Diagnosis, Management and Pathophysiology of Central Sleep Apnea in Children ⇑ Anya T
Paediatric Respiratory Reviews 30 (2019) 49–57 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Paediatric Respiratory Reviews Review Diagnosis, management and pathophysiology of central sleep apnea in children ⇑ Anya T. McLaren a, Saadoun Bin-Hasan b, Indra Narang a,c, a Division of Respiratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada b Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Farwaniya Hospital, Kuwait c Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Educational aims The reader will be able to: Identify the different types of pediatric central sleep apnea (CSA) Describe the clinical presentation of CSA in children Discuss the pathophysiology of CSA Understand the evaluation of CSA in the pediatric population article info summary Keywords: Central sleep apnea (CSA) is thought to occur in about 1–5% of healthy children. CSA occurs more com- Central sleep apnea monly in children with underlying disease and the presence of CSA may influence the course of their dis- Sleep disordered breathing ease. CSA can be classified based on the presence or absence of hypercapnia as well as the underlying Hypoventilation condition it is associated with. The management of CSA needs to be tailored to the patient and may Children include medication, non-invasive ventilation, and surgical intervention. Screening children at high risk will allow for earlier diagnosis and timely therapeutic interventions for this population. The review will highlight the pathophysiology, prevalence and diagnosis of CSA in children. An algorithm for the manage- ment of CSA in healthy children and children with underlying co-morbidities will be outlined. Ó 2018 Elsevier Ltd.
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