Urban Suburb: How the Built Environment Influences Class Identity
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URBAN SUBURB: HOW THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT INFLUENCES CLASS IDENTITY April Braden A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December 2020 Committee: Timothy Messer-Kruse, Advisor Carolyn Tompsett Graduate Faculty Representative Benjamin Greene Rebecca Kinney © 2020 April Braden All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Timothy Messer-Kruse, Advisor Roughly 62% of Americans identify as middle-class but do not meet the middle- class characteristics long depicted in the national imagination: homeownership, savings, disposable income, and a comfortable retirement. Forty percent say they cannot cover an unexpected bill of $400. Because relying on objective characteristics like median family income, profession, and homeownership often ignore the nuances of class consciousness, this project hypothesizes a correlation existing between class and the physical environment, specifically that of post-industrial and residential landscapes. This project seeks to answer, “how does the built environment influence class identity?” Using the neighborhood of Canaryville, Chicago as a case study, this project uses an interdisciplinary methodology, historical and visual analysis, ethnography, and landscape theory, to examine the landscape's influence on class identity. It determines that a new identifiable landscape, defined as an urban suburb, can exist. An urban suburb is a densely populated urban area that alters its landscape to masquerade as suburban for class and racial identity affirmation. Urban Suburb demonstrates the performativity of landscapes. By looking at stereotypical attributes of suburban landscapes, Urban Suburb argues the transposition of those stereotypes is not confined by geographical location. Furthermore, performing the stereotypical suburban landscape is a subtle way to demonstrate both class and racial identity. Identification of the urban suburb adds to the growing body of research of understanding how race is reflected in the built environment, the performative nature of suburban landscapes, and the influence the built environment has on class identity. iv Dedicated to my family, who never let me quit. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I want to begin by thanking my Advisor, Dr. Timothy Messer-Kruse, and my committee, Drs. Benjamin Greene and Rebecca Kinney for their invaluable insight and support as my project developed and changed. I would also like to thank the School of Cultural and Critical Studies for providing me with financial support through the Dissertation Research Fellowship, Stoddard & O’Neill SCCS Fund, and the Alma Payne Scholarship. These awards provided me the time for my extensive fieldwork and the training in oral history practices and techniques through the Oral History Summer School. I would also like to thank my colleagues at Dallas College, North Lake. Not only did they make my writing less lonely, they also honored my research with the recognition as the 2018-2019 President’s Scholar. This dissertation was written across three states, the birth of my two children, and countless other obstacles. The people in my life, however, have remained steadfast. My mother supported my lofty educational choices, always took me to museums, and never ignores my historical ramblings. While my husband will never admit it, it was his idea for me to apply to a doctoral program. As a result, he gave up seven years of weekends and vacations. He found himself living in Dallas to support my career and has never complained. To my children, my father, my grandparents, and numerous aunts, uncles, cousins, and friends, thank you for bearing with me on this journey. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1 What is the Middle-Class? ............................................................................................ 9 Why Canaryville ........................................................................................................... 12 Methodology ................................................................................................................. 15 CHAPTER 1. DESCRIPTION OF SITE, CANARYVILLE .................................................. 20 History of the Stockyards.............................................................................................. 21 Naming Canaryville ...................................................................................................... 24 Early Community Life .................................................................................................. 26 Living Next to the Stockyards ...................................................................................... 32 Importance of the Irish to the Canaryville Community ................................................ 35 Census Data and Demographics ................................................................................... 42 Income............................................................................................................... 43 Race ............................................................................................................... 44 Employment ...................................................................................................... 45 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 45 CHAPTER 2. CONTESTED LANDSCAPE OF CANARYVILLE ....................................... 47 Industrial Landscape ..................................................................................................... 54 Company Towns ............................................................................................... 54 Labor ............................................................................................................... 62 Movement of Industrial Buildings Out of the Neighborhood ........................... 67 Industrial Landscapes and Deindustrialization ................................................. 69 vii Stockyard Buildings in Canaryville .................................................................. 72 Meaning and Industrial Buildings ..................................................................... 78 Zoning ............................................................................................................... 79 Commercial Landscape ................................................................................................. 83 Commercial Streets in Detail ............................................................................ 85 Meaning and Commercial Districts .................................................................. 92 Residential Landscape .................................................................................................. 93 Housing ............................................................................................................. 97 Homes and Fieldwork ....................................................................................... 101 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 103 CHAPTER 3. PERFORMING THE URBAN SUBURB ........................................................ 104 What Suburbs Look Like .............................................................................................. 104 Urban Crisis and White Flight ...................................................................................... 119 Performing the Urban Suburb ....................................................................................... 126 Importance of the Home and Homeownership ............................................................. 132 Importance of Home Architectural Style ...................................................................... 135 Historic Preservation ..................................................................................................... 145 Yards and Privacy ......................................................................................................... 150 Vacant Space ............................................................................................................... 154 Green Space, Parks, and Public Space .......................................................................... 157 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 162 CHAPTER 4. ORAL HISTORY AND CONSIDERATION OF LANDSCAPE, CLASS, AND RACE ............................................................................................................... 163 viii The Connection Between Race and Class .................................................................... 167 Redlining ............................................................................................................... 173 Race and Boundaries..................................................................................................... 181 Race and Space ............................................................................................................ 189 Performing Race and Class ........................................................................................... 192 Oral History Methods and Demographics .................................................................... 194 Language Around Class