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Parks As Symbols of Political Regimes' Approaches to The PARKS AS SYMBOLS OF POLITICAL REGIMES’ APPROACHES TO THE ENVIRONMENT: A COMPARATIVE HISTORICAL STUDY OF BUDAPEST VÁROSLIGET AND BERLIN TIERGARTEN By Emma Gothár Submitted to Central European University Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Supervisor: Dr Alexios Antypas Budapest, Hungary 2017 CEU eTD Collection Notes on copyright and the ownership of intellectual property rights (1) Copyright in text of this thesis rests with the Author. Copies (by any process) either in full, or of extracts, may be made only in accordance with instructions given by the Author and lodged in the Central European University Library. Details may be obtained from the Librarian. This page must form part of any such copies made. Further copies (by any process) of copies made in accordance with such instructions may not be made without the permission (in writing) of the Author. (2) The ownership of any intellectual property rights which may be described in this thesis is vested in the Central European University, subject to any prior agreement to the contrary, and may not be made available for use by third parties without the written permission of the University, which will prescribe the terms and conditions of any such agreement. (3) For bibliographic and reference purposes this thesis should be referred to as: Gothár, E. 2017. Parks as symbols of political regimes’ approaches to the environment: A comparative historical study of Budapest Városliget and Berlin Tiergarten. Master of Science thesis, Central European University, Budapest. Further information on the conditions under which disclosures and exploitation may take place is available from the Head of the Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy, Central European University. CEU eTD Collection i Author’s declaration No portion of the work referred to in this thesis has been submitted in support of an application for another degree or qualification of this or any other university or other institute of learning. Emma GOTHÁR CEU eTD Collection ii ABSTRACT The analysis of different political systems’ approaches to the environment is essential, since they influence decisions about environmental issues. Urban public parks are indicators of the environment and hence, the approaches of diverse political regimes to these parks indicate their approaches to the environment in wider sense. The comparative historical study of Budapest Városliget and Berlin Tiergarten based on qualitative methods and secondary research has examined how these parks symbolize different political regimes’ approaches to the environment, including environmental and broader political values in different periods of history under diverse political systems. Based on the Városliget example, it has been explored, how the approach of the Hungarian illiberal democratic regime to the environment differs from other political systems’ approaches, and what its main characteristics are. Diverse environmental, political, social, cultural and historical values and functions of the Városliget and the Tiergarten have been interlinked over the parks’ histories with multifaceted significances. Whereas during its history the Tiergarten’s ecological values have been predominantly seen as privileged assets compared to any other values attached to the park, the Városliget has been several times overloaded by extra, often environmentally damaging functions. The Városliget’s reconstruction to a Museum Quarter initiated by the current Hungarian government would make the final step towards the permanent urbanization of Europe’s oldest public park. Based on the Városliget example, the Hungarian illiberal democracy has ecologically controversial priorities and its approach to the park is characterized by the domination of representative functions and symbolic power demonstration counterplotted with environmental values. Keywords: public park, history, environment, political regimes, Budapest Városliget, Berlin Tiergarten, illiberal democracy, Museum Quarter CEU eTD Collection iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to thank to my supervisor Professor Dr Alexios Antypas of the Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy at the Central European University for his support and valuable comments throughout my thesis research. I offer my sincerest gratitude to Professor Dr Alan Watt of the Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy at the Central European University who has encouraged me with his insightful suggestions and remarks. His guidance helped me to provide a clear structure and a logical flow of arguments for my thesis. I would also like to acknowledge Dr Borbála Faragó of the Center for Academic Writing at the Central European University and Dr Alan Watt for their valuable and useful guidance in academic writing. I am grateful to all the participants of the Thesis Presentation Colloquium, to both professors and students of the Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy, who gave me helpful comments and asked illuminating questions. A special gratitude goes to the Central European University for supporting me with exceptional academic background and facilities over my studies at the Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy, and to the Central European University Budapest Foundation for helping and providing the funding for my research. I owe my deepest gratitude to Anikó B. Nagy for her invaluable support by discussing my thesis topic, for her constructive comments, enormous tolerance and warm encouragement. Without her persistent help this thesis would not have materialized. CEU eTD Collection iv Table of contents 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Broad Background ............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Research Questions ............................................................................................................ 5 1.3 Aims and Objectives .......................................................................................................... 5 1.3.1 Aims ............................................................................................................................ 5 1.3.2 Objectives ................................................................................................................... 6 1.4 Methods and Thesis Outline .............................................................................................. 6 2 Literature Review ..................................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Parks as Symbols ............................................................................................................... 9 2.1.1 The Nexus of Environment and Culture ................................................................... 10 2.1.2 Public Parks as Public Spheres ................................................................................. 12 2.1.3 Relation to political systems ..................................................................................... 15 2.1.4 Reflection of Liberal and Democratic Values .......................................................... 17 2.2 History and Present of City Parks .................................................................................... 20 2.2.1 Budapest Városliget .................................................................................................. 21 2.2.2 Berlin Tiergarten ....................................................................................................... 23 3 Methods .................................................................................................................................. 27 4 History of Budapest Városliget and Berlin Tiergarten in the Context of Political Systems .. 31 4.1 Budapest Városliget ......................................................................................................... 31 CEU eTD Collection 4.1.1 Establishment ............................................................................................................ 31 4.1.2 Golden Age ............................................................................................................... 33 4.1.3 Exhibitions in the Városliget .................................................................................... 39 v 4.1.4 Turn of the Century and the World Wars ................................................................. 45 4.1.5 Stalinist Dictatorship, Socialist Era and Regime Change ......................................... 48 4.2 Berlin Tiergarten .............................................................................................................. 52 4.2.1 Establishment ............................................................................................................ 52 4.2.2 Golden Age ............................................................................................................... 54 4.2.3 Park in the Weimar Republic .................................................................................... 57 4.2.4 The Nazi Regime: Reconstruction, Damage and Restoration .................................. 58 4.2.5 West Berlin and the Regime Change ........................................................................ 64 4.3 Historical Comparison ....................................................................................................
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