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Alternatives to Diameter-Limit Timber Harvesting on the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indian Reservation: a Case Study

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Alternatives to Diameter-Limit Timber Harvesting on the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indian Reservation: a Case Study University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 12-1995 Alternatives to Diameter-Limit Timber Harvesting on the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indian Reservation: A Case Study Shane E. Gaither University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Recommended Citation Gaither, Shane E., "Alternatives to Diameter-Limit Timber Harvesting on the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indian Reservation: A Case Study. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 1995. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/3266 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Shane E. Gaither entitled "Alternatives to Diameter- Limit Timber Harvesting on the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indian Reservation: A Case Study." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Science, with a major in Forestry. Garland R. Wells, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: John R. Finger, Joe Clark Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Shane E. Gaither entitled "Alternatives to Diameter-Limit Timber Harvesting on the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indian Reservation: A Case Study." I have examined the final copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, with a major · in Forestry. Garland R. Wells, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Accepted for the Council: Associate Vice Chancellor and Dean of The Graduate School ALTERNATIVES TO DIAMETER-LIMIT TIMBER HARVESTING ON THE EASTERN BAND OF CHEROKEE INDIAN RESERVATION: A CASE STUDY A Thesis Presented for the Master of Science Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Shane E. Gaither December 1995 ii DEDICATION To my wife Sonja, whom I love with all my heart. You are my strength and my purpose. It is you �o inspires my ambitions. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank a myriad of people without whom this work would not have been possible. To Dr. G. R. Wells, thank you for the opportunity to work on this project and your indefatigable patience while developing and reviewing this work. A note of gratitude to my thesis committee members Dr. Joe Clark, and Dr. John R. Finger, thank you for your time and helpful comments. To my family, my wife Sonja, Mom and Clyde, Dad and Wanda, Michelle and Shawn, Cousin Carnell and my Grandmother Gladys, thank you for your unfailing support. To Ron and Sue Hay, thank you for your friendship and the many blessings Sonja and I have experienced in your home and the others you have led us toward. Tim Young, once my boss always by friend, must be mentioned here because it was he that motivated me in many ways to pursue a graduate degree. To the secretaries in the Department of Forestry Wildlife and Fisheries, your hard work and assistance is sincerely appreciated. I would like to thank the National Park Service and the Bureau of Indian Affairs, particularly Dwight Fielder, Scott Meneely, and Don Vandendriesche, and for their support and the Cherokee Agency Forestry staff at the Reservation Larry Blyth, Jack Bowman, Gary Sneed, and Berny for their input and hospitality on our many visits. To the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indian Reservation Tribal Council, thank you for allowing me to conduct this research on the Reservation. To the graduate students, professors, and UT staff; especially Joressia Jamison, Dr. J. T. iv Ammons, Dr. Scott Schlarbaum and Janice Branson, thank you for listening during all the gripe sessions, the advice, and the technical support on the computers. To Dr. Mark Fly, thank you for allowing myself and other graduate students to work on the computers bought for your project. Although they are mentioned last the following people will always be considered the very best of friends with whom I have shared many hunting and fishing adventures: Kirk Miles, Joe Lee, Chris Diehl, Todd Allen, Jeff Jones, and Wayne Harris, thank you. I would have gone insane but for our time spent afield. v ABSTRACT I undertook a case study concerning forest management on the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indian Reservation to assess the effects of diameter-limit cutting practices that are conducted there. Analysis of continuous forest inventory (CFI) data supplied by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) indicated that the largest forest cover type was being replaced by more shade-tolerant species, primarily red maple. My study objective was to explore and recommend alternative silvicultural systems other than diameter-limit cutting. Solutions were sought that were consistent with the forest cover types present on the Reservationand the Tribe's goals and objectives. I reviewed the silviculture of the primary forest cover types of the Reservation, multiple silvicultural systems, habitat requirements of selected wildlife species, and information concerning threatened and endangered species possibly present on the Reservation. Multiple silvicultural systems were recommended for use within eight forest cover types based on their silvicultural characteristics. Both even-aged and uneven-aged systems were included in these recommendations, including single tree selection, group selection, shelterwood, clearcut, two-aged, deferment, and variable diameter-limit. These . recommendations satisfied BIA's policy of flexibility concerning the application of silvicultural systems. vi The ultimate conclusions drawn from this study were that the continued use of diameter-limit cutting would make it difficultfor the Tribe to meet many of the goals it has set for itself and that the biological, aesthetic, and financial concerns of the Tribe can be met using silvicultural systems other than diameter­ limit cutting. vii TAB LE OF CONTENTS SECTION PAGE 1. INTRODUCTION ........... ..................................... ...................... ............. ......... 1 TRIBAL GOALS AND OBJECTIVES............................. .................................... 2 PROBLEM ......................................................................................................... 3 STUDY OBJECTIVE ...... ..... ...................... .................................. ................... 4 2. STUDY AREA . ....................................................................... ....................... .... 6 THE RESERVATION FOREST .......... ..................................... ......................... 6 LOCATION ... ..... ....... .... ............... ......... ...... .... ................ ..................... ........ 9 TOPOGRAPHY ............................ ...................................... ... .................. ........ 9 CLIMATE . ................. .................................. ................. .................................. 12 Forest Cover Types ............................. ............. .. ....................... ................ 12 Wildlife ... .... .... ..... ..... ........ ................. ................ ............................ ........... 14 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND UTILIZATION.............. .. ...... ......... .. ...... 15 3. LITERATURE REVIEW .................... ............. ........... .......... .. ........................ 20 FOREST COVER TYPES ......................... ......... .. ........ ..................... ........... 20 White Oak/Black Oak/Hickory Type .......................... ..................... ............ 21 Yellow-poplar/Mixed Hardwood Type .... ... ............ ................... ... .............. 22 Chestnut Oak Type ...... .. .............. : ......................................................... 22 Maple/Beech/Birch Type ................................... ................. .. ................ .... 23 Oak/pine type . ...... .. ..... ........... ... .. .............. ................. ............................ 24 Virginia pine/pitch pine type ........ ....... ... ........................ ............... ............ 24 WILDLIFE POPULATIONS . ................. ....... .. ................................ ................ 25 Game Species .. .................................. ............. ................. ........ ...... ........ .. 25 THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES .......... ........ .................... .... 27 SILVICULTURAL SYSTEMS............................................... ............. ....... ...... 32 Even-Aged Silvicultural Systems ............................................ ......... .. ...... 32 Uneven-Aged Silvicultural Systems .... ..................... ..... ...................... ..... .. 36 Other Modified Silvicultural Systems ............. .......... ............ .... .. ............. 38 4. METHODS AND PROCEDURES ... .. ... .................. ................. ................... 43 PETITION FOR RESOLUTION AUTHORIZING RESEARCH ............ ......... 43 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT REQUIREMENTS ...............
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