Development of Stupa Architecture in India
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Are These the Buddha Bones?
1 ARE THESE THE BUDDHA BONES? By Chan Khoon San After our Pilgrimage in 2002, we visited the Indian Museum in Delhi and saw the bone fragments found by the English planter W.C. Peppe in 1898 when he excavated the Piprahwa stupa in Basti District, Uttar Pradesh, India. Some of the excavated bone pieces were displayed in a miniature golden pavilion donated by the Government of Thailand. We were filled with immense joy at the sight such ‘sacred objects’, worshiping them with great enthusiasm. I took several photos of the bone fragments for remembrance. (See Plate 1) When we returned home, I took a second look at the bone fragments in my photos. That was when I began to have doubts about their authenticity. According to Thupavamsa, [1] the Buddha Gotama’s relics were scattered and may be divided into three sizes. The small relic has the size of a mustard seed, the great relic the size of a rice grain and the very great relic the size of a sprouted seed. But the bone relics that I saw were mega-size and looked suspicious. In 2004, when we visited Mulagandhakuti Vihara in Sarnath, we were shown a Buddha bone relic of 2 nd century AD discovered in 1913 by British archaeologist Sir John Marshall at the Dhammarajika Stupa in Taxila, Pakistan. The size and condition of this Buddha relic matched the description in Thupavamsa. This reinforced my doubts about the authenticity of the bones of Piprahwa stupa. In May 2013, the National Geographic screened a documentary about the Piprahwa stupa entitled “The Bones of the Buddha”, claiming that the area at Piprahwa stupa is the site of the Sakyan capital Kapilavastu, and that the bones found were the bones of the Buddha. -
Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art
Rienjang and Stewart (eds) Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art Edited by Wannaporn Rienjang Peter Stewart Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art Since the beginning of Gandhāran studies in the nineteenth century, chronology has been one of the most significant challenges to the understanding of Gandhāran art. Many other ancient societies, including those of Greece and Rome, have left a wealth of textual sources which have put their fundamental chronological frameworks beyond doubt. In the absence of such sources on a similar scale, even the historical eras cited on inscribed Gandhāran works of art have been hard to place. Few sculptures have such inscriptions and the majority lack any record of find-spot or even general provenance. Those known to have been found at particular sites were sometimes moved and reused in antiquity. Consequently, the provisional dates assigned to extant Gandhāran sculptures have sometimes differed by centuries, while the narrative of artistic development remains doubtful and inconsistent. Building upon the most recent, cross-disciplinary research, debate and excavation, this volume reinforces a new consensus about the chronology of Gandhāra, bringing the history of Gandhāran art into sharper focus than ever. By considering this tradition in its wider context, alongside contemporary Indian art and subsequent developments in Central Asia, the authors also open up fresh questions and problems which a new phase of research will need to address. Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art is the first publication of the Gandhāra Connections project at the University of Oxford’s Classical Art Research Centre, which has been supported by the Bagri Foundation and the Neil Kreitman Foundation. -
Buddhist Pilgrimage
Published for free distribution Buddhist Pilgrimage New Edition 2009 Chan Khoon San ii Sabbadanam dhammadanam jinati. The Gift of Dhamma excels all gifts. The printing of this book for free distribution is sponsored by the generous donations of Dhamma friends and supporters, whose names appear in the donation list at the end of this book. ISBN 983-40876-0-8 © Copyright 2001 Chan Khoon San irst Printing, 2002 " 2000 copies Second Printing 2005 " 2000 copies New Edition 2009 − 7200 copies All commercial rights reserved. Any reproduction in whole or part, in any form, for sale, profit or material gain is strictly prohibited. However, permission to print this book, in its entirety, for free distribution as a gift of Dhamma, is allowed after prior notification to the author. New Cover Design ,nset photo shows the famous Reclining .uddha image at Kusinara. ,ts uni/ue facial e0pression evokes the bliss of peace 1santisukha2 of the final liberation as the .uddha passes into Mahaparinibbana. Set in the background is the 3reat Stupa of Sanchi located near .hopal, an important .uddhist shrine where relics of the Chief 4isciples and the Arahants of the Third .uddhist Council were discovered. Printed in ,uala -um.ur, 0alaysia 1y 5a6u6aya ,ndah Sdn. .hd., 78, 9alan 14E, Ampang New Village, 78000 Selangor 4arul Ehsan, 5alaysia. Tel: 03-42917001, 42917002, a0: 03-42922053 iii DEDICATI2N This book is dedicated to the spiritual advisors who accompanied the pilgrimage groups to ,ndia from 1991 to 2008. Their guidance and patience, in helping to create a better understanding and appreciation of the significance of the pilgrimage in .uddhism, have made those 6ourneys of faith more meaningful and beneficial to all the pilgrims concerned. -
Material Culture and Asian Religions Text, Linage, Object
Material Culture and Asian Religions Text, linage, Object Edited by Benjamin J. Fleming and Richard D. Mann I~ ~~o~~~~n~~~p NEW YORK AND LONDON First published 2014 b) Routledge 711 Third Avenue, Ne" York, NY 10017 and b) Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Parl... Abingdon, Oxon OX 14 4RN Routledge is an impri111 q(1he Taylor & Francis Group, a11 informa business C 2014 Taylor & Francis The right of the editors to be identified as the author of the editorial material. and of the: authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance 11 ith sections 77 and 78 of the Cop)-right, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book ma~ be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in an1 form or b1 am electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or he;eafter ime~ted: including photocop) ing and recording, or in an) information storage or retrieval S) stem, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark 1'otice: Product or corporate names ma) be trademarks or registered trademarl~. and are used onl) for identification and explanation "ithout intent to infringe. library ofCongress Ca1alogi11g-in-Publication Dala Material culture and Asian religions: te'l.t, image, object I edited by Benjamin J. Fleming and Richard D. Mann. - 1 [edition]. pages cm. - (Routledge research in religion, media and culture; 4) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Asia-Religion. 2. material culture- Asia. 3. Material culture-Religious aspects. I. Fleming, Benjamin J., 1967-, editor of compilation. RLI033.M38 2014 200.95-<lc23 2013041860 ISBr-i: 978-0-415-84378-2 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-203-75303-3 (ebk) T~ pcset in limes New Roman b) Apex CoVantage , LLC Contents List ofFigures xiii A bbnn.·iations XVII A cknoll'ledgments XIX Introduction: Material Culture and Religious Studies BE'\J,\ \'If'\' J. -
Buddha Speaks Mahayana Sublime Treasure King Sutra (Also Known As:) Avalokitesvara-Guna-Karanda-Vyuha Sutra Karanda-Vyuha Sutra
Buddha speaks Mahayana Sublime Treasure King Sutra (Also known as:) Avalokitesvara-guna-karanda-vyuha Sutra Karanda-vyuha Sutra (Tripitaka No. 1050) Translated during the Song Dynasty by Kustana Tripitaka Master TinSeekJoy Chapter 1 Thus I have heard: At one time, the Bhagavan was in the Garden of the Benefactor of Orphans and the Solitary, in Jeta Grove, (Jetavana Anathapindada-arama) in Sravasti state, accompanied by 250 great Bhiksu(monk)s, and 80 koti Bodhisattva-Mahasattvas, whose names are: Vajra-pani(Diamond-Hand) Bodhisattva-Mahasattva, Wisdom-Insight Bodhisattva-Mahasattva, Vajra-sena(Diamond-Army) Bodhisattva-Mahasattva, Secret- Store Bodhisattva-Mahasattva, Akasa-garbha(Space-Store) Bodhisattva-Mahasattva, Sun- Store Bodhisattva-Mahasattva, Immovable Bodhisattva-Mahasattva, Ratna- pani(Treasure-Hand) Bodhisattva-Mahasattva, Samanta-bhadra(Universal-Goodness) Bodhisattva-Mahasattva, Achievement of Reality and Eternity Bodhisattva-Mahasattva, Eliminate-Obstructions(Sarva-nivaraNaviskambhin) Bodhisattva-Mahasattva, Great Diligence and Bravery Bodhisattva-Mahasattva, Bhaisajya-raja(Medicine-King) Bodhisattva-Mahasattva, Avalokitesvara(Contemplator of the Worlds' Sounds) Bodhisattva-Mahasattva, Vajra-dhara(Vajra-Holding) Bodhisattva-Mahasattva, Ocean- Wisdom Bodhisattva-Mahasattva, Dharma-Upholding Bodhisattva-Mahasattva, and so on. At that time, there were also many gods of the 32 heavens, leaded by Mahesvara(Great unrestricted God) and Narayana, came to join the congregation. They are: Sakra Devanam Indra the god of heavens, Great -
Integrated Urban Development Project- Siddharthanagar Municipality
Draft Initial Environmental Examination September 2011 NEP: Integrated Urban Development Project- Siddharthanagar Municipality Prepared by the Government of Nepal, Ministry of Physical Planning and Works for the Asian Development Bank. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 5 August 2011) Currency unit – Nepalese rupee (NRs/NRe) NRs1.00 = $0.01391 $1.00 = NRs 71.874 ABBREVIATIONS ADB - Asian Development Bank CBO - community building organization CLC - City Level Committees CPHEEO - Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization CTE - Consent to Establish CTO - Consent to Operate DSMC - Design Supervision Management Consultant EAC - Expert Appraisal Committee EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment EMP - Environmental Management Plan GRC - Grievance Redress Committee H&S - health and safety IEE - initial environmental examination IPCC - Investment Program Coordination Cell lpcd - liters per capita per day MFF - Multitranche Financing Facility MSW - municipal solid waste NEA - national-level Executing Agency NGO - nongovernmental organization NSC - National level Steering Committee O&M - operation and maintenance PMIU - Project Management and Implementation Unit PSP - private sector participation SEA - State-level Executing Agency SEIAA - State Environment Impact Assessment Authority SIPMIU - State-level Investment Program Management and Implementation Units SPS - Safeguard Policy Statement TOR - terms of reference UD&PAD - Urban Development & Poverty Alleviation Department UDD - Urban Development Department ULB - urban local body WEIGHTS AND MEASURES dbA – decibels ha – hectare km – kilometer km2 – square kilometer l – liter m – meter m2 – square meter M3 – cubic meter MT – metric tons MTD – metric tons per day NOTE In this report, "$" refers to US dollars. This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. -
ANSWERED ON:25.11.2014 TOURIST SITES Singh Shri Rama Kishore
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA TOURISM LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO:403 ANSWERED ON:25.11.2014 TOURIST SITES Singh Shri Rama Kishore Will the Minister of TOURISM be pleased to state: (a) whether tourist sites have been categorised grade-wise in the country and if so, the details thereof; (b) the details of tourist sites covered under Buddhist circuit and developed as world heritage tourist sites during the last three years and the current year; (c) whether the Government has any tourism related proposals for Vaishali in Bihar including financial assistance; and (d) if so, the details thereof? Answer MINISTER OF STATE FOR TOURISM (INDEPENDENT CHARGE) (DR. MAHESH SHARMA) (a): Madam. At present there is no grade wise categorization of tourist sites. (b): The Ministry of Tourism has identified following three circuits to be developed as Buddhist Circuits in the country with the help of Central Government/State Government/Private stake holders: Circuit 1: The Dharmayatra or the Sacred Circuit - This will be a 5 to 7 days circuit and will include visits to Gaya (Bodhgaya), Varanasi (Sarnath), Kushinagar, Piparva (Kapilvastu) with a day trip to Lumbini in Nepal. Circuit 2: Extended Dharmayatra or Extended Sacred Circuit or Retracing Buddha's Footsteps - This will be a 10 to 15 day circuit and will include visits to Bodhgaya (Nalanda, Rajgir, Barabar caves, Pragbodhi Hill, Gaya), Patna (Vaishali, Lauriya Nandangarh, Lauriya Areraj, Kesariya, Patna Museum), Varanasi (Sarnath), Kushinagar, Piparva (Kapilvastu, Shravasti, Sankisa) with a day trip to Lumbini in Nepal. Circuit 3: Buddhist Heritage Trails (State Circuits). i. Jammu and Kashmir - Ladakh, Srinagar (Harwan, Parihaspora) and Jammu (Ambaran). -
Buddhist Pilgrimage
Published for free distribution Buddhist Pilgrimage ew Edition 2009 Chan Khoon San ii Sabbadanam dhammadanam jinati. The Gift of Dhamma excels all gifts. The printing of this book for free distribution is sponsored by the generous donations of Dhamma friends and supporters, whose names appear in the donation list at the end of this book. ISB: 983-40876-0-8 © Copyright 2001 Chan Khoon San First Printing, 2002 – 2000 copies Second Printing 2005 – 2000 copies New Edition 2009 − 7200 copies All commercial rights reserved. Any reproduction in whole or part, in any form, for sale, profit or material gain is strictly prohibited. However, permission to print this book, in its entirety , for free distribution as a gift of Dhamma , is allowed after prior notification to the author. ew Cover Design Inset photo shows the famous Reclining Buddha image at Kusinara. Its unique facial expression evokes the bliss of peace ( santisukha ) of the final liberation as the Buddha passes into Mahaparinibbana. Set in the background is the Great Stupa of Sanchi located near Bhopal, an important Buddhist shrine where relics of the Chief Disciples and the Arahants of the Third Buddhist Council were discovered. Printed in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia by: Majujaya Indah Sdn. Bhd., 68, Jalan 14E, Ampang New Village, 68000 Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. Tel: 03-42916001, 42916002, Fax: 03-42922053 iii DEDICATIO This book is dedicated to the spiritual advisors who accompanied the pilgrimage groups to India from 1991 to 2008. Their guidance and patience, in helping to create a better understanding and appreciation of the significance of the pilgrimage in Buddhism, have made those journeys of faith more meaningful and beneficial to all the pilgrims concerned. -
Maps of Ancient Buddhist India
Maps of Ancient Buddhist India drawn and compiled by ânandajoti Bhikkhu (Revised February 2012) Maps of Ancient Buddhist India Table of Contents Preface.....3 The Growth of the Dispensation.....5 The Buddha's Early Career.....16 The Realised One's Rain's Retreats.....18 The Realised One's Last Tour.....20 The Distribution of the Relics.....22 The Four Places that Produce Enthusiasm.....24 Bàvarã's Students' Walk across Ancient India.....26 The 16 Great States.....28 The Five Great Rivers.....30 Mount Sineru and Lake Anotatta.....32 Asoka's Edicts.....34 Asoka's Missions.....36 Where the Dhammapada-s were found.....40 2 Maps of Ancient Buddhist India Preface Here you will find presented a number of maps of Buddhist places in Ancient India to help as a reference for those interested in understanding the geography of places and the demographic distribution of peoples mentioned in the Buddhist texts. A number of them have been prepared specially for this section, and others accompany particular texts and translations that are presented elsewhere on this website. The intention is to add to this section as and when the need arises. I have included modern place names in some of the maps so as to help orientate the reader, who may not be familiar with the geography of India. I have also annotated the maps to give sources and further relevant information that could not be included elsewhere. My main sources for information in compiling the maps have been the following: Geography of Early Buddhism by B.C. Law; Dictionary of Pàli Proper Names by G.P. -
The Gandavyuha-Sutra : a Study of Wealth, Gender and Power in an Indian Buddhist Narrative
The Gandavyuha-sutra : a Study of Wealth, Gender and Power in an Indian Buddhist Narrative Douglas Edward Osto Thesis for a Doctor of Philosophy Degree School of Oriental and African Studies University of London 2004 1 ProQuest Number: 10673053 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10673053 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Abstract The Gandavyuha-sutra: a Study of Wealth, Gender and Power in an Indian Buddhist Narrative In this thesis, I examine the roles of wealth, gender and power in the Mahay ana Buddhist scripture known as the Gandavyuha-sutra, using contemporary textual theory, narratology and worldview analysis. I argue that the wealth, gender and power of the spiritual guides (kalyanamitras , literally ‘good friends’) in this narrative reflect the social and political hierarchies and patterns of Buddhist patronage in ancient Indian during the time of its compilation. In order to do this, I divide the study into three parts. In part I, ‘Text and Context’, I first investigate what is currently known about the origins and development of the Gandavyuha, its extant manuscripts, translations and modern scholarship. -
The Edicts of King Ashoka
THE EDICTS OF KING ASHOKA An English rendering by Ven. S. Dhammika THE EDICTS OF KING ASHOKA Table of Contents THE EDICTS OF KING ASHOKA........................................................................................................................1 An English rendering by Ven. S. Dhammika.................................................................................................1 PREFACE......................................................................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................................2 THE FOURTEEN ROCK EDICTS...............................................................................................................4 KALINGA ROCK EDICTS..........................................................................................................................8 MINOR ROCK EDICTS...............................................................................................................................9 THE SEVEN PILLAR EDICTS..................................................................................................................10 THE MINOR PILLAR EDICTS..................................................................................................................13 NOTES.........................................................................................................................................................13 -
Symbolism of the Buddhist Stūpa
THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF BUDDHIST STUDIES CO-EDITORS-IN-CHIEF Gregory Schopen Roger Jackson Indiana University Fairfield University Bloomington, Indiana, USA Fairfield, Connecticut, USA EDITORS Peter N. Gregory Ernst Steinkellner University of Illinois University of Vienna Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA Wien, Austria Alexander W. Macdonald Jikido Takasaki Universite de Paris X University of Tokyo Nanterre, France Tokyo, Japan Bardxvell Smith Robert Thurman Carleton College Amherst College Northfteld, Minnesota, USA Amherst, Massachusetts, USA ASSISTANT EDITOR Bruce Cameron Hall College of William and Mary Williamsburg, Virginia, USA Volume 9 1986 Number 2 CONTENTS I. ARTICLES 1. Signs, Memory and History: A Tantric Buddhist Theory of Scriptural Transmission, by Janet Gyatso 7 2. Symbolism of the Buddhist Stupa, by Gerard Fussman 37 3. The Identification of dGa' rab rdo rje, by A. W. Hanson-Barber 5 5 4. An Approach to Dogen's Dialectical Thinking and Method of Instantiation, by Shohei Ichimura 65 5. A Report on Religious Activity in Central Tibet, October, 1985, by Donald S. Lopez, Jr. and Cyrus Stearns 101 6. A Study of the Earliest Garbha Vidhi of the Shingon Sect, by Dale Allen Todaro 109 7. On the Sources for Sa skya Panclita's Notes on the "bSam yas Debate," by Leonard W.J. van der Kuijp 147 II. BOOK REVIEWS 1. The Bodymind Experience in Japanese Buddhism: A Phenomenological Study ofKukai and Dogen, by D. Shaner (William Waldron) 155 2. A Catalogue of the s Tog Palace Kanjur, by Tadeusz Skorupski (Bruce Cameron Hall) 156 3. Early Buddhism and Christianity: A Comparative Study of the Founders' Authority, the Community, and the Discipline, by Chai-Shin Yu (Vijitha Rajapakse) 162 4.