Alexander Ollongren

Astrolinguistics

Design of a Linguistic System for Interstellar Communication Based on Logic

^ Springer Contents

Part I Calculus of Constructions

1 Types and Declarations 3 Intention 3 Typed Entities 3 Functions 5 References 7

2 Functions and Induction 9 Intention 9 Constructing Entities 9 Inductive Entities 11 Facts 14 Connectives, Continued 16 Typing Existence and Equality 17 Booleans 19 3 Hypotheses 23 Intention 23 Contradictions 23 Double negation 25 Hypotheses 28 Reference 28 4 Higher Orders and Inductive Structures 29 Intention 29 The Combinators 30 Bounded Matrjoshka 32 Syntactic Structures 35 Reference 38

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Part II Facts

5 Simple Facts 41 Intention 41 Elementary Facts 41 Non-elementary Facts, Elimination Applied 43 Annotation 1 44 Annotation 2 45 Existence Revisited 45 6 Compounds 47 Intention 47 Commutativity, Transitivity and Distributivity 47 Modus Tollens 48 Logic in Sentences 48 Complexity of the Stage 52 7 Aristotelian Theatre 53 Intention, Logic of Sentences 53 Simple Cases 54 Aristotelian Conversions 56 Logical Implications 57 Figures 60 Reference 63

8 Wittgenstein's Theatre 65 Intention 65 Introduction .! 65 Verification Machinery 67 Setting the Stage 68 Simple Facts Verified 69 Less Simple Facts Verified 70 Generalisation, More Advanced Verifications 73 Notes on Computer Implementation 74

Part III Annotations in LINCOS

9 Logic Contents of Texts 77 Intention 77 Considerations 77 An Ancient Text 78 Message Content 78 Simonides' Definition of Justice 80 Thrasymachos' Definition of Justice 80 Socrates' Definition of Justice 82 Discussion 84 References 84 10 An Astrolinguistic Experiment 85 Intention 85 About the Second Level 85 The Experiment 86 Interpretation 89 The Experience Learns 90 Appendix 91 References 91 11 Aspects of Truth 93 Intention 93 Teaching Truth 93 Verification of Truth 95 Enriching the Environment 97 Static Relations 98 Super-and Subvenience 99 12 Human Altruism 101 Intention 101 Introduction 101 Altruism 103 Moralism 103 Types of Moral Behaviour 104 Duty and Obligation 105 Summary and Conclusion 105 References 108

Part IV Interpretation of LINCOS

13 Self-interpretation Ill Caption Ill Intention Ill Disposing of ELIM 112 Conjunction 113 Disjunction 114 Inductive Self-interpretation 115 References 116 14 Pictorial Representations 117 Intention 117 Pioneer Plaque 117 A Course in Latin 118 Individuals 119 Intentions of Subjects 121 Reference 121

xi xii Contents

15 Representation of Music 123 Intention 123 Considerations 123 Musical Units in Gamelan 124 Gamelan Performance 126 Explaining LINCOS 128 Notes 129 References 130 16 Signature of LINCOS 131 Intention 131 Introduction 131 Subjects and Predications Revisited 132 Implication and Maps 132 Subjects and Predications, an Example 134 X. and the Signature 134 Note 135 Reference 135

Part V Processes in LINCOS

17 Representing Processes 139 Intention 139 Introduction 139 Sequences 140 Channels 141 Example: Productio$of Strings of Symbols 142 State Vectors 142 Example: A Producer/Consumer System 143 Example: A Producer/Client System 144 Note 145

18 Cooperating Sequential Processes 147 Intention 147 Introduction 147 Concurrency 148 Arbitration 148 Five Dining Philosophers 149 Conclusion 150 References 151 19 Hamlet in LINCOS 153 Intention 153 Introduction and Basics 153 Parallel Processes 154 The Arbiter for Parallel Processes 155 Contents xiii

Application, Opening Act in Hamlet 156 Conclusion : 158 References 159

Part VI Symbolic Computation

20 Basics 163 Intention 164 Introduction 164 LINCOS Enriched 165 Metric Two-Dimensional Space 167 Reference 168 21 Relativistic Particle Motion 169 Intention 169 Non-relativistic Space 169 Special Relativity Theory in LINCOS+ 171 General Relativity (GRT) in LINCOS+ 172 Conclusion 174 Reference 175 22 Two-Body Motion 177 Intention 177 Co-ordinates 177 Orbital Elements 178 Euclidean Metric 179 Conclusion 179 References 179

Part VII (Un)Certainty

23 Certain Existence 183 Intention 183 Introduction 183 Propositions Exist 184 AH and Lambda Binding 184 AH and Some in Existence Maps 185 Procreation 186 Conclusion 188 Reference 188 24 The Uncertain Alien 189 Intention 189 Background 189 Peirce's Law Uncertain 190 Uncertainty Risks 191 xiv Contents

Uncertainty Instead of Falsity 192 An Open Question for ETI 193 Notes 194 Reference 194

Appendix A: Declaration of Principles Concerning the Conduct of the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence 195

Appendix B: Preliminaries 197

Appendix C: History 207

Appendix D: A Gentle Introduction to Lambda and Types 217

Appendix E: Postscriptum 227

Appendix F: Summary in Russian 239

Appendix G: Curriculum Vitae of Alexander Ollongren (* 1928, Sumatra) 241

Index 243

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