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The Proton Synchrotron (PS): at the Core of the CERN Accelerators

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  • Proton Driven Plasma Wakefield Acceleration in AWAKE
    Proton Driven Plasma Article submitted to journal Wakefield Acceleration in Subject Areas: AWAKE Plasma Wakefield Acceleration, 1 1 Proton Driven, Electron Acceleration E. Gschwendtner , M. Turner , **Author List Continues Next Page** Keywords: AWAKE, Plasma Wakefield Acceleration, Seeded Self Modulation In this article, we briefly summarize the experiments Author for correspondence: performed during the first Run of the Advanced Insert corresponding author name Wakefield Experiment, AWAKE, at CERN (European e-mail: [email protected] Organization for Nuclear Research). The final goal of AWAKE Run 1 (2013 - 2018) was to demonstrate that 10-20 MeV electrons can be accelerated to GeV- energies in a plasma wakefield driven by a highly- relativistic self-modulated proton bunch. We describe the experiment, outline the measurement concept and present first results. Last, we outline our plans for the future. 1 Continued Author List 2 E. Adli2,A. Ahuja1,O. Apsimon3;4,R. Apsimon3;4, A.-M. Bachmann1;5;6,F. Batsch1;5;6 C. Bracco1,F. Braunmüller5,S. Burger1,G. Burt7;4, B. Buttenschön8,A. Caldwell5,J. Chappell9, E. Chevallay1,M. Chung10,D. Cooke9,H. Damerau1, L.H. Deubner11,A. Dexter7;4,S. Doebert1, J. Farmer12, V.N. Fedosseev1,R. Fiorito13;4,R.A. Fonseca14,L. Garolfi1,S. Gessner1, B. Goddard1, I. Gorgisyan1,A.A. Gorn15;16,E. Granados1,O. Grulke8;17, A. Hartin9,A. Helm18, J.R. Henderson7;4,M. Hüther5, M. Ibison13;4,S. Jolly9,F. Keeble9,M.D. Kelisani1, S.-Y. Kim10, F. Kraus11,M. Krupa1, T. Lefevre1,Y. Li3;4,S. Liu19,N. Lopes18,K.V. Lotov15;16, M. Martyanov5, S.
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  • The Large Hadron Collider Lyndon Evans CERN – European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland
    34th SLAC Summer Institute On Particle Physics (SSI 2006), July 17-28, 2006 The Large Hadron Collider Lyndon Evans CERN – European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland 1. INTRODUCTION The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN is now in its final installation and commissioning phase. It is a two-ring superconducting proton-proton collider housed in the 27 km tunnel previously constructed for the Large Electron Positron collider (LEP). It is designed to provide proton-proton collisions with unprecedented luminosity (1034cm-2.s-1) and a centre-of-mass energy of 14 TeV for the study of rare events such as the production of the Higgs particle if it exists. In order to reach the required energy in the existing tunnel, the dipoles must operate at 1.9 K in superfluid helium. In addition to p-p operation, the LHC will be able to collide heavy nuclei (Pb-Pb) with a centre-of-mass energy of 1150 TeV (2.76 TeV/u and 7 TeV per charge). By modifying the existing obsolete antiproton ring (LEAR) into an ion accumulator (LEIR) in which electron cooling is applied, the luminosity can reach 1027cm-2.s-1. The LHC presents many innovative features and a number of challenges which push the art of safely manipulating intense proton beams to extreme limits. The beams are injected into the LHC from the existing Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) at an energy of 450 GeV. After the two rings are filled, the machine is ramped to its nominal energy of 7 TeV over about 28 minutes. In order to reach this energy, the dipole field must reach the unprecedented level for accelerator magnets of 8.3 T.
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  • Femtoscopy of Proton-Proton Collisions in the ALICE Experiment
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    Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Scripta Varia 119, Vatican City 2014 www.pas.va/content/dam/accademia/pdf/sv119/sv119-hubner.pdf The BirtTh a nd D eve lopment o f the Fir st Had ron C ollider The CERN Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR) K. H ÜBNER , T.M. T AYLOR CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland Abstract The CERN Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR) was the first facility providing colliding hadron beams. It operated mainly with protons with a beam energy of 15 to 31 GeV. The ISR were approved in 1965 and were commissioned in 1971. This paper summarizes the context in which the ISR emerged, the design and approval phase, the construction and the commissioning. Key parameters of its performance and examples of how the ISR advanced accelerator technology and physics are given. 1. Design and approval The concept of colliding beams was first published in a German patent by Rolf Widerøe in 1952, but had already been registered in 1943 (Widerøe, 1943). Since beam accumulation had not yet been invented, the collision rate was too low to be useful. This changed only in 1956 when radio-frequency (rf) stacking was proposed (Symon and Sessler, 1956) which allowed accumulation of high-intensity beams. Concurrently, two realistic designs were suggested, one based on two 10 GeV Fixed-Field Alternating Gradient Accelerators (FFAG) (Kerst, 1956) and one suggesting two 3 GeV storage rings with synchrotron type magnet structure (O’Neill, 1956); in both cases the beams collided in one common straight section. The idea of intersecting storage rings to increase the number of interaction points appeared later (O’Neill, 1959).
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  • Improving the Slow Extraction Efficiency of the CERN Super
    Improving the slow extraction efficiency of the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron Brunner Kristóf Faculty of Science Eötvös Loránd University Supervisors: Barna Dániel, Wigner RCP Christoph Wiesner, CERN May 2018 Contents 1 Introduction4 2 CERN accelerator complex5 2.1 Accelerators..................................... 5 2.2 Experiments..................................... 6 2.2.1 Colliders .................................. 7 2.2.2 Fixed target experiments.......................... 7 2.3 Current and future demands of fixed target experiments.............. 7 3 Introduction to accelerator physics9 3.1 History of linear and circular accelerators ..................... 9 3.2 Design orbit, focusing................................. 11 3.3 Betatron oscillation, the behaviour of single particles ................ 11 3.4 The Twiss-ellipse, the behaviour of the beam ................... 13 3.5 Normalised phase space............................... 15 3.6 Tune and resonances ................................ 16 4 Extraction from a synchrotron 19 4.1 Fast extraction.................................... 19 4.2 Multi-turn extraction ................................ 20 4.3 Sextupole driven slow extraction........................... 21 4.4 Possible enhancements............................... 24 4.4.1 Diffuser................................... 24 4.4.2 Dynamic bump............................... 26 4.4.3 Phase space folding............................. 26 5 Massless septum 28 5.1 Method of phase space folding using a massless septum.............. 29 6 Simulation
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  • Beam Monitoring System for the ATLAS Experiment at CERN
    Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology Master’s Thesis Phase and Intensity Monitoring of the Particle Beams at the ATLAS Experiment Christian Ohm LITH-IFM-EX--07/1808--SE CERN-THESIS-2007-055 24/05/2007 Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology Linköpings universitet SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden Master’s Thesis LITH-IFM-EX--07/1808--SE Phase and Intensity Monitoring of the Particle Beams at the ATLAS Experiment Christian Ohm Supervisor: Thilo Pauly CERN Examiner: Patrick Norman ifm, Linköpings universitet Linköping, 24 May, 2007 Avdelning, Institution Datum Division, Department Date Division of Computational Physics Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology 2007-05-24 Linköpings universitet SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden Språk Rapporttyp ISBN Language Report category — Svenska/Swedish Licentiatavhandling ISRN Engelska/English Examensarbete LITH-IFM-EX--07/1808--SE C-uppsats Serietitel och serienummer ISSN D-uppsats Title of series, numbering — Övrig rapport URL för elektronisk version http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-9614 Titel Intensitets- och fasövervakningssystem för partikelstrålarna vid ATLAS- Title experimentet Phase and Intensity Monitoring of the Particle Beams at the ATLAS Experiment Författare Christian Ohm Author Sammanfattning Abstract At the ATLAS experiment at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider, bunches of protons will cross paths at a rate of 40 MHz, resulting in 14 TeV head-on collisions. During these interactions, calorimeters, spectrometers and tracking detectors will look for evidence that can confirm or disprove theories about the smallest constituents of matter and the forces that hold them together. In order for these sub-detectors to sample the signals from exotic particles correctly, they rely on a constant phase between a clock signal and the bunch crossings in the experiment.
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  • Synchro-Cyclotronsynchro-Cyclotron
    SYNCHRO-CYCLOTRONSYNCHRO-CYCLOTRON A BRIEF INTRODUCTION - ORIGINS, PRINCIPLE - PAST SYNCHROCYCLOTRONS - SYNCHROCYCLOTRON TODAY In real life... CERN 600 MeV SC McMillan's patent A way to apply the brand new concept of “phase stability”, using existing technology - the cyclotron (weak focusing, dB/dr<0) The oscillating electric voltage is applied to a (unique) dee Its frequency decreases with increasing energy Thus voltage can be much lower compared to cyclotron, ~kVs : easier technology than ~100skV → many more turns needed ~105 vs. 100s– not a problem Yet, drawback: - acceleration is to be cycled, - only ions with correct, accelerating, phase (a few 10s degrees of a 360 degree period) are “captured” by the voltage wave → much lower average current The acceleration of the ions takes place twice per turn. At the outer edge, an electrostatic deflector extracts the ion beam. The first synchrocyclotron produced 195 MeV deuterons and 390 MeV α-particles. Mid. 1950s: a typical nuclear Orsay 1 kHz synchrocyclotron physics research installtion 1958: first beam from the 157 MeV synchro-cyclotron 1975: shut-down for evolution to 200 MeV synchro-cylco 1993: installation converted to a hadrontherapy hospital, “IC- CPO” : Institut Curie-Centre de Protontherapie d'Orsay, one of the two in France 2010: synchro-cyclo stopped, proton-therapy persued with an IBA C250 cyclotron CERN Synchrocyclotron (SC) 1957: construction. CERN’s first accelerator, provided beams for CERN's first experiments in particle and nuclear physics, up to 600 MeV. 1964: started to concentrate on nuclear physics, leaving particle physics to the newer, 30 GeV, Proton Synchrotron. 1967: start supplying beams for the radioactive-ion-beam facility ISOLDE (nuclear physics, astrophysics, Medical.) 1990: SC closed, after 33 years of service.
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  • Introduction to Accelerators: Evolution of Accelerators and Modern Day Applications
    Lecture 1 Introduction to Accelerators: Evolution of Accelerators and Modern Day Applications Sarah Cousineau, Jeff Holmes, Yan Zhang USPAS January, 2011 What are accelerators used for? • Particle accelerators are devices that produce energetic beams of particles which are used for – Understanding the fundamental building blocks of nature and the forces that act upon them (nuclear and particle physics) – Understanding the structure and dynamics of materials and their properties (physics, chemistry, biology, medicine) – Medical treatment of tumors and cancers – Production of medical isotopes – Sterilization – Ion Implantation to modify the surface of materials • There is active, ongoing work to utilize particle accelerators for – Transmutation of nuclear waste – Generating power more safely in sub-critical nuclear reactors Accelerators by the Numbers World wide inventory of accelerators, in total 15,000. The data have been collected by W. Scarf and W. Wiesczycka (See U. Amaldi Europhysics News, June 31, 2000) Category Number Ion implanters and surface modifications 7,000 Accelerators in industry 1,500 Accelerators in non-nuclear research 1,000 Radiotherapy 5,000 Medical isotopes production 200 Hadron therapy 20 Synchrotron radiation sources 70 Nuclear and particle physics research 110 The most well known category of accelerators – particle physics research accelerators – is one of the smallest in number. The technology for other types of accelerators was born from these machines. Nuclear and Particle Physics • Much of what we know about
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  • ATLAS Experiment 1 ATLAS Experiment
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  • Fifty Years of the CERN Proton Synchrotron: Volume 2
    CERN–2013–005 12 August 2013 ORGANISATION EUROPÉENNE POUR LA RECHERCHE NUCLÉAIRE CERN EUROPEAN ORGANIZATION FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH Fifty years of the CERN Proton Synchrotron Volume II Editors: S. Gilardoni D. Manglunki arXiv:1309.6923v1 [physics.acc-ph] 26 Sep 2013 GENEVA 2013 ISBN 978–92–9083–391–8 ISSN 0007–8328 DOI 10.5170/CERN–2013–005 Copyright c CERN, 2013 Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Knowledge transfer is an integral part of CERN’s mission. CERN publishes this report Open Access under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/) in order to permit its wide dissemination and use. This monograph should be cited as: Fifty years of the CERN Proton Synchrotron, volume II edited by S. Gilardoni and D. Manglunki, CERN-2013-005 (CERN, Geneva, 2013), DOI: 10.5170/CERN–2013–005 Dedication The editors would like to express their gratitude to Dieter Möhl, who passed away during the preparatory phase of this volume. This report is dedicated to him and to all the colleagues who, like him, contributed in the past with their cleverness, ingenuity, dedication and passion to the design and development of the CERN accelerators. iii Abstract This report sums up in two volumes the first 50 years of operation of the CERN Proton Synchrotron. After an introduction on the genesis of the machine, and a description of its magnet and powering systems, the first volume focuses on some of the many innovations in accelerator physics and instrumentation that it has pioneered, such as transition crossing, RF gymnastics, extractions, phase space tomography, or transverse emittance measurement by wire scanners.
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