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Top-Down and Bottom-Up Effects on Plant Reproduction and Dispersal in Grassland Systems Lauren Lavins Sullivan Iowa State University

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Top-Down and Bottom-Up Effects on Plant Reproduction and Dispersal in Grassland Systems Lauren Lavins Sullivan Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2014 Top-down and bottom-up effects on plant reproduction and dispersal in grassland systems Lauren Lavins Sullivan Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons Recommended Citation Sullivan, Lauren Lavins, "Top-down and bottom-up effects on plant reproduction and dispersal in grassland systems" (2014). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 14298. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/14298 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Top-down and bottom-up effects on plant reproduction and dispersal in grassland systems by Lauren Sullivan A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Program of Study Committee: W. Stan Harpole, Co-Major Professor Brent J. Danielson, Co-Major Professor Karen C. Abbott Philip M. Dixon Kirk A. Moloney Brian J. Wilsey Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2014 Copyright c Lauren Sullivan, 2014. All rights reserved. ii The truth is out there iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv ABSTRACT vii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1 References 5 CHAPTER II. NUTRIENT ADDITIONS INDUCE DIFFERENTIAL REPRODUCTIVE RESPONSE IN PLANT COMMUNITIES 11 Abstract 11 Introduction 12 Methods 16 Results 20 Discussion 21 Acknowledgements 25 References 26 Tables and Figures 33 CHAPTER III. NUTRIENT ADDITION EFFECTS ON POTENTIAL DISPERSAL DISTANCE IN GRASSLAND PLANTS 44 Abstract 44 Introduction 45 Methods 48 Results 56 Discussion 59 Acknowledgements 64 References 66 Tables and Figures 76 CHAPTER IV. HERBIVORY EFFECTS ON DISTANCE-DEPENDENT PLANT ESTABLISHMENT 93 Abstract 93 Introduction 94 Methods 97 Results 101 Discussion 102 Acknowledgments 107 References 108 Tables and Figures 115 CHAPTER V. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 121 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Stan Harpole for his advice and encouragement as my graduate mentor. I knew I was going to come to Iowa State when I asked you if there was anything I should read to prepare for graduate school, and you suggested "The Golden Compass". You have an amazing passion for science, coupled with an empathy for people that made working for you a blast. Thank you for always believing in me (and constantly telling me so). I may have seemed like I was ignoring you, but I was always listening and appreciated it. I am also immensely grateful that you gave me the support necessary to pursue my own interests, no matter how crazy it sounded. All ideas were fair game to you, and usually extremely interesting. This mentoring philosophy allowed me to stretch the bounds of my ideas about science, and science education, in ways that would not have been possible with other mentors. Good luck in Germany, the US will not be the same without you. I would also like to thank Brent Danielson for all of the support he has shown me in stepping up to be my co-advisor. Thank you for challenging me to work harder and write better. Your advice for navigating academia has been immensely helpful at all stages, and I will be following it for years to come. Also, thank you for teaching me how to gut and skin animals, and roast pigs. I will also be doing these things for years to come, so I appreciate you helping me a more well-rounded person. I would like to thank Karen Abbott for her encouraging my theory-at-heart-ness. There are not many people who have been able to make me think about science completely differently. And I enjoyed it so much I am pursuing it in the future, so thank you for that. Your ability to see problems clearly and holistically is inspiring. I would like to thank Brian Wilsey for his constant source of great plant community knowledge, good jokes, and for facilitating my first grad school class in Restoration Ecology even though everyone else dropped. That class helped me figure out what grad school was all about (i.e., thinking on your feet, thinking critically, etc), and I really appreciate your thoughtfulness. I would like v to thank Kirk Moloney for encouraging me to always remember the details. The little things are extremely important for communicating your ideas and representing yourself as a scientist, and it is not always in my nature to focus on them. I also appreciate your helpful suggestions on where to find great plants overseas. And finally, I would like to thank Phil Dixon for supporting my quest to becoming a qualified quantitative biologist. If there is one thing I have gained the most from graduate school, it is how to think critically about data, be it numbers or random variables. Thank you for encouraging me to continually improve my statistical knowledge. You helped me achieve my density. Also, thank you for reminding me that good scientists are also well-rounded in the arts and humanities. I want to thank several faculty mentors at Iowa State as well. Alicia Carriquiry for awesome stats help and for being a positive personality always, Cinzia Cervato for amazing insight on how to invest in both teaching and research at a big University, Bill Graves for a great California field trip and for various help and support when I needed it, and Jan Wiersema for all of your help in becoming a life-long-learner. And thank you to Nick Haddad for being there for me when I needed an outside ISU opinion. I want to thank the Harpole Lab for all of the great times! I need to thank Lori Biederman for all of the support, both emotionally, and mentally. It was a pleasure starting with you, and I wish you luck at ISU when I'm gone. To Brent Mortensen, and Paul Frater, you two were the best labmates I could have hoped for, especially, when thinking about all the science, I just don't understand. Remember: Mo Money, Mo Problems. I have really enjoyed working with the graduate students at Iowa State. I want to especially thank Ali Berens, Sarah Hargreaves, and Leanne Martin for all of their amazing friendship as my co-female grad students in the department. It was great going through everything with you, and I hope we can continue to support each other throughout our vi careers. To the Fallen Angels in the Outfield, you made life worth living while in Ames. To Colin Kremer, my inter-institutional labmate, thanks for all of the great advice, but also conspiring. We started and ended our PhD programs at the same time, and it was always great knowing there was someone else out there. I look forward to many future collaborations with team 25%. I am forever grateful to my family, for all of the love and support they have shown me throughout my career as a scientist, and as a human being. To my parents, Paulette Lavins and Dan Sullivan, thank you for answering a lot of late night, panicked phone calls and reminding me to a) talk slower, and b) relax. Thank you for raising me with a growth mindset, and teaching me confidence, dedication, and perserverence. None of this would have been possible without you. I also want to thank my siblings. To my sister, Rachel Sullivan, the best sister I could ask for. You are my best friend. You believe in me more than I ever believe in myself. Thank you! And to my brother, Spencer Sullivan, the yo-master with the magic foot. You have an amazing spirit. Your attitude and advice keeps me going, but Jiggly-Puff is still the best Pok´emon. Also, To R + S, - Thanks. And finally, I want to thank Ryan Williams. We make a fantastic team. Thank you for always helping me with all of my crazy projects. I am grateful for the institutional support of Iowa State University, and the Depart- ment of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology. Financial support for my graduate studies, as well as this research project came from the Iowa State University Plant Sci- ences Institute, the Iowa Department of Transportation Living Roadway Trust Fund, the Toyota TogetherGreen Conservation Leadership Program, and from the National Science Foundation (NSF). This work was supported in part by NSF DDIG DEB-1210769 to WS Harpole and LL Sullivan. vii ABSTRACT Plant reproduction and dispersal are important life history factors that influence fit- ness and spatial survival. Despite the importance of these factors, little is known about how the maternal resource environment, or co-existing biotic herbivores influences these factors in grassland communities. For my dissertation I investigated how the herbivore community (top-down factors) and the addition of soil resources (bottom-up factors) in- fluenced plant reproduction and dispersal. I found that nutrient additions had a stronger impact on the reproductive response of grassland communities than the seedling, or vege- tative response. The trends in the reproductive response also varied by functional group. Perennial plants with slow vegetative spread decreasing reproductive abundance with nutrient additions, while perennial plants with rapid, rhizomatous spread increased re- productive abundance with nutrient additions. I also found that the addition of nutrients influenced dispersal traits across three sites within the tallgrass prairie region of the mid- western United States. Nutrient additions affected the height at seed release, and the number of seeds produced per individual, but the direction of these trends were species, and sometimes site, specific.
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