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Paper 3: Transformation of Juncaceae Into Varied Artifacts: Exploring The International Journal of Herbs and Pharmacological Research IJHPR, 2020, 9(1): 14-26 ISSN: 2315-537X www.arpjournals.com; www.antrescentpub.com E- ISSN: 2384-6836 RESEARCH PAPER TRANSFORMATION OF JUNCACEAE INTO VARIED ARTIFACTS: EXPLORING THE FRONTIERS OF TEXTILE ART PRODUCTION IN SOUTHERN VOLTA REGION OF GHANA Badoe W.1, Donudenu A. S.1,Quaye H. A.2, KushiatorG.3 Department of Industrial Art, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana1,2 Department of Communication Design, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana3 P. O. Box UP 1247, KNUST, Kumasi E-mail: [email protected] Endorsed By: Innovative Science Research Foundation (ISREF) and International Society of Science Researchers (ISSCIR). Indexed By: African Journal Online (AJOL); Texila American University; Genamics; Scholarsteer; EIJASR; CAS-American Chemical Society; and IRMS Informatics India (J-Gate) ABSTRACT Juncaceae is swamp tall grass used to weave mat in Southern Volta Region of Ghana. In other countries, they are used in diverse ways including usage in traditional medicine and rush light and basket weaving, as well as components in pasture. This study sought to examine the production process of various Juncus mats, improve their strength and colour, produce innovative interior decoration products and incorporate the Southern Volta identity. Exploratory and experimental methods under Studio-Based Research in Art were used to address the set objectives. The conceptual framework adopted Engineering Method Steps and the Aesthetico-Action models. Findings revealed that very few people are aware of the three different types of Juncus namely Juncus Acutiflorus, Juncus Inflexus and Juncus Effusus, found in the Southern Volta region of Ghana. There were indications that harvesting at the right time and cleaning Juncus before weaving with plied yarns, improved its strength and colour. The use of Vat dye, reactive dye, water-based print paste, acrilex and acrylic, resulted in poor fastness property. However, red and green Suede dyes produced excellent fastness. Thus, interested researchers can explore and create more innovative products that would improve the economic livelihood of the people. Keywords: Juncaceae, Production process, Weaving Industry, Transformation, Exploration INTRODUCTION The most important quality of traditional textile goods is sustainability where products are made from safe, organic, nontoxic, recyclable, or compostable materials (Rusu 2011).Similarly, the mission of Ghana Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Act 490 is to guide development to prevent, reduce and eliminate pollution and actions that lower the quality of life (EPA 2017). Juncaceae literally known as Swamp Tall Grass (STG) are natural and sustainable plants that grow in swampy areas. It has cylindrical, elliptical or leaf round shape with umbrella-like cluster flowers. Their height ranges from 3-8 feet and flowers between June and September (Herbarium, 2015). Florida is an example ofone of the States ornamented with many species of Swamp Tall Grass that were introduced in landscaping few years ago (Florida’s native freshwater aquatic plants, 2016). 14 Plate 1. Tall grass by the lake stock Pfaf (2012) outlines that Juncaceae can be found in Britain, Sweden, Himalayas, Mongolia, Northern Ireland, Israel, Africa including Ghana and various regions. In Southern Volta of Ghana, STG covers a vast wetlands from Atito, Lakple, Deta, Fiaxo, Kodzi, Atiavi, Dabala, Agorkoe, Avalavi and Agbozume to Aflao and there are three (3) major species namely Juncus Acutiflorus also called Ketsi-literally meaning sharp flowers,Juncus Inflexusalso called Ava-literally meaning Blue arrow and Juncus Effusus also called Yeke-literally meaning Soft rush. Plate 1. Light mat Plate 2. Thick mat Source: Field report (2017) 15 Personal communication with the leader of the Juncus mat weavers association, revealed that matured STG are harvested, dried and sold in bails or woven into baskets, fence and two kinds of mats; a light one literally referred to as Abaand and athick one known as Tsatsa as shown in Plates 1 and 2 above respectively. Plate 3. Frame for weaving Plate 4. Method of weaving Source: Field report (2017) Kete weaving is the second income generating activity among men and women engaged in weaving STG mats. The mats are woven on a four (4) by six (6) feet wooden frame with Plates3 depicting the weaving process of the light mat and Plate 4 showing that of the thick mat tied on the ground with legs and hands of the weaver. These mats were formerly used for drying Cocoa and other cereals in Kumasi, Mankesim, Koforidua, Travanu, Dzodze, but currently, they are sold in local markets at Akatsi, Agbozume, Denu and Togo, solely as mats for sleeping. Due to insignificant economic importance of Juncus, the grass are always neglected and it is suggested thatfurther researchshould be embarked upon to diversifying its use and application in order to save the species (Chhetri et al., 2011). Juncaceae (Juncus) is also known as Rush or Jungo in Latin and belong to the Plantae kingdom. They are perennial rushes found in wetlands habitat that spread by rhizomes (Pfaf, 2012; Allason and Braid, 1999; Chhetri et al., 2011).Sanchez et al., (2011) have similar view but added that, they grow up to a height of about three (3) metres in large colonies where they abound. Its leaves are tough, round and spine tipped. The sheath is shiny black and it flourishes between February and October. Juncus is a family of eight genera and about 310 species widely distributed in Africa, South America and New Zealand. The most famous species of the genus are eleven namely: Juncus acutus L, Juncus Effusus L, Juncus Inflexus among others Haines and Lye (1983); Barn, (2017); Abdelsamed et al., (2012). Juncus Acutiflorus belongs to kingdom Plantae, Phylum - Tracheophyta, Class - Liliopsida, Order - Juncales, Family - Juncaceae, scientific name is Juncus Acutiflorus, Common name in English is sharp flowered rush, Jointed rush, Jointed leaf grass, JuncusKraussi and French is JoncafleursAigues. It is locally called Ketsi in Southern Volta. It has other synonys as J. Aquaticus, Diaphragmarius, Nigricans, Spadiceus and Sylvaticus; it can be found in Europe, North Africa, West and North America (Ferchichi, et al., 2014; and Green (2017).It commonly grows in swampy wetlands and woodlands but sensitive to 16 nitrate environment. This jointed rush plant has a round shaped, pointed capsule like seeds, straight leaves, smooth and circular in cross section, and three feet tall (Lindsey, 2019). Juncus Inflexus belongs to the Juncaceae family with common names as Blue Arrows rush, Hard rush, European meadow rush, Ava and described as greenish gray-blue foliage grass looking perennial plant. It spreads slowly by underground root to form a tall graceful clump. The stem is long and tubular with tiny yellow-green to tan flowers and 40 cm tall (Terrain, 2012). It is reported to be toxic to mammals and found in Europe, Britain, Sweden, Asia South, East and North Africa. Its favorable habitats are flood plains, marshes, wet meadows, river / lake margins, wet hillsides. Juncus Effususis a perennial type growing to 1.5 m (5ft) tall and flowering from June to August. It has other synonyms like Soft Rush, Common rush, Lamp rush and Pacific rush. The species is hermaphrodite that is it has both male and female organs and is pollinated by Wind. The plant is suitable for light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and can grow in heavy clay soil. It thrives well in suitable pH: acid and neutral soils. It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It prefers moist or wet soil and can grow in water (Pfaf, 2012). Although the literature reviewed has outlined a few other end-uses for STGs globally, however, within the geographical scope of thestudy, they are conventionally used in the production of indigenous mats irrespective of the underling fact that these raw materialsare aboundant, cheap and available all-year-round yet, not much has been done by way of intensive research activities to unearth the fortunes that could be explored to improve upon the economic livilihood of the people and help to reduce unemployment among the youth in these communities. This study therefore, sought to transform Juncaceae into varied artifacts by exploring the frontiers of textile art production and according to Stuart and Nicola (1986), effective research method is the tool by which information is gathered. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Area: The geographical scope of the study focused on the availability of Juncus in Keta, Akatsi, Ketu North and Ketu South Districts of the Volta Region of Ghana. During the observation and interview sections, the researchers tried to establish rapport with interviewee and participants through passive participation in the under listed communities with the respective data collected: 1. Akame - fourteen (14) - weave thick mat from improper harvested soft rush. 2. Agbozume - ten (10) - weave thick mat from harvested and bought Juncus. 3. Agbogbome - fifteen (15)- weave light mat from bought Juncus and sell mats in Togo. 4. Atito - five (5)- weave light mat, sell soft rush and mat inn & outside region. 5. Avalavi - ten (10) - major weavers and traders of light and thick Juncus mats. 6. Dabala - five (5) - weave light mat and sell Juncus. 7. Yame - six (6) - weave thick mat from harvested and bought Juncus. Research Approach: To establish strong theoretical foundation for the study, exploration and experimental methods under Art-Based Research Approach was adopted. This can be defined as the systematic use of the artistic process; the actual making of artistic expressions in all of the different forms of the arts; as a primary way of understanding and examining experience by both researchers and the people that they involve in their studies (McNiff, 1998).The researchers’ model in figure7 below was adapted from Aesthetico-Action Research Cycle and Engineering Design Process Models as in figure 5 and 6 below.
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