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BMA BIOMEDICALS Peninsula Laboratories T-4521 Rabbit anti Peptide F (Prepro-Enkephalin A) (104-137) (bovine) Proenkephalin, also known as proenkephalin A, is an endogenous opioid polypeptide hormone which, via proteolyic cleavage, produces the enkephalin peptides [Met]enkephalin, and to a lesser extent, [Leu]enkephalin. The pre-proenkephalin gene contains four copies of Met-enkephalin and one copy each of Leu-enkephalin, the heptapeptide Met-enkephalin-Arg- Phe, and the octapeptide Met-Enkephalin-Arg-Gly-Leu. Other endogenous opioid peptides produced by proenkephalin include adrenorphin, amidorphin, BAM-18, BAM-20P, BAM-22P, peptide B, peptide E, and peptide F. Peptide F contains [Met5]enkephalin sequences at both its N terminus and its C terminus. The carboxy-terminally amidated peptide comprising the first 26 amino acids of peptide F is named amidorphin. This antibody was generated by immunization of rabbits with Peptide F coupled to a carrier protein. TECHNICAL AND ANALYTICAL CHARACTERISTICS Lot number: A04004 Host species: Rabbit IgG Quantity: 50µl Format: Neat undiluted antiserum, lyophilized, packaged under nitrogen. Reconstitute by adding 50µl distilled water. This will give the equivalent of undiluted antiserum. Stability: Original vial: at least one year at 4º - 8ºC from date of delivery. Minimize repeated thawing and freezing of the antiserum by freezing aliquots at - 20ºC or below. Applications: This antibody has been tested and validated in ELISA against Peptide F. Other applications like immunohistochemistry (IHC), FACS or Western Blot may work as well. Optimal dilutions should be determined by the end user. Please see www.bma.ch for protocols and general information. Immunogen: Synthetic peptide H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Lys-Lys-Met-Asp-Glu-Leu-Tyr- Pro-Leu-Glu-Val-Glu-Glu-Glu-Ala-Asn-Gly-Gly-Glu-Val-Leu-Gly-Lys-Arg- Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-OH coupled to carrier protein. Related Products: T-4520: Rabbit anti Peptide F (bo), purified IgG This product contains no preservative and is intended for laboratory use and research purposes only. Purchase of this product does not include authorization to use it in diagnostic or therapeutic applications. T-4521 neat serum 1.3.2021 BMA BIOMEDICALS, Rheinstrasse 28-32, CH-4302 Augst (Switzerland) Phone: +41 61 811 6222, Fax: +41 61 811 6006, [email protected], www.bma.ch .

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Characterisation and Partial Purification of a Novel Prohormone Processing Enzyme from Ovine Adrenal Medulla
Volume 246, number 1,2, 44-48 FEB 06940 March 1989 Characterisation and partial purification of a novel prohormone processing enzyme from ovine adrenal medulla N. Tezapsidis and D.C. Parish Biochemistry Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex, England Received 3 January 1989 An enzymatic activity has been identified which is capable of generating a product chromatographically identical with adrenorphin from the model substrate BAM 12P. This enzyme was purified by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatog- raphy and characterised as having a molecular mass between 30 and 45 kDa and an acidic pL The enzyme is active at the acid pH expected in the secretory vesicle interior and is inhibited by EDTA, suggesting that it is a metalloprotease. This activity could not be mimicked by incubation with lysosomal fractions and it meets the criteria to be considered as a possible prohormone processing enzyme. Prohormone processing; Adrenorphin; Secretory vesiclepurification 1. INTRODUCTION The purification of an endopeptidase responsi- ble for the generation of adrenorphin was under- Active peptide hormones are released from their taken, using the ovine adrenal medulla as a source. precursors by endoproteolytic cleavage at highly Adrenorphin is known to be located in the adrenal specific sites. The commonest of these is cleavage medulla of all species so far investigated [6]. at pairs of basic residues such as lysine and Secretory vesicles (also known as chromaffin arginine [1,2]. However another common class of granules) were isolated as a preliminary purifica- processing sites are known to be at single arginine tion step, since it is known that prohormone pro- residues, adjacent to a proline [3].
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Genscript Product Catalog 2013-2014 Genscript Product Catalog
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Sized Neuropeptides
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Design, Synthesis, Kinetic Analysis, Molecular Modeling, and Pharmacological Evaluation of Novel Inhibitors of Peptide Amidation
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Université de Montréal The Role of Protein Convertases in Bigdynorphin and Dynorphin A Metabolic Pathway par ALBERTO RUIZ ORDUNA Département de biomédecine vétérinaire Faculté de médecine vétérinaire Mémoire présenté à la Faculté de médecine vétérinaire en vue de l’obtention du grade de maître ès sciences (M.Sc.) en sciences vétérinaires option pharmacologie Décembre, 2015 © Alberto Ruiz Orduna, 2015 Résumé Les dynorphines sont des neuropeptides importants avec un rôle central dans la nociception et l’atténuation de la douleur. De nombreux mécanismes régulent les concentrations de dynorphine endogènes, y compris la protéolyse. Les Proprotéines convertases (PC) sont largement exprimées dans le système nerveux central et clivent spécifiquement le C-terminale de couple acides aminés basiques, ou un résidu basique unique. Le contrôle protéolytique des concentrations endogènes de Big Dynorphine (BDyn) et dynorphine A (Dyn A) a un effet important sur la perception de la douleur et le rôle de PC reste à être déterminée. L'objectif de cette étude était de décrypter le rôle de PC1 et PC2 dans le contrôle protéolytique de BDyn et Dyn A avec l'aide de fractions cellulaires de la moelle épinière de type sauvage (WT), PC1 -/+ et PC2 -/+ de souris et par la spectrométrie de masse. Nos résultats démontrent clairement que PC1 et PC2 sont impliquées dans la protéolyse de BDyn et Dyn A avec un rôle plus significatif pour PC1. Le traitement en C-terminal de BDyn génère des fragments peptidiques spécifiques incluant dynorphine 1-19, dynorphine 1-13, dynorphine 1-11 et dynorphine 1-7 et Dyn A génère les fragments dynorphine 1-13, dynorphine 1-11 et dynorphine 1-7.
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Neuropsychopharmacology (2015) 40, 2103–2112 © 2015 American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. All rights reserved 0893-133X/15 www.neuropsychopharmacology.org Involvement of Endogenous Enkephalins and β-Endorphin in Feeding and Diet-Induced Obesity ,1 1,2 1 1 Ian A Mendez* , Sean B Ostlund , Nigel T Maidment and Niall P Murphy 1 Hatos Center, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of 2 California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA Studies implicate opioid transmission in hedonic and metabolic control of feeding, although roles for specific endogenous opioid peptides have barely been addressed. Here, we studied palatable liquid consumption in proenkephalin knockout (PENK KO) and β-endorphin- deficient (BEND KO) mice, and how the body weight of these mice changed during consumption of an energy-dense highly palatable ‘ ’ cafeteria diet . When given access to sucrose solution, PENK KOs exhibited fewer bouts of licking than wild types, even though the length of bouts was similar to that of wild types, a pattern that suggests diminished food motivation. Conversely, BEND KOs did not differ from wild types in the number of licking bouts, even though these bouts were shorter in length, suggesting that they experienced the sucrose as being less palatable. In addition, licking responses in BEND, but not PENK, KO mice were insensitive to shifts in sucrose concentration or hunger. PENK, but not BEND, KOs exhibited lower baseline body weights compared with wild types on chow diet and attenuated weight gain when fed cafeteria diet.
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[Leu ] Enkephalin Enhances Active Avoidance Conditioning in Rats and Mice Patricia H
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Five Decades of Research on Opioid Peptides: Current Knowledge and Unanswered Questions
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BAM8-22 and Its Receptor MRGPRX1 May Attribute to Cholestatic Pruritus
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Dynorphin- and Enkephalin-Like Lmmunoreactivity Is Altered in Limbic-Basal Ganglia Regions of Rat Brain After Repeated Electroconvulsive Shock’
The Journal of Neuroscience March 1966, 6(3): 644-649 Dynorphin- and Enkephalin-like lmmunoreactivity is Altered in Limbic-Basal Ganglia Regions of Rat Brain After Repeated Electroconvulsive Shock’ T. Kanamatsu, J. F. McGinty,* C. L. Mitchell, and J. S. Hong Laboratory of Behavioral and Neurological Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, and *Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834 In an attempt to determine whether the opioid peptides derived thalamus, whereas the level of hypothalamic /3-endorphin is from prodynorphin participate in the effects of electroconvulsive unaltered (Hong et al., 1979). Our recent study, using in vitro shock (ECS), we used radioimmunoassay and immunocyto- cell free translation or blot hybridization with a rat preproen- chemistry to measure dynorphin-like immunoreactivity (DN-LI) kephalin A cDNA clone to estimate the level of mRNA coding in various rat brain regions after repeated ECS treatments. Ten for preproenkephalin A, suggestedthat the increasein hypo- daily ECSs caused a significant increase in dynorphin A (1-8)- thalamic ME-L1 after repeated ECS is due to an increase in LI in most limbic-basal ganglia structures, including hypothal- biosynthesis(Yoshikawa et al., 1985). These observations raise amus (50%), striatum (30%), and septum (30%). No significant the possibility that an increasein enkephalinergicneuronal ac- change was found in the frontal cortex or the neurointermediate tivity is related to ECS-elicited phenomena. lobe of the pituitary. In contrast, 10 ECS treatments depleted It was recently reported that the level of hippocampal dy- DN-LI in hippocampal mossy fibers by 64%.
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Big Dynorphin, a Prodynorphin-Derived Peptide Produces NMDA Receptor-Mediated Effects on Memory, Anxiolytic-Like and Locomotor Behavior in Mice
Neuropsychopharmacology (2006) 31, 1928–1937 & 2006 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0893-133X/06 $30.00 www.neuropsychopharmacology.org Big Dynorphin, a Prodynorphin-Derived Peptide Produces NMDA Receptor-Mediated Effects on Memory, Anxiolytic-Like and Locomotor Behavior in Mice ,1,2 1 2 1 2 Alexander Kuzmin* , Nather Madjid , Lars Terenius , Sven Ove Ogren and Georgy Bakalkin 1Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 2Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Effects of big dynorphin (Big Dyn), a prodynorphin-derived peptide consisting of dynorphin A (Dyn A) and dynorphin B (Dyn B) on memory function, anxiety, and locomotor activity were studied in mice and compared to those of Dyn A and Dyn B. All peptides administered i.c.v. increased step-through latency in the passive avoidance test with the maximum effective doses of 2.5, 0.005, and 0.7 nmol/animal, respectively. Effects of Big Dyn were inhibited by MK 801 (0.1 mg/kg), an NMDA ion-channel blocker whereas those of dynorphins A and B were blocked by the k-opioid antagonist nor-binaltorphimine (6 mg/kg). Big Dyn (2.5 nmol) enhanced locomotor activity in the open field test and induced anxiolytic-like behavior both effects blocked by MK 801. No changes in locomotor activity and no signs of anxiolytic-like behavior were produced by dynorphins A and B. Big Dyn (2.5 nmol) increased time spent in the open branches of the elevated plus maze apparatus with no changes in general locomotion. Whereas dynorphins A and B (i.c.v., 0.05 and 7 nmol/animal, respectively) produced analgesia in the hot-plate test Big Dyn did not.
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Inhibiting the Breakdown of Endogenous Opioids and Cannabinoids to Alleviate Pain
REVIEWS Inhibiting the breakdown of endogenous opioids and cannabinoids to alleviate pain Bernard P. Roques1,2, Marie-Claude Fournié-Zaluski1 and Michel Wurm1 Abstract | Chronic pain remains unsatisfactorily treated, and few novel painkillers have reached the market in the past century. Increasing the levels of the main endogenous opioid peptides — enkephalins — by inhibiting their two inactivating ectopeptidases, neprilysin and aminopeptidase N, has analgesic effects in various models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Stemming from the same pharmacological concept, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors have also been found to have analgesic effects in pain models by preventing the breakdown of endogenous cannabinoids. Dual enkephalinase inhibitors and FAAH inhibitors are now in early-stage clinical trials. In this Review, we compare the effects of these two potential classes of novel analgesics and describe the progress in their rational design. We also consider the challenges in their clinical development and opportunities for combination therapies. Pain is a unique, conscious experience with sensory- to the market. There is an urgent need for novel treat- Fibromyalgia A disorder of unknown discriminative, cognitive-evaluative and affective- ments for all types of pain, particularly neuropathic pain, 1 aetiology that is characterized emotional components . Transient and acute pain can be that show greater efficacy, better tolerability and wider by widespread pain, abnormal effectively alleviated by activating the endogenous safety margins11. pain processing, sleep opioid system, which has a key role in discriminating One innovative approach12 for the development disturbance, fatigue and between innocuous and noxious sensations2,3. However, of analgesics is based on the fact that the painkillers often psychological distress.
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