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Lowdoîf * 9 4 Ґ 8 UKRAINE ичтміт Review I LOWDOÎf * 9 4 Ґ 8 UKRAINE Contributions to be considered for inclusion in “The Ukrainian Review” should be marked “The Ukrainian Review” and addressed to: The Secretary Association of Ukrainians in Great Britain, Ltd., 49, Linden Gardens, London, W.2. Telephones: BAYswater 8392, 0140 Price: 5s a single copy Annual Subscription: £1. 0.0. $4.00 Six Months 10. 0. $2.00 Cover designed by Robert Lisovsky THE UKRAINIAN REVIEW Vol. V. No. 1. Spring, 1958. A Quarterly Magazine Editors: Prof. Dr. V. Berzhavyn, Prof. Dr. V. Oreletsky, and Mrs. Slava Stetzko Published by The Association of Ukrainians in Great Britain, Ltd., 49, Linden Gardens, London, W.2. CONTENTS UKRAINE IN THE ANTI-BOLSHEVIST F IG H T ............ ... ............ 3 Borys Krupnyts\y : UKRAINE BETWEEN WEST AND EAST ........... 9 Professor G. Handris: THE RELATIONS BETWEEN MOLDAVIA AND UKRAINE ACOORDING TO UKRAINIAN FOLKLORE 26 Leonid Lyman: THE TALE OF KHARKIV ..................................... ... 50 GOLDEN ANNIVERSARY OF UKRAINIAN PUBLISHING IN CANADA ............................ ••• ....................................................... 74 UKRAINIAN EMIGRES IN AUSTRALIA ..................................... ... 76 UKRAINIAN INDEPENDENCE DAY CELEBRATED IN ARGEN­ TIN A ............................. ............................................................... 78 BOOK REVIEWS Anthology of German Poetry (in Ukrainian translation by M. Orest) 80 L’U\raine dans le cadre de l’Est Européen, A compiled work by the Ukrainian Free University in M unich ..................................... 81 Continuity and Change in Russian and Soviet Thought. Edited by E. J. Simmons ............ - - - ............................................................... 82 Prologue—A quarterly published in New Y ork ..................................... 85 UKRAINIAN CHRONICLE Behind the Iron Curtain ........... ••• .............................................. 85 Ukrainians in the Free W o r ld ....................................................... ••• 95 UKRAINE IN THE ANTI-BOLSHEVIST FIGHT 3 Ukraine Im tlm Anti-Bolshevist Bolshevist propaganda endeavours to spread the false conviction in the world that Ukraine has adopted Communism and joined the Soviet Union of its own free will, and that it is an accomplice of • Russia in her imperialistic lust of conquest, in order to seise still more peoples and countries by means of Communist infiltration and subjugation. Moscow tries its utmost to force this role on Ukraine and to make it an accomplice; and the reasons for this are to be sought mainly in the geopolitical importance of Ukraine, in her wealth of natural resources, in her highly developed economy, in her agriculture and industry, and, above all, in the human! potential of Ukraine, which with a population of 45 million is the second largest nation of the Soviet Union. All Moscow’s endeavours to make Ukraine its accomplice have, however, proved futile. Uk­ raine always has been and always will be an uncompromising opponent of Muscovite (Russian) imperialism with its lust of conquest and its present form and means—Communism. Ukraine’s fight against Russian imperialism has continued for three whole centuries, ever since Tsarist Russia perfidiously violated the agreement between Ukraine and Russia, to unite as two states with equal rights, and cunningly and treacherously deprived Ukraine of her independence. In the course of history certain exclusive differ­ ences between Ukraine and Russia have made themselves felt from the psychological and political point of view and with respect to community life. Whereas the Russian nation, community and the Russian individual achieved their development under the victorious influence of Tsarist absolutism, despotism and collectivism, the process of development in the case of the individual Ukrainian and the Ukrainian nation was decisively influenced above all by the fight for freedom of the nation and the individual. The fight for 4 THE UKRAINIAN REVIEW freedom of Ukraine against Tsarist Russia, as a result of which Ukraine, together with other peoples subjugated by Russia, restored her independent national state and severed all her relations with Moscow, culminated in the Revolution of the years 1917-1918. A t that time the Bolshevists assumed power in Russia and, with all the forces at their disposal, set about restoring the imperium and started a war with the newly liberated states, including Uk­ raine. In this war of aggression against the independent national states the Bolsheviks had the unanimous support of the entire Russian people. In particular, the so-called W hite Russian military units, which were hostile in their attitude towards Bolshevism and had been armed and equipped by the Western Entente for the purpose of lighting against Boshevism, used these arms to fight against Ukraine in the first place and thus created a second front against Ukraine; in this way, they actually gave Bolshevism con­ siderable support in its attempt to destroy the independence of the young national states. For three whole years the Ukrainian state put up a desperate resistance against the Russian Whites and Communist Russian ag­ gressors, without receiving any kind of support at all from the Western states. Eventually, the Bolsheviks succeeded in occupying a major part of Ukraine, whilst the remaining territory of the Ukrainian state fell under the occupation of its Western neighbours. After the Bolsheviks had forcibly destroyed the independence of Ukraine, the Communist system and regime were forced on her and she was “voluntarily” incorporated in the Soviet Union as the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic. The Ukrainian people, however, refused to bow to the Bolshevist yoke and Communism and continued their fight for freedom by means of constant revolu­ tionary activity. In order to break the resistance of the Ukrainians the Bolsheviks resorted to the most dreadful measures of |mass terrorism and extermination in dealing with the refractory popula­ tion. Several million Ukrainians were sent to concentration camps where most of them perished as a result of slave labour, starvation and cold. The most notorious method of Bolshevist hatred was the systematically organised famine in Ukraine in the years 1932 and 1933, which carried off several million persons there. But none of the Bolsheviks’ terrorist measures succeeded in destroying the Ukrainian people’s urge to freedom and their hostile attitude UKRAINE IN THE ANTI-BOLSHEVIST FIGHT *> towards Russian imperialism and the unnatural and godless Communism which had been forced on them. When the war between Germany and Russia broke out in 1941 it soon became apparent that the human potential of the Ukrainian people, with which Moscow was intending to strengthen its forces, was proving fatal to it and its imperialism. The revolu­ tionary fight, organised and conducted by the Organisation of the Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), developed into the revolt of the entire Ukrainian nation. In a considerable part of the territory of Ukraine, which prior to the invasion of the German troops had already been liberated by the Ukrainian insurgents, the Bolshevist occupation administration was overthrown and replaced by a na­ tional Ukrainian government. The Ukrainian people set up their independent state once more and a provisional Ukrainian government was formed in Lviv. A t the same time, the Ukrainians who belonged to the Soviet army sabotaged the plans of Soviet regime, with the result that the Soviet front in Ukraine collapsed almost completely and the advance of the German troops could only be held up on Russian territory. It would at that time have been possible to destroy Bolshevism and thus establish the essential preconditions for a common fight against Russian imperialism and Communism. But Hitler had other plans in mind; he wanted to turn the countries of Central and East Europe into German colonies. The restoration of the national states of Ukraine and of the Baltic peoples was liquidated by the Hitlerite occupation, which in the countries concerned concentrated on persecuting the national in­ dependence forces and introducing a brutal system of colonial subjugation and universal exploitation. Ukraine was now endangered on two fronts. The German-Bolshevist front extended through the territory of Ukraine and both the belligerent parties were the sworn enemies of the Ukrainian people. Such was the situation when the Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists, supported by the entire Ukrainian people, took up the fight on both fronts. Within a short time the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), which was formed by the Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists, developed into an important military force and carried on a lively and ex­ tensive partisan activity against both the Bolshevist and German occupation forces. N ot only did it infict considerable losses on both enemies, but it also protected the Ukrainian people from complete destruction and exploitation. Large areas of Ukraine behind <5 THE UKRAINIAN REVIEW the Soviet and German front were under the actual governmental authority of the Ukrainian liberation movement, which was not only responsible for the military defence, but also organised the state administration, the economic system, the educational system and other sectors of national life. After the German retreat from Ukraine and the shifting of the fighting front to the west of its frontiers, the Ukrainian fight for freedom concentrated its activity in one direction, namely against Muscovite
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