Treatment-Applications-Guide-To-Pedestrian-Crossing-Guidelines-April-2021.Pdf
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2021 PEDESTRIAN CROSSING GUIDELINES TREATMENT APPLICATIONS GUIDE 2510 J Street, Suite 200 Sacramento, CA 95816 916.822.5351 i | 2021 Pedestrian Crossing Guidelines Treatment Applications Guide TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 2.0 PRIMARY TREATMENTS 3 2.1 Crosswalk Visibility Enhancements 3 2.2 Raised Crosswalk 6 2.3 Pedestrian Refuge Island 7 2.4 Road Diet 9 2.5 Rectangular Rapid Flashing Beacon 11 2.6 Pedestrian Hybrid Beacon 13 3.0 SUPPLEMENTAL TREATMENTS 15 3.1 Tighter Curb Radii 15 3.2 Textured Pavement 15 3.3 Locate Transit Stops on the Far Side of the Intersection 15 3.4 Flashing Warning Beacon 15 3.5 Improved Right-Turn Slip-Lane Design 16 3.6 Traffic Calming Measures 16 3.7 Pedestrian-Activated Flashing (Embedded LED) Warning Sign 16 3.8 Raised Intersection 16 3.9 Protected Intersection 16 4.0 SIGNALIZED INTERSECTION TREATMENTS 17 4.1 Shorter Cycle Lengths 17 4.2 Longer Crossing Times 17 4.3 Pushbuttons or Passive Pedestrian Detectors 17 4.4 Pedestrian Countdown Signal 18 4.5 Extended Pushbutton 18 4.6 Pedestrian Recall 18 4.7 No Turn On Red Restrictions 18 4.8 Protected Left-Turn 19 4.9 Leading Pedestrian Interval 19 4.10 Accessible Pedestrian Signals 19 4.11 Animated Eyes Pedestrian Pushbutton 19 4.12 Pedestrian Scramble Intersection 19 5.0 CONCLUSION 20 City of Sacramento | ii 1.0 INTRODUCTION The 2021 Pedestrian Crossing Guidelines Treatment • Peer Agency Guidance review, including: Applications Guide provides additional design and □ City of Oakland, CA implementation guidance to help City staff select pedestrian crossing treatments for new marked crosswalks □ City of San Diego, CA or to enhance existing marked crosswalks in combination □ San Francisco, CA with the guidance provided in the City of Sacramento □ Portland, OR 2021 Pedestrian Crossing Guidelines. The initial consideration of countermeasures should be done using the 2021 □ North Carolina Department of Transportation Pedestrian Crossing Guidelines’ Application of Pedestrian In addition to the detailed guidance on the primary Crossing Treatments by Location Type table, presented treatments, Section 3.0 Supplemental Treatments provides in Table 1 on Page 2. This table represents a summary guidance and information for supplemental treatments of the 2021 research and best practices related to that may be considered at a crossing location on a case- pedestrian crossing treatments and has been adapted from by-case basis based on site conditions and context. Finally, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Guide for Section 4.0 Signalized Intersection Treatments, provides Improving Pedestrian Safety at Uncontrolled Crossing Locations guidance for signalized intersection treatments that may be (2018). The recommendations from the FHWA guide have considered at signalized pedestrian crossing locations on a been adapted to fit the unique characteristics of pedestrian case-by-case basis. crossings in the City of Sacramento. In the following section (Section 2.0 Primary Treatments), treatment-specific application guidance for the primary treatments identified in the2021 Pedestrian Crossing Guidelines is provided. This guidance is adapted from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Field Guide for Selecting Countermeasures at Uncontrolled Pedestrian Crossing Locations (FHWA Field Guide) (2018). This guidance has been supplemented with additional guidance and information from City of Sacramento practices, national best practices and research, and the California Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (CA MUTCD) MUTCD and Caltrans Highway Design Manual (HDM), as appropriate. National best practices were obtained from the following sources: • National Association of City Transportation Officials (NACTO) Urban Street Design Guide (2013) • FHWA Field Guide for Selecting Countermeasures at Uncontrolled Pedestrian Crossing Locations (2018) • National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 562: Improving Pedestrian Safety at Unsignalized Crossings (2006) • NCHRP Research Report 893: Systemic Pedestrian Safety Analysis (2018) • NCHRP Research Report 841: Development of Crash Modification Factors for Uncontrolled Pedestrian Crossing Treatments (2017) • NCHRP Synthesis 498: Application of Pedestrian Crossing Treatments for Streets and Highways (2016) 1 | 2021 Pedestrian Crossing Guidelines TABLE 1 Application of Pedestrian Crossing Treatments by Location Type Source: Adapted from FHWA Guide for Improving Pedestrian Safety at Uncontrolled Crossing Locations (July 2018) City of Sacramento | 2 2.0 PRIMARY TREATMENTS 2.1 Crosswalk Visibility Enhancements FIGURE 1 Example Crosswalk Visibility Improvements #1 Source: FHWA, Field Guide for Selecting Countermeasures at Uncontrolled Pedestrians Crossings Locations, 2018. DEFINITION ROADWAY AND SITE INFORMATION This group of treatments includes high-visibility crosswalk Established midblock or intersection uncontrolled crossing markings, improved nighttime lighting, advance or in-street locations should be consistent with the 2021 Pedestrian warning signage, curb extensions, and parking restrictions. Crossing Guidelines ‘basic’ treatments and additional These features may be used in combination to indicate guidance recommendations. To reduce the risk of crashes preferred locations for people to cross, to increase involving pedestrians at an uncontrolled marked crosswalk, visibility of the crossing location, and to help reinforce the on-street parking restrictions and curb extensions should driver requirement to yield the right-of-way to pedestrians also be considered for implementation with the marked at crossing locations. crossing. Per the FHWA Field Guide, on roadways with 4 or more lanes and more than 9,000 vehicles per day, the risk for pedestrian crashes could increase if marked crosswalks are not combined with other treatments, such as refuge islands or Pedestrian Hybrid Beacons. The FHWA Field Guide recommends consideration of adding advance Yield Here To (Stop Here For) Pedestrians sign and yield (stop) line if the roadway(s) are described by one of the following sets of conditions: • Any ADT + 4 or more lanes (with or without a raised median) + any speed limit • Any ADT + any number of lanes + ≥ 35 mph speed limit 3 | 2021 Pedestrian Crossing Guidelines CONSIDERATIONS • Stop Here for Pedestrians signs should only be used where the law specifically requires that a driver must Crosswalk visibility enhancements are most needed when stop for a pedestrian in a crosswalk. Otherwise, Yield the following are observed at the site: Here for Pedestrians signs should be used with shark’s teeth pavement markings. • Drivers not yielding to pedestrians in crosswalks • See MUTCD Section 2B.113 for more information about • Inadequate conspicuity/visibility of the crosswalk and/or Yield Here To (Stop Here For) Pedestrians signs and crossing pedestrian Section 3B.164 for more information about stop and • Noted conflicts at crossing locations yield lines. ADDITIONAL INSTALLATION AND DESIGN GUIDANCE IN-STREET OR OVERHEAD PEDESTRIAN CROSSING SIGN CROSSWALK MARKINGS • The In-Street Pedestrian Crossing sign (sign R1-6 or R1- • High-visibility crosswalks may include a variety of 6b in the CA MUTCD) can be placed on the center line, crosswalk striping designs, such as ladder, continental, or on a lane line, or in conjunction with a median/refuge bar pairs. island. • High-visibility markings may be supplemented with the • The In-Street Pedestrian Crossing sign shall not be pedestrian crossing warning signs (sign W11-2 in the post-mounted on the left-hand or right-hand side of the MUTCD1) on each approach to the crosswalk. roadway. • See MUTCD Section 2C.502 for more information about • Consider maintenance and prompt replacement of Non-Vehicular Warning Signs and Section 3B.18 for damaged in-street (and other) signs. more information about crosswalk markings. • If used, the Overhead Pedestrian Crossing sign shall be • Adjacent bus stops should be placed downstream of the placed over the roadway at the crosswalk location. crosswalk and not on the crosswalk approach. • See CA MUTCD Section 2B.125 for more information • Sufficient sight distance should be provided for vehicles about In-Street or Overhead Pedestrian Crossing signs. and pedestrians. Refer to the FHWA Crosswalk Visibility Enhancements • In school zones, yellow pavement markings should be Tech Sheet6 for more information about this set of used. treatments. OVERHEAD LIGHTING • Overhead lights should be placed in advance of uncontrolled crossings on both approaches to illuminate the front of the pedestrian and avoid creating a silhouette. • Consider placing the light fixtures 10 to 15 feet in advance of the crosswalk on both sides of the street. ADVANCE YIELD HERE TO PEDESTRIANS SIGN AND YIELD LINE • The stop line or “shark’s teeth” yield line is placed 20 to 50 feet in advance of a marked crosswalk to indicate where vehicles are required to stop or yield in compliance with the accompanying Yield Here To 3 https://dot.ca.gov/-/media/dot-media/programs/traffic- Pedestrians sign. operations/documents/ca-mutcd/camutcd2014-chap2b- rev4-a11y.pdf 4 https://dot.ca.gov/-/media/dot-media/programs/traffic- operations/documents/ca-mutcd/camutcd2014-chap3b- rev3-a11y.pdf 5 https://dot.ca.gov/-/media/dot-media/programs/traffic- 1 https://dot.ca.gov/programs/traffic-operations/camutcd operations/documents/ca-mutcd/camutcd2014-chap2b- 2 https://dot.ca.gov/-/media/dot-media/programs/traffic- rev4-a11y.pdf operations/documents/ca-mutcd/camutcd2014-chap2c- 6 https://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/ped_bike/step/docs/