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Chilopoda) Diversity in the Wielkopolska-Kujawy Lowlands of Western Poland

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Chilopoda) Diversity in the Wielkopolska-Kujawy Lowlands of Western Poland Biologia 63/5: 711—719, 2008 Section Zoology DOI: 10.2478/s11756-008-0121-0 Effect of urbanization on centipede (Chilopoda) diversity in the Wielkopolska-Kujawy Lowlands of western Poland Malgorzata Le´sniewska1,PiotrLe´sniewski2 &KrystynaSzybiak1 1Department of General Zoology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89,PL-61614 Pozna´n, Poland; e-mail: [email protected] 2Department of Logic and Methodology of Science, Institute of Philosophy, Adam Mickiewicz University, Szamarzewskiego 89 C, PL-60569 Pozna´n, Poland Abstract: Over fifty years of research data from various sources were compiled and analyzed in order to determine the effect of urbanization on centipede diversity in the Wielkopolska-Kujawy Lowlands of western Poland. Urbanization has had a significant effect on species composition and community structures. However, it has not reduced overall species richness and diversity in the centipede fauna. The centipede fauna from built-up areas was found to be rich and varied. The habitats with the highest levels of species richness were the city of Pozna´n and the beech forests in the surrounding region. Key words: Chilopoda; diversity; species richness; forests; urbanization; Poland Introduction of Wielkopolska and Kujawsko-Pomorskie in west-central Poland. This is a lowland area with maximum elevations Centipedes (Chilopoda) are a group of invertebrates not exceeding 200 m above sea level. Total annual rainfall that originally evolved in forest soils (Bornebush 1930). is lower here than in other parts of the Polish lowlands, In Europe, forest ecosystems are among the ecosys- and averages between 450 and 500 mm. Most of the area is under cultivation, and there are relatively few forests. The tems least altered by human activity. Therefore, certain area has one national park, six landscape parks, and more groups of forest centipedes are good reference systems than a dozen nature reserves (Kondracki 2002). for studying the degree to which natural communities The data used in this study were collected at 313 sites, of centipedes are affected by anthropogenic stress, es- comprising various types of forest, including alder, beech, pecially urbanization. oak, oak-hornbeam, oak-pine and marshy forests. Other There have been numerous publications on species data were obtained from various built-up areas, including diversity in centipede communities in synanthropic and Pozna´n (no. of inhabitants 565,000), Zielona Góra (120,000), ´ urban environments of Europe (Enghoff 1973; Tischler Leszno (64,000), Srem (30,000), Turek (30,000), and Pyzdry 1980; Andersson 1983; Lewis 1985; Fr¨und 1989; Zap- (3,000). The classification of environments and habitats used paroli 1992; Christian 1996; Le´sniewska 1996; Wytwer in this study largely corresponds to the classification used 1996). There have also been many publications on by the original researchers. Detailed descriptions of the re- centipede communities in forest ecosystems (Wignara- search areas can be found in the relevant works. jah & Phillipson 1977; Geoffroy 1979; Albert 1982; Wytwer 1990; Fr¨und 1991; Országh & Országhová 1997; Tajovský 1999; Tuf 2000). However, only one paper has Material and methods been published on the relationships between the urban The following published materials were used: Kaczmarek centipede fauna and the fauna of the natural habitats (1952, 1964, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1989), Zych (1989), Le´sniew- of the surrounding countryside (Wytwer 1995). ska & Wojciechowski (1992), Le´sniewska (1996, 1997, 2004), The aim of this study was to compile and analyze Le´sniewska et al. (2005). Unpublished data collected for over fifty years of research data from various sources master theses were also provided by K. Baron, M. Chi- in order to determine the effect of urbanization on cen- ciak, K. Cieplicka, M. Ciszak, A. Drewniak, I. Gonerka, tipede diversity in the Wielkopolska-Kujawy Lowlands M. Górecka, T. Gruszczy´nska, M. Kaliszak, H. Pola´nska, of western Poland. M. Rzepka, U. Smoli´nska, M. Walerowicz, M. Wilkosz and J. Wojciechowski (Table 1). These data were collected be- tween 1949 and 2005, using both qualitative and quantita- Study area tive methods. Basic data on the duration of the studies and on the methods used are presented in Tables 1 and 2. The data used in this study were collected from the Direct capture from under branches, stones, pieces Wielkopolska-Kujawy Lowlands, which lie in the provinces of bark, and other accessible micro-habitats in which c 2008 Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences 712 Table 1. Number of specimens of each of the centipede species detected in Wielkopolska, with study period and sample type. Species\Reference 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617181920 21222324Total Scolopendromorpha Cryptops hortensis Leach, 1814 [e, E] 15 44 1 + 54 2 1 6 23 + 71 43 65 325 Geophilomorpha Clinopodes flavidus C.L. Koch, 1847 [f, EA] 2+ 2 Geophilus carpophagus Leach, 1814 [e, E, 14 1 12 2 + 2 3 1 3 1 39 Naf] Geophilus electricus (L., 1758) [e, s, E] 5 1 2 1 5 + 1 3 3 1 2 1 7 22 + 2 15 71 Geophilus flavus (De Geer, 1783) [e, s, ES] 72 77 17 23 85 + 9 14 8 11 24 13 33 3 64 6 + 440 15 70 7 179 1170 Geophilus insculptus Attems, 1895 [f, E] 1 1 3 + 1 4 6 28 1 43 88 Geophilus linearis C.L. Koch, 1835 [s, E] 429 + 33 Geophilus proximus C.L. Koch, 1847 [f, E 15 1 3 + 1 1 4 + 1 26 iNA] Geophilus truncorum (Bergs¨o&Meinert, 9 3 + 8 + 5 6 61 3 29 + 46 65 235 1866) [e, E] Pachymerium ferrugineum (C.L. Koch, 1835) 54 34 17 15 1 + 1 3 1 10 + 13 149 [e, H] Schendyla furcidens Kaczmarek, 1962 [f, E] 46 6 5 + 2 2 + 1 4 23 7 96 Schendyla nemorensis (C.L. Koch, 1837) [e, 67 5 35 7 9 + 36 4 4 15 11 13 16 100 32 54 + 339 22 12 79 256 1116 s, E, Naf, iNA] Stigmatogaster subterranea (Leach, 1817) 3 + 550 553 [e, E, iNA] Strigamia acuminata (Leach, 1814) [f, E, 49 3 31 + 1 1 + 9 4 6 2 35 1 1 3 + 104 7 3 11 16 287 iNA] Strigamia crassipes (C.L. Koch, 1835) [e, E, 5 1 1 + 2 4 2 4 2 5 4 + 4 1 16 51 Naf, CA] Lithobiomorpha Lamyctes emarginatus (Newport, 1844) [e, E, 23 1 21 2 4 1 37 1 17 107 NAm, Af, Au] Lithobius aeruginosus L. Koch, 1862 [f, E] 10 2 2 + 14 Lithobius agilis C.L. Koch, 1847 [f, E] 25 25 11 + 6 15 + 30 7 2 5 15 1 13 95 7 257 Lithobius borealis Meinert, 1868 [f, E] + 1 60 8 41 5 115 Lithobius calcaratus C.L. Koch, 1844 [f, E] 26 49 + 1 + 2 3 4 4 2 2 4 2 99 Lithobius crassipes L. Koch, 1862 [e, E, Naf, 20 4 55 + 15 36 + 325 1 2 3 1 6 8 26 20 + 68 5 10 12 617 CA] Lithobius curtipes C.L. Koch, 1847 [f, P] 29 3 107 + 3 + 6 9 3 11 252 15 7 + 17 75 1 538 M. L Lithobius cyrtopus Latzel, 1880 [f, E] 3 6 + 1 10 Lithobius dentatus C.L. Koch, 1844 [f, E] 3 3 2 1 9 e ´ Lithobius erythrocephalus C.L. Koch, 1847 278 299 148 + 39 53 + 291 25 18 6 2 46 8 2 24 41 + 19 16 12 23 1 1351 sniewska [e, E] Lithobius forficatus (L., 1758) [e, WP] 268 1045 716 + 352 667 + 965 343 405 73 113 994 18 89 350 171 + 210 149 414 16 284 7642 Lithobius lapidicola Meinert, 1872 [f, E] 7 60 + 4 10 + 9 5 2 8 4 109 Lithobius macilentus L. Koch, 1862 [f, E] 2 + 18 1 + 4 6 1 1 1 34 et al. Effect of urbanization on centipede diversity Table 1. (continued) Species\Reference 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Total Lithobius melanops Newport, 1845 [e, s, E] 3 9 8 16 8 + 32 12 19 4 2 75 2 + 23 2 19 4 238 Lithobius microps Meinert, 1868 [e, s, E] 4 12 5 + 14 63 + 52 5 166 33 37 120 231 160 13 + 84 116 15 383 1513 Lithobius mutabilis L. Koch, 1862 [f, E] 33 64 199 + 1 1 + 12 32 16 1 1 50 1228 4 1433 636 45 3756 Lithobius muticus C.L. Koch, 1847 [f, E] 5 8 + + 5 1 4 23 Lithobius nodulipes Latzel, 1880 [f, E] 5 3 + 8 Lithobius pelidnus Haase, 1880 [f, E] 50 + 3 1 8 55 11 1 25 154 Lithobius piceus L. Koch, 1862 [f, CE] 7 33 5 + 3 1 + 1 4 3 2 55 35 6 155 Lithobius tenebrosus fennoscandius Lohman- 1 15 7 4 1 + 104 2 24 158 der, 1948 [f, E] Lithobius tricuspis Meinert, 1872 [f, E] 1 1 1 1 + 14 1 19 Number of specimens 1064 1708 1566 – 549 994 – 1850 486 503 310 225 1295 1662 120 501 881 390 – 3105 313 705 930 2010 21167 Number of species 27 25 24 16 27 24 31 24 20 19 18 20 20 10 1 16 17 13 18 20 12 12 15 21 37 Research period 1949 1964 1974 1968 1975 1977 1949 1978 1980 1980 1980 1980 1983 1981 1987 1990 1990 1995 1988 1987 1997 2003 2003 1988 ––– – –– – –––––– – ––––– – –– ––– 1963 1965 1975 1971 1976 1978 1980 1979 1981 1981 1982 1982 1984 1984 1989 1992 1992 1996 1992 1994 1998 2005 2004 2005 Sample type qual; qual; qual; quan; qual; qual; quan; qual; qual; qual; qual; qual; qual; quan; qual; qual; qual; qual; qual; quan; qual; qual; quan; quan; qual; qual; qual; qual; qual; ssa; ssa; ssa; sfl; dc; dc; dc; dc; dc; dc; dc; dc; dc; dc; dc; dc; sfl; dc; dc; dc; dc; dc; ls; dc; dc; ssa ls; dc sfl sfl sfl sfl sfl sfl sfl sfl sfl sfl sfl sfl pf sfl sfl sfl sfl sfl dc sfl ls ssa dc;pf Explanations.
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