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Ordem Neuroptera (Neuron = Veias; Pteron = Asas) Família Sisyridae

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Ordem Neuroptera (Neuron = Veias; Pteron = Asas) Família Sisyridae Ordem Neuroptera (neuron = veias; pteron = asas) Família Sisyridae Neusa Hamada1, Ana Maria Oliveira Pes1, Rafael Boldrini2 Neuroptera é composta por 17 famílias, duas destas - Sisyridae e Nevrorthidae - são consideradas aquáticas uma vez que as larvas desenvolvem-se em ambiente aquático; a primeira família tem distribuição mundial, mas a segunda é restrita para o Mediterrâneo, Japão, Taiwan e Austrália. Uma terceira família, Osmylidae, é considerada dependente da água, mas, muito pouco se conhece sobre sua biologia (Cover e Resh 2008). No presente capítulo apenas informações sobre Sisyridae são apresentadas. Família Sisyridae Diagnose. Adulto de pequeno porte (6-8mm), hipognata, vértice convexo, antenas geralmente filiformes, ocelos ausentes; asas ovais, com macrotríquias e numerosas veias em forma de forquilha nas margens, veias costais não furcadas. Pupa exarata, mandíbulas fortes, casulo composto por duas camadas de seda, a externa com tramas mais abertas do que a interna. Larva com cutícula pouco esclerosada, peças bucais alongadas e flexíveis, em forma de estilete, antenas filiformes; pernas delgadas com uma única garra; tórax e abdômen com tubérculos dorsais e inúmeras cerdas; brânquias abdominais segmentadas e ventrais. Anatomia externa Adulto (Figura 1). Com 6-8 mm de comprimento; coloração, geralmente, pálida; assemelha-se a pequenos Trichoptera por apresentar cerdas e manter as asas em forma de tenda sobre o corpo. Cabeça. Com vértice convexo, olhos compostos grandes, ocelos ausentes, antena moniliforme, longa e setosa. Palpo maxilar com 5 segmentos e palpos labiais com 3 segmentos, ambos com um segmento apical expandido; mandíbulas bem desenvolvidas. Tórax. As asas são ovais com numerosas veias em forma de forquilha nas margens; macrotríquias distribuídas principalmente ao longo das veias das asas e nas margens; veias costais não furcadas. Pernas cursoriais, tarsos com cinco segmentos e com um par de garras curvadas. Abdômen. Não esclerosado, com 10 segmentos, tergitos e esternitos de alguns segmentos moderadamente esclerosados. Ovipositor tubular, que se estende dorsalmente quando em repouso. O macho com genitália elaborada com o esterno 10 modificado em um par de clasper. 1 Laboratório de Citotaxonomia e Insetos Aquáticos, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia. Avenida André Araújo 2936, CEP 69067-375 Manaus, AM, Brasil. 2 Centro de Estudos da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Roraima, Campus Paricarana, CEP 69310-000 Boa Vista, RR, Brasil. 343 Figura 1. Vista lateral de Sisyridae (Neuroptera) adulto. Nota: região mediana a distal das antenas e microtríquias das asas e tórax não ilustradas. Imaturos Ovos. Alongados, aproximadamente 0,35 mm de comprimento, região micropilar curta; coloração esbranquiçada ao ser depositado, de acordo com o desenvolvimento do embrião a coloração escurece. Figura 2. Ovos de Sisyridae (Neuroptera) cobertos com uma teia de seda. Ovos depositados em grupos de 1 a 22, embora a média seja entre 2 a 5 (Brown 1952; Elliot 1996) e recobertos por fina teia de seda (Figura 2) produzida pela fêmea. O embrião é envolto por uma fina cutícula amniótica onde se encontra uma estrutura (egg-saw) localizada entre os estemas do embrião, utilizada para romper o córion e permitir a eclosão da larva (Brown 1952). Larva (último estádio) (Figuras 3-4). Com cerca de 4 mm de comprimento, corpo mole e fusiforme. Coloração variável, branco, verde ao marrom, dependendo de sua dieta. Peças bucais alongadas, em forma de estilete, mantidas juntas Figura 3. Larva de último estádio de Sisyridae (Neuroptera). em forma de tubo e utilizadas para sugar fluídos Vista latero-ventral. de suas presas. Palpos labiais e maxilares ausentes. Antenas são filiformes, multissegmentadas, tão Pupa (Figura 5). Exarata, característica da ordem longas quanto o estilete formado pelas peças Neuroptera, com apêndices imóveis até antes da bucais. Estemas localizados lateralmente. Tórax emergência. Antenas localizadas dorsalmente aos com três pares de pernas bem desenvolvidas, olhos e ao longo da margem anterior das asas com tarso uni-segmentado, com uma garra apical posteriores, estendendo-se até suas extremidades. fina. Tubérculos com setas no tórax e abdômen, Possui mandíbulas esclerosadas (Brown 1952). distribuídos lateralmente e dorsalmente, na região mediana do corpo. A localização das cerdas e Taxonomia e biologia estruturas dos tubérculos é importante para a identificação genérica e específica. O último Sisyridae tem cerca de 60 espécies distribuídas segmento é alongado e abriga um espinerete por mundialmente. Dois gêneros ocorrem no Brasil, onde a seda, produzida nos túbulos de Malpighi, Climacia, restrito às regiões Neártica e Neotropical é expelida para a construção do casulo. Brânquias e Sisyra, com distribuição mundial (Cover e Resh traqueais segmentadas presentes ventralmente, nos 2008). O Brasil abriga pouco mais de 50% (n= segmentos abdominais 1-7 (Figura 4B). As larvas 16) das espécies dessa família no novo mundo passam por três estádios, apenas as de segundo (n= 30) (Tabela 1), 12 destas ocorrem na região e terceiro apresentam brânquias abdominais e Norte, no entanto, essas informações referem-se ventrais. apenas a dois estados, Amazonas e Pará (Flint 344 Insetos Aquáticos na Amazônia brasileira: taxonomia, biologia e ecologia Figura 4. Larva de último estádio de Sisyridae (Neuroptera). A) Vista dorsal; B) vista ventral. 1998, 2006), para Roraima há apenas o registro da família (Couceiro et al. 2010) (Tabela 2). Esses números indicam claramente os poucos estudos realizados sobre essa família no Brasil. No Brasil os estudos sobre Sisyridae restringem- se à taxonomia de adultos (e.g., Penny 1981; Penny e Rafael 1982) e, mundialmente, o conhecimento sobre a biologia dessa família ainda é muito restrito (e.g., Brown 1951, 1952; Pupedis 1978, 1986, 1987; Forteath e Osborn 2012). Grande parte das informações biológicas disponíveis sobre a Figura 5. Vista lateral de pupa de Sisyridae (Neuroptera), retirada do casulo. família é proveniente de estudos realizados sobre Climacia areolaris (Hagen, 1861), uma espécie da Ordem Neuroptera 345 Tabela 1. Número de espécies de Sisyridae (Neuroptera) (Brown 1952). As larvas tecem um casulo de seda registradas no Brasil e nos estados da região Norte. Nota: composto por duas camadas (Figura 7), a externa AM = Amazonas; PA= Pará. com trama mais aberta, em algumas espécies, Local Climacia Sisyra Total similar a uma rede de pesca (Pupedis 1980). Brasil 10 6 16 As pupas podem levar até oito dias para completar seu desenvolvimento e é o estágio AM 4 6 10 mais vulnerável a ataques por vespas parasitóides PA 2 1 3 (Brown 1951). Antes da emergência, a pupa utiliza suas mandíbulas para cortar as duas camadas de Fonte: Flint 1998, 2006. seda que compõem o abrigo e o adulto emerge, deixando a exúvia dentro do casulo. Adultos alimentam-se de néctar, pólen, algas, afídeos e Tabela 2. Espécies de Sisyridae (Neuroptera) registradas para a Amazônia Brasileira. Nota: AM = Amazonas; PA= ácaros (e.g., Pupedis 1987). O acasalamento ocorre Pará. ao entardecer, sem uma corte elaborada, os machos Espécie Estados copulam lateralmente com a fêmea. Após a cópula AM PA Climacia basalis Banks Climacia bifasciata Penny& Rafael X Climacia bimaculata Banks X Climacia negrense Penny X Climacia nota Parfin&Gurney X Climacia townesi Parfin&Gurney X X Sisyra amazonica Penny X Sisyra apicalis Banks X Sisyra ariasi Penny X Sisyra elongata Penny& Rafael X Sisyra minuta Esben-Petersen X X Sisyra panama Parfin&Gurney X região Neártica (e.g., Brown 1951, 1952; Parfin e Gurney 1956). Figura 6. Setas indicam a localização de pupas de Ovos, pupas e adultos são terrestres, apenas Sisyridae (Neuroptera) sobre rochas às margens de um as larvas são aquáticas e alimentam-se de curso d’água. fluídos de suas presas, esponjas de água doce (Porifera, Spongillidae) e mais raramente, Bryozoa (Weissmair e Waringer 1994) em ambientes lóticos ou lênticos. Observações realizadas sobre C. areolaris indicam que as larvas podem ter uma ampla gama de hospedeiros, tendo sido registrada em sete espécies de esponjas (Poirrier 1969; Poirrier e Arceneaux 1972). Larvas de segundo e terceiro estádios são sedentárias, sendo assim, tendem a permanecer sobre seus hospedeiros (Brown 1952). Larvas de último estádio, ao final do seu desenvolvimento, deixam o ambiente aquático e caminham para fora da água em busca de um local para empupar. Esse processo ocorre, geralmente, sobre a vegetação, troncos ou rochas (Figura 6) Figura 7. Casulo de pupa de Sisyridae (Neuroptera), construído parcialmente sob uma exúvia de Odonata. que afloram da água ou estão às margens dos Setas indicam as duas camadas de seda do casulo, a cursos d’água, ou até 11 m de distância da água externa e a interna. 346 Insetos Aquáticos na Amazônia brasileira: taxonomia, biologia e ecologia o macho deposita um pequeno espermatóforo Chave para identificar adultos dos esbranquiçado na porção terminal do abdômen da fêmea o qual é consumido imediatamente gêneros de Sisyridae ocorrentes no fornecendo recursos alimentares adicionais para Brasil a fêmea (Elliot 1996). 1. Segmento terminal do palpo maxilar mais As posturas são depositadas sobre a vegetação cilíndrico no formato, estreito, menor que marginal ou emergente, os ovos requerem de 8 duas vezes o comprimento do segmento a 14 dias para o desenvolvimento (Elliot 1996). anterior (A); asa anterior com setor radial (RS) Após a eclosão a larva tem que romper a cutícula com uma bifurcação (B) ............ Climacia
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