraSynthesis SA (Genay, mainly biosynthesized and accumulated in the France) with a purity of 95.0 %. The HPLC skin of grapes through the conjugation of grade methanol, acetonitrile, formic acid and anthocyanidins with sugar moiety (Filippetti et acetic acid were purchased from Fisher Scientific al. , 2015). The major anthocyanins in Vitis (Fairlawn, NJ, USA). The analytical grade ethyl vinifera L. grapes include cyanidin-3-O- acetate was from Beijing Chemical Reagent glucoside, petonidin-3-O-glucoside, dephinidin- Company (Beijing, China). Deionized water was 3-O-glucoside, peonidin-3-O-glucoside and purified using the Milli-Q purification system malvidin-3-O-glucoside. These monomeric (Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA). The other anthocyanins further experience acylation and/or reagents used in the study were of analytical polymerization to form anthocyanins derivatives grade unless specifically noted. in grapes (Hrazdina and Franzese, 1974). It has been accepted that the grape cultivar genotype 2. Experimental site and grape cultivars essentially determines the anthocyanins composition, whereas environmental and Fully ripened grapes of five cultivars – Cabernet cultivation conditions could play a role in Franc (No.327, Grafted 5BB), Cabernet- affecting the accumulation of anthocyanins in Sauvignon (No.338 Own-rooted), Marselan grapes through regulating the polyphenols (C980, Grafted 1130P), Petit Verdot (Grafted metabolisms (de Freitas and Mateus, 2011). 1130P) and Syrah (No.100, Grafted 1130P) – were hand harvested in a 2017 vintage at the The Wujiaqu area of northern Tianshan mountain experimental stage at the Tangting Xianlu winery region is an important wine production area in in the northern foothills of the Tianshan Xinjiang, with the same latitude as California Mountains in the Wujiaqu area (44 20’ north, 87 and Bordeaux. The area possesses a high day-to- 53’ east, altitude 440.5m). For the experiment, night temperature difference with a long we used V. vinifera L. CV . grapevines that were sunshine duration and a high sunshine intensity. root planted in 2013. Row and vine spacing were The major soil type in the area consists of sandy set to 3.0 m and 1.0 m, respectively, with rows and/or rocky soils. These conditions are oriented in the east –west direction. A modified extremely suitable for grape cultivation. In vertical shoot positioned system was employed, recent years, the major varieties produced in this with sloping trunks and with horizontal cordons area are Cabernet-Sauvignon and Merlot . positioned 0.5 m above ground. All vines were 550 © 2019 International Viticulture and Enology Society - IVES OENO One 2019, 3, 549-559 spur-pruned with 15 –18 nodes per linear meter (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) and were normalized to one or two bunches per was used to separate anthocyanins under a 1 shot. Nutrition and pest management was carried mL/min flow rate. The mobile phase consisted out according to industry standards for the of (A) 5.0 % v/v formic acid in water and (B) specified cultivar and region, as previously 5.0% v/v formic acid in acetonitrile. An elution described (Cheng et al. , 2014). The detailed gradient was programed as follows: 0–1 min, 3 harvest information of these cultivars is listed in % B isocratic; 1–12 min, 3 %–5 % B; 12–24 Table 1. The harvested grape samples were min, 15 %–25 % B; 24–28 min, 25 %–30 %B; placed in plastic bags with dry ice and and 28–32 min, 30 %B–40 %B. The column was immediately transported to our laboratory for maintained at 25°C during the elution program further analysis. and the wavelength on the diode array detector was set at 525 nm. The anthocyanins extract was 3. Physicochemical indexes measurements filtered through 0.45 µm filters and a 20 µL The berry weight of each grape cultivar was extract was injected into HPLC. A positive calculated by weighing 100 randomly picked electrospray ionization was used under a 30 psi berries. A PAL-2 digital Brix refractometer was nebulizer, a 12 mL/min drying gas and at a used to measure the total soluble solids ( °Brix ) 300°C drying temperature. A full mass scan with of the grape berries. The titratable acidity of each 100–1500 m/z was used to record the mass grape cultivar was analyzed by titrating the grape spectrum of anthocyanins. Anthocyanins were juice pH to 8.2 with NaOH and was expressed as tentatively identified by comparing their mass gram tartaric acid equivalents per liter of juice. spectrum with a published method (He et al. , 2010b). Each grape cultivar anthocyanin extract 4. Anthocyanins extraction was analyzed in triplicate. The external standard, malvidin-3-O-glucoside, was used to quantify The extraction of anthocyanins from these grape these anthocyanins and results were expressed as cultivars followed a published method with mg/g dry grape skin. minor modifications (He et al. , 2010b). In brief, the grape skins were hand -peeled and then 6. Statistical analysis freeze-dried using liquid nitrogen. The resultant skins were grounded into powder then the skin Data were expressed as the mean ± standard powder (0.1 g) was placed into a plastic deviation of triplicate tests. One-way analysis of centrifuge tube and then mixed with 1 mL 50 % variance (ANOVA) was applied to judge the formic acid solution. The mixture was sonicated means difference under a Turkey multiple range at room temperature for 20 min and then test with a significant level of 0.05, using SPSS centrifuged at 8,000 rpm for 5 min to collect the Statistical 19.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). supernatant. The sediment was mixed with 1 mL Principal component analysis was performed of 50 % formic acid solution and sonicated at using these detected anthocyanins as variables to room temperature for another 20 min. The unveil the similarity of these wine-making grape resultant mixture was then centrifuged at 8,000 cultivars using MetaboAnalyst 2.0 (http://www.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • BILLING CODE 3510-33-P DEPARTMENT of COMMERCE Bureau of Industry and Security 15 CFR Part 744 [Docket No. 190925-0044] RIN 0694
    This document is scheduled to be published in the Federal Register on 10/09/2019 and available online at https://federalregister.gov/d/2019-22210, and on govinfo.gov BILLING CODE 3510-33-P DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Bureau of Industry and Security 15 CFR Part 744 [Docket No. 190925-0044] RIN 0694-AH68 Addition of Certain Entities to the Entity List AGENCY: Bureau of Industry and Security, Commerce ACTION: Final rule. 1 SUMMARY: This final rule amends the Export Administration Regulations (EAR) by adding twenty-eight entities to the Entity List. These twenty-eight entities have been determined by the U.S. Government to be acting contrary to the foreign policy interests of the United States and will be listed on the Entity List under the destination of the People’s Republic of China (China). DATE: This rule is effective [INSERT DATE OF PUBLICATION IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER]. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Chair, End-User Review Committee, Office of the Assistant Secretary, Export Administration, Bureau of Industry and Security, Department of Commerce, Phone: (202) 482-5991, Email: [email protected]. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Background The Entity List (15 CFR, Subchapter C, part 744, Supplement No. 4) identifies entities reasonably believed to be involved, or to pose a significant risk of being or becoming involved, in activities contrary to the national security or foreign policy interests of the United States. The Export Administration Regulations (EAR) (15 CFR parts 730-774) impose additional license requirements on, and limits the availability of most license exceptions for, exports, reexports, and transfers (in country) to listed entities.
    [Show full text]
  • Nber Working Paper Series from Fog to Smog: the Value
    NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES FROM FOG TO SMOG: THE VALUE OF POLLUTION INFORMATION Panle Jia Barwick Shanjun Li Liguo Lin Eric Zou Working Paper 26541 http://www.nber.org/papers/w26541 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 December 2019, Revised January 2020 We thank Antonio Bento, Fiona Burlig, Trudy Cameron, Lucas Davis, Todd Gerarden, Jiming Hao, Guojun He, Joshua Graff Zivin, Matt Khan, Jessica Leight, Cynthia Lin Lowell, Grant Mc- Dermott, Francesca Molinari, Ed Rubin, Ivan Rudik, Joe Shapiro, Jeff Shrader, Jörg Stoye, Jeffrey Zabel, Shuang Zhang, and seminar participants at the 2019 NBER Chinese Economy Working Group Meeting, the 2019 NBER EEE Spring Meeting, the 2019 Northeast Workshop on Energy Policy and Environmental Economics, MIT, Resources for the Future, University of Alberta, University of Chicago, Cornell University, GRIPS Japan, Indiana University, University of Kentucky, University of Maryland, University of Oregon, University of Texas at Austin, and Xiamen University for helpful comments. We thank Jing Wu and Ziye Zhang for generous help with data. Luming Chen, Deyu Rao, Binglin Wang, and Tianli Xia provided outstanding research assistance. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer-reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. © 2019 by Panle Jia Barwick, Shanjun Li, Liguo Lin, and Eric Zou. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source.
    [Show full text]
  • The Xinjiang Bingtuan in the Twenty-first Century
    Asian Studies Review March 2009, Vol. 33, pp. 83–106 Neo Oasis: The Xinjiang Bingtuan in the Twenty-first Century THOMAS MATTHEW JAMES CLIFF* The Australian National University Introduction Military-agricultural colonies have long been a feature of Chinese frontier policy, but in the late twentieth century the bingtuan1 underwent an unprecedented transformation of form, function and rhetorical justification that raises questions regarding the contemporary bingtuan’s motives, mechanisms and role models. By examining these questions, this article sets out to determine the role that is being played by the twenty-first century bingtuan, and how it diverges from the military- agricultural colonies of the past. In 1982 Deng Xiaoping declared that the bingtuan ‘‘should be different from military farms’’ (Seymour, 2000, p. 182), and in 1998 the bingtuan (which translates as Corps) officially became a corporation (a move that I shall term Incorporation). These changes were not simply rhetorical. The bingtuan had by 1999 undergone a series of major structural changes. Whereas in 1954 the organisation was subject to the authority of the XUAR2 government, by 1999 it had been gradually promoted to the same bureaucratic status as the XUAR government. The bingtuan has occupied expanding areas of Xinjiang since 1954, and the bureaucratic promotion of 1998 effectively made it a ‘‘state within a state’’.3 Despite these changes, Chinese and Western authors continue to refer to the twenty-first century bingtuan as little removed from Dynastic era forms of military- agricultural colony. Within this discourse, there is an assumption that the bingtuan of 1954 is the same organisation as the bingtuan of 2005.
    [Show full text]
  • Billing Code 3510-33-P Department
    This document is scheduled to be published in the Federal Register on 07/22/2020 and available online at federalregister.gov/d/2020-15827, and on govinfo.gov BILLING CODE 3510-33-P DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Bureau of Industry and Security 15 CFR Part 744 [Docket No. 200715-0192] RIN 0694-AI15 Addition of Certain Entities to the Entity List; Revision of Existing Entries on the Entity List AGENCY: Bureau of Industry and Security, Commerce ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: This final rule amends the Export Administration Regulations (EAR) by adding eleven entities to the Entity List. These eleven entities have been determined by the United States Government to be acting contrary to the foreign policy interests of the United States and will be listed on the Entity List under the destination of the People’s Republic of China (China). This rule also modifies or revises thirty-seven existing entries on the Entity List under the destination of China. DATE: This rule is effective [INSERT DATE OF PUBLICATION IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER]. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Chair, End-User Review Committee, Office of the Assistant Secretary, Export Administration, Bureau of Industry and Security, Department of Commerce, Phone: (202) 482-5991, Email: [email protected]. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Background The Entity List (15 CFR, subchapter C, part 744, Supplement No. 4) identifies entities reasonably believed to be involved in, or to pose a significant risk of being or becoming involved in, activities contrary to the national security or foreign policy interests of the United States. The Export Administration Regulations (EAR) (15 CFR parts 730-774) impose additional license requirements on, and limit the availability of most license exceptions for, exports, reexports, and transfers (in country) to listed entities.
    [Show full text]
  • Frontier Politics and Sino-Soviet Relations: a Study of Northwestern Xinjiang, 1949-1963
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2017 Frontier Politics And Sino-Soviet Relations: A Study Of Northwestern Xinjiang, 1949-1963 Sheng Mao University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Mao, Sheng, "Frontier Politics And Sino-Soviet Relations: A Study Of Northwestern Xinjiang, 1949-1963" (2017). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2459. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2459 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2459 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Frontier Politics And Sino-Soviet Relations: A Study Of Northwestern Xinjiang, 1949-1963 Abstract This is an ethnopolitical and diplomatic study of the Three Districts, or the former East Turkestan Republic, in China’s northwest frontier in the 1950s and 1960s. It describes how this Muslim borderland between Central Asia and China became today’s Yili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture under the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. The Three Districts had been in the Soviet sphere of influence since the 1930s and remained so even after the Chinese Communist takeover in October 1949. After the Sino- Soviet split in the late 1950s, Beijing transformed a fragile suzerainty into full sovereignty over this region: the transitional population in Xinjiang was demarcated, border defenses were established, and Soviet consulates were forced to withdraw. As a result, the Three Districts changed from a Soviet frontier to a Chinese one, and Xinjiang’s outward focus moved from Soviet Central Asia to China proper. The largely peaceful integration of Xinjiang into PRC China stands in stark contrast to what occurred in Outer Mongolia and Tibet.
    [Show full text]
  • Spatio-Temporal Trends and Influencing Factors of PM2.5 Concentrations in Urban Agglomerations in China Between 2000 and 2016
    Environmental Science and Pollution Research https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11357-z RESEARCH ARTICLE Spatio-temporal trends and influencing factors of PM2.5 concentrations in urban agglomerations in China between 2000 and 2016 Caihong Huang1 & Kai Liu1,2 & Liang Zhou3 Received: 13 August 2020 /Accepted: 20 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020 Abstract An urban agglomeration (UA), similar to a megalopolis or a metropolitan area, is a region where cities and people are concen- trated, and where air pollution has adversely impacted on sustainable and high quality development. Studies on the spatio- temporal trends and the factors which influence PM2.5 concentrations may be used as a reference to support air pollution control policy for major UAs throughout the world. Nineteen UAs in China covering the years 2000–2016 were chosen as the research object, the PM2.5 concentrations being used to reflect air pollution and being estimated from analysis of remote sensing images. The Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis method was used to study the spatio-temporal trends for PM2.5 concentrations, and the Geodetector method was used to examine the factors influencing the PM2.5 concentrations. The results revealed that (i) the temporal trend for the average values of the PM2.5 concentrations in the UAs followed an inverted U-shaped curve and the inflection points of the curve occurred in 2007. (ii) The PM2.5 concentrations in the UAs exhibited significant global spatial autocorrelation with the high–high type and the low–low type being the main categories. (iii) The rate of land urbanization and the structure of energy consumption were the main factors which influenced the PM2.5 concentrations in the UAs.
    [Show full text]
  • A Dynamic Analysis of Green Productivity Growth for Cities in Xinjiang
    sustainability Article A Dynamic Analysis of Green Productivity Growth for Cities in Xinjiang Deshan Li 1,* and Rongwei Wu 2 1 College of Environmental Economics, Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Taiyuan 030006, China 2 Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-351-766-6149 Received: 17 December 2017; Accepted: 8 February 2018; Published: 14 February 2018 Abstract: Improving green productivity is an important way to achieve sustainable development. In this paper, we use the Global Malmquist-Luenberger (GML) index to measure and decompose the green productivity growth of 18 cities in Xinjiang over 2000–2015. Furthermore, this study also explores factors influencing urban green productivity growth. Our results reveal that the urban green productivity in Xinjiang has slowly declined during the sample period. Technological progress is the main factor contributing to green productivity growth, while improvements in efficiency lag behind. Implementing stricter environmental regulation, improving infrastructure, and appropriately enhancing the spatial agglomeration of economic activities may improve green productivity, while the increase in the size of the industrial base in the near future will likely hinder green productivity growth. Based on these results, this paper puts forward corresponding policy suggestions for the sustainable development of the urban economy in Xinjiang. Keywords: Xinjiang; green productivity; GML index 1. Introduction Since the economic and political reforms of 1978, when China began to open up to the outside world, China’s economy has made remarkable achievements and has become the second largest economy in the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Staking Claims to China's Borderland: Oil, Ores and State- Building In
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Staking Claims to China’s Borderland: Oil, Ores and State- building in Xinjiang Province, 1893-1964 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History by Judd Creighton Kinzley Committee in charge: Professor Joseph Esherick, Co-chair Professor Paul Pickowicz, Co-chair Professor Barry Naughton Professor Jeremy Prestholdt Professor Sarah Schneewind 2012 Copyright Judd Creighton Kinzley, 2012 All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Judd Creighton Kinzley is approved and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Co-chair Co- chair University of California, San Diego 2012 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page ................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................. vi Vita ..................................................................................................................................... ix Abstract ................................................................................................................................x Introduction ..........................................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • China's Far West: Conditions in Xinjiang One Year After
    CHINA’S FAR WEST: CONDITIONS IN XINJIANG ONE YEAR AFTER DEMONSTRATIONS AND RIOTS ROUNDTABLE BEFORE THE CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA ONE HUNDRED ELEVENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION JULY 19, 2010 Printed for the use of the Congressional-Executive Commission on China ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.cecc.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 57–904 PDF WASHINGTON : 2010 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate Mar 15 2010 17:20 Oct 27, 2010 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 U:\DOCS\57904.TXT DEIDRE C O N T E N T S Page Opening statement of Charlotte Oldham-Moore, Staff Director, Congressional- Executive Commission on China ........................................................................ 1 Kan, Shirley A., Specialist in Asian Security Affairs, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division, Congressional Research Service ....................................... 2 Toops, Stanley W., Associate Professor, Department of Geography and Inter- national Studies Program, Miami University .................................................... 5 Richardson, Sophie, Asia Advocacy Director, Human Rights Watch .................. 8 APPENDIX PREPARED STATEMENT Toops, Stanley W. .................................................................................................... 28 SUBMISSIONS FOR THE RECORD Prepared Statement
    [Show full text]
  • Present-Day Ethnic Problems in Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region: Overview and Recommendations (Complete Text)
    Present-Day Ethnic Problems in Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region: Overview and Recommendations (Complete text) By Ilham Tohti Translated by Cindy Carter ChinaChange.org Editor’s Note: This article, a total of 24,000 characters in Chinese, was first posted on the Daxiong Gonghui (大象公会) website sometime after the Uighur scholar Ilham Tohti’s arrest in January, 2014. Daxiong Gonghui described the origin of the article in a note: “This document was written by Ilham Tohti, Associate Professor of Economics at Minzu University of China (formerly Central Nationalities University), in response to a 2011 request from high-level officials in the Chinese government. Ilham Tohti made first-draft revisions to this document in October of 2013, but was unable to complete a final draft.” The post has since been censored and is only available elsewhere as reposts. Ms. Yaxue Cao, the editor of China Change was able to confirm the origin and the authenticity of the article with Mr. Huang Zhangjin (黄章晋), the editor of the online Daxiong magazine and a long-time friend of Ilham Tohti. ChinaChange.org is pleased to present a complete translation of this important article to all who are concerned about Chinese government’s gross mistreatment of Professor Ilham Tohti who was sentenced to life in prison in September, 2014, on charges of separatism. The translation was first posted on China Change in eight installments from April 22 to May 19, 2015. Executive Summary This is a document written by Ilham Tohti, Associated Professor of Economics at Minzu University of China, in response to a 2011 request from high-level officials in the Chinese government.
    [Show full text]
  • Risk for Transportation of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease from Wuhan to Other Cities in China
    Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2605.200146 Risk for Transportation of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease from Wuhan to Other Cities in China Appendix Data We analyzed the daily number of passengers traveling between Wuhan and 369 other cities in mainland China. We obtained mobility data from the location-based services of Tencent (https://heat.qq.com). Users permit Tencent to collect their realtime location information when they install applications, such as WeChat ( ≈1.13 billion active users in 2019) and QQ ( ≈808 million active users in 2019), and Tencent Map. By using the geolocation of users over time, Tencent reconstructed anonymized origin–destination mobility matrices by mode of transportation (air, road, and train) between 370 cities in China, including 368 cities in mainland China and the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau. The data are anonymized and include 28 million trips to and 32 million trips from Wuhan, during December 3, 2016–January 24, 2017. We estimated daily travel volume during the 7 weeks preceding the Wuhan quarantine, December 1, 2019–January 22, 2020, by aligning the dates of the Lunar New Year, resulting in a 3-day shift. To infer the number of new infections in Wuhan per day during December 1, 2019–January 22, 2020, we used the mean daily number of passengers traveling to the top 27 foreign destinations from Wuhan during 2018–2019, which were provided in other recent studies ( 1–3). Model We considered a simple hierarchical model to describe the dynamics of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infections, detections, and spread.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bingtuan
    The Bingtuan: China’s Paramilitary Colonizing Force in East Turkestan 1 Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary 2 2. Bingtuan History and Propaganda 4 3. Urbanization and Expansion 10 4. Cracking Down: Prisons, Anti-Terrorism and Stability Maintenance 15 5. Employment Discrimination 21 6. Displacement and Environmental Destruction 26 7. Recommendations 33 8. Appendix 35 9. Acknowledgements 37 10. Endnotes 38 Cover image: A guide gestures to a depiction of early bingtuan migrants to East Turkestan, from a state media report on the Bingtuan Museum in Shihezi. 2 1. Executive Summary The bingtuan (also known as the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (XPCC) or in Mandarin: xinjiang shengchang jianshe bingtuan—(this report will refer to the group as the bingtuan), is a paramilitary organization in East Turkestan that answers directly to the central Chinese Communist Party (CCP) government in Beijing. Its goals are primarily colonial: develop the land in East Turkestan, secure the border, and maintain stability. Its structure reflects its paramilitary organization, with 14 divisions made up of dozens of regiments. Ethnically, the bingtuan is 86% Han, compared to the overall proportion of Han in East Turkestan, which is only 40%. The bingtuan represents one of the foremost institutions of Han dominance, and marginalization of Uyghurs and other indigenous ethnic groups, in East Turkestan. This report details the bingtuan activity with regard to propaganda, urbanization, prisons, militarization, employment discrimination, and rural policies causing displacement and environmental destruction. The report methodology includes translation of Chinese government documents, interviews with Uyghur people living overseas who witnessed bingtuan policies firsthand before fleeing East Turkestan, and research on academic and media reports in Chinese, Uyghur and English, particularly using the Uyghur Human Rights Project’s access to Uighurbiz, the website of Uyghur scholar Ilham Tohti.
    [Show full text]