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Dr Nicolaes Tulp's Anatomy Lecture

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Dr Nicolaes Tulp's Anatomy Lecture Translation of medicine and art article published in The Journal of the Norwegian Medical Association: Hove PERSPEKTIVLM, Young S, Schrama OG JC. DEBATT Dr Nicolaes Tulp’s anatomy lecture. Tidsskr Nor Legeforen 2008; 128: 716–9 Perspektiv og debatt Medicine and art Medicine and art Dr Nicolaes Tulp’s anatomy lecture Our interest in this painting goes back many viously been seen in this type of group por- Abstract years to when it was mentioned in articles on trait (16). The depicted anatomy lesson is pioneer surgeons (1–3). As we are interested not a superficial motif for portraying mem- «The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes in medical and surgical history, we have pro- bers of a guild. On the contrary, with the Tulp» (1632) is one of Rembrandt’s vided one another with literature about this help of the onlookers’ intense concentra- most famous paintings. It is often painting, for which possible errors in Rem- tion, he places the lesson in the foreground. regarded as simply a group portrait brandt’s anatomical lines has been an object The picture is strikingly innovative com- of the Surgeons’ Guild in Amsterdam. of debate among surgeons and anatomists pared with earlier paintings of anatomy Some inconsistencies in the perspec- since the 1920s (4–12). The painting was by lectures, which all had a clear symmetrical tive, the size and anatomy of the dis- then world famous after an American cigar construction and where the portrayal of the sected arm, and the doctor’s slightly merchant had used it to decorate his cigar surgeons was the most important aspect awkward hand pose have been put boxes (Dutch Masters) (3). It was also used (fig 2). In Rembrandt’s composition, the down to Rembrandt’s lack of experi- on the title page in several editions of the seven spectators are placed in the left half ence and ignorance of anatomy. How- famous Grant’s anatomy and on the cover of the picture: only the lecturer Dr Tulp ever, from a surgeon’s point of view of the Norwegian Association for Hand Sur- stands on the right. The corpse is placed there are clear indications that Rem- gery’s anniversary book (13). The Nordic diagonally in the painting. All the onlookers, brandt fully understood Dr Tulp’s Orthopaedic Association has used it on their but one, are engrossed in the actual dissec- lecture and that his picture presents folder and homepage for this summer’s con- tion and do not stare at the painter – unlike an accurate demonstration of the func- gress in Amsterdam. the norm for this type of painting. Rem- tional anatomy of the superficial flexors In this article, we want to concentrate brandt bathes the surgeons in a remarkably of the fingers. on the surgical anatomical details in the strong light that comes in from the left. painting in addition to a general discussion In this way, he makes them all stand out of its history. from the surrounding darkness as a unit – so as to be seen as a closed group (7, 14). Rembrandt In the background to the right, Hartman Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn was Hartmanszoon holds a piece of paper where born on 15 July 1606 in the Dutch town of the names of the seven observers are written. Leiden south of Amsterdam. Leiden lies at Only two of these (Slabberaan and de Wit) the mouth of «the old Rhine» – whence the were at that time masters of surgery and name van Rijn. Rembrandt was the ninth members of the Surgeons’ Guild in child in the family, and already demon- Amsterdam. The others were lesser-known strated a painting talent when he went to surgeons who had been brought in to share Latin School in his hometown. He began to the costs of the painting. Behind stands study philosophy at the famous University Frans van Loenen, who looks out at us and in Leiden, but broke off his studies as early appears to direct our attention as viewers as 1620 and began as an apprentice to the to the actual dissection. To the left stands renowned artist Jacob van Swanenburgh. Adriaan Slabberaan, who casts a glance at In 1623, he moved to the studio of the the open textbook on the right side of the master painter of history Pieter Lastman in painting. One gets the distinct feeling that he Amsterdam. Lastman had been in Italy is about to look back at the prepared cadaver where he had met Caravaggio (1573–1610) after having checked how this is described (14, 15). After six months, Rembrandt in the book. Students of anatomy will recog- Disclosed conflicts of interest: None finished his apprenticeship in Amsterdam nize this habit. The book may well be the and set up his own studio in his hometown. famous De Humani Corporis Fabrica by In 1631, he returned to Amsterdam and Andreas Vesalius from 1543. Or perhaps the settled down for good. There he came in later Anatomia by Adrianus Spiegelius and contact with the influential Surgeons’ Julius Casserius from 1627. To the far left Leiv M. Hove Guild, and in 1632 he painted his first group is the portrait of Jacob Koolvelt which was [email protected] portrait Dr. Tulp’s anatomy lesson (fig 1). added later. He looks straight at Dr Tulp and Department of Surgical Sciences When the painting was finished, Rembrandt appears to be listening to what is being said. University of Bergen became famous within a few months and, in Some think that someone other than Rem- 5021 Bergen the following years, received a stream of brandt added his portrait later (5, 9). and commissions from citizens and from the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Matthijs Calkoen, the surgeon nearest Haukeland University Hospital court at The Hague (14, 15). Dr Tulp, is staring intensely at Tulp’s left hand. Jacob Block, behind him, is doing Sven Young Johannes Cornelis Schrama The painting likewise, while Jacob de Wit is bending Department of Orthopaedic Surgery In this painting, Rembrandt succeeded in slightly forward to see the dissected corpse Haukeland University Hospital producing a lifelikeness that had not pre- that Dr Tulp is lecturing about. 2 Tidsskr Nor Legeforen nr. 1, 2008; 128: Translation of original article published in The Journal of the Norwegian Medical Association: Hove LM, Young S, Schrama JC. Dr Nicolaes Tulp’s anatomy lecture. Tidsskr Nor Legeforen 2008; 128: 716–9 Medicine and art PERSPEKTIV OG DEBATT Figure 1 Dr Nicolaes Tulp’s anatomy lesson (1632): Rembrandt’s first group portrait of the surgeons’ guild in Amsterdam or, more precisely, the members of the guild who wanted to pay to be in the painting. It was commissioned by praelector Dr Tulp who thereby got the best position. Photograph © SuperStock/ GV-Press In the picture, a certain discrepancy in another style than Rembrandt’s, conse- Nicolaes Tulp became leader of the city’s size is noticeable between the dissected quently by another hand. It appears that also Guild of Surgeons in 1628. His inaugural upper arm in the back, and the intact arm the person at the top of the painting, Frans lecture as Praelector Anatomiae was on the in front (fig 1). Many think that Rembrandt van Loenen, was originally painted with relationship between body and soul. In 1636 used an already dissected arm as a model a hat that was later erased: probably so he he published his pharmacopeia and formed (5, 8, 9). He may also have relied on the would not to be too dominating in relation the Collegium Medicum. In 1641 he com- anatomical drawings of Vesalius or Casse- to the main character, Dr Tulp (5, 6). pleted his thesis Observatorium medicarum rius. X-rays of the painting have shown that libri tres, cum aenis figuris. The work the corpse’s left arm ended in an amputated Dr Nicolaes Tulp (1593–1674) appeared in a series of revised editions over stump. Rembrandt tried to camouflage this Claes Pieterszoon was born in Amsterdam the next 50 years. His most important ana- by painting a new arm on top (9). Others on 9 October 1593 and studied medicine tomical discoveries were his descriptions have thought that Rembrandt did not quite at the University of Leiden from 1611. of the human ileocecal valve (valve ileoce- understand what Dr Tulp was actually He practised both as a physician and as calis) and the lymphatic circulation (vasa teaching, and that he later had to correct a surgeon, and after a while established lactea). As a surgeon, he was one of the the picture for this reason (7). a successful practice in Amsterdam. During first to describe drainage as a treatment for Infrared light has also revealed other his studies, he changed his name from the empyema, and elective trepanation for epi- changes in the painting. The sheet of paper very common Claes Pieterszoon to the more dural hematoma. His description of beriberi with the names of the observers was also scholarly Nicolaus Petreius. In 1621, he is regarded as the first in history. In 1650, added later. There used to be an anatomical established himself in a fashionable area he led his first official dissection and com- drawing of forearm muscles and tendons and – influenced by the city’s love of tulips pleted his career as teacher and leader for under the list of names. This would have – changed his name to Nicolaes Tulp (tulp = the city Guild of Surgeons (1, 17). strengthened the dynamics of the painting tulip). He decorated his house with a coat- Dr Tulp was also politically active.
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