Richard Maurice Bucke 'Waa a Man of .Marked Personality

RICHARDMAURICE BUCKE . .. __ - ...... - ...... ~ ~- .. . A Sketch

by JAMES H. COYNE, LL.D., F.R.S.C.

With bibliography and two unpublished portraits.

Revisededition. Reprinted from the TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROk AL SOCIETY OF CANADA 1906

HENRY S. SAUNDERS 7 Neville Park Boulevard Toronto, Canada I923 l 5

ln the preparation of the following sketch, the . writer had access to documentary material in the po!messionof the family of thelate Dr. Bucke. Much of this was autobiographical. . In using it the plan has been adopted, as far as possible, of letting the subject of the memoir tell the story in . his own way, with such omissions, chronological

rearrangement and explanatory ' connecting links aa the nature of the case seemed to requiTe, re- gardbeing had to the necessary limita of this paper.. Quotation harksare not always used, especdy .where, ae in the case of the fight with the.Shoshones andthe adventure in theSierra Nevadas, the narrative is simply condensed from Dr. Bucke's detailed description. Wherequota- tion .marks are used, the passage is autobiographical, unlesr otherwbe rtated.

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INTRODUCTION

'Richard Maurice Bucke 'waa a man of .marked personality. Hia individuality impressed itself on all who came into contact with him. Of striking pres- 'ence, great native ability, wide and vaned experience of the world and of human nature, he distinguished himselfin morethan one line of thought and action. For many years medical superintendent of one of the largest asylums for the insane in Ontario, he was ranked among the foremost alienists in America. An original investigator in the fields .of medical science, phil-, osophy. and literature, he worked out his problems with a single eye to the truth, and, having solved them to his satisfaction, presentedthe processes and. his conclusions frankly and fear- lessly, leaving the results with the future for acceptance or rejection. Hia intellectual product is intimately related to his close asaociation for a quarter of a century with Walt Whitman, whoae, influence was profoundand lasting. The names of Whitman and Bucke are inseparably linked togetherfor all time. The story of their friendship isof permanent interest and value. As a littérateur, scientist and administrator, and as the biographer and close friend of Whit- man, Dr. Bucke was an outstanding figure among the intellectuals of America. 8 But to the public at least it was not generally known that he had had a youth of extraordinary adventure, characterized by thrillingincident, in- tensesuffering, prolongedand arduous struggle. Theseexperiences were important factors in the development of atype of manhoodworthy of being studied. Somestages and phases of thatdevelopment it will bethe work of thefollowing pages to attempt to outline.

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ANCESTRY AND EARLY LIFE

At the Church of St. Olave; Old Jewry, Lon- don, on the 4th of May, 1801, ThomasGeorge l Bucke, of Mildenhall, Suffolk, married Georgina Walpole. Three childrenwere born of this marriage. All received a goodeducation. Horatio Wal- pole, eldest child and only son, was educated at TrinityCollege, Cambridge, took holy orders, andwas appointed curate of theneighbouring village of Methwold. He married Clarissa An- drews, whose brother, Biggs Andrews, Q.C., was . a barrister of some eminence. To the Reverend Horatio Walpole Bucke and Clarissa, his wife, were born seven sons and three daughters. It was at Methwold that theirseventh child and fifth son first opened his .eyes tothe light I onthe. 18th day of March, 1837. Of this aon, Richard Maurice Bucke, it is proposed to speak in the following memoir. Through his mother,Horatio Walpole Bucke was-a great grandson of the famous Prime Min- istCr of England,Sir RobertWalpole, and a grand nephew of Horace Walpole, whose Letters c have given him a niche in the pantheon of Eng- lish literature. Onthe side of the Buckes also literature had its representative.Charles Bucke, a brother of Thomas George, was the author of **Beauties of Nature," and .*'Ruins of Ancient . 12 13 Cities,” books which continuedto be published and settled down to the life of a pioneer farmer. until nearlythe end of thelast century. The A scholar and linguist, he had brought with him tendency to literature of thesubject of thir a library of several thousand volumes, in which sketch was therefore part of his inheritance. no fewer than seven languages were represented. Here in themidst of the primevalforest he in- In the spring of 1838 the curate, with his wife stalled his family and his books; here three chil- and seven children, emigrated to Upper Canada. dren were born to him: and here, in the gradu- For a score of years general attention had been ally.widening clearing he passed the remaining directedto the Talbot settlement. Perhaps the years of his life. The property,known after- familiar nomenclature, reproducing the names of wards as the CreekFarm, adjoins what is now counties, cities, towns and streamsbelonging to thesite of the village of Pottersburg, a suburb the eastern part of England added to the attrac- of the city of London. tion. On the river Thames, in Upper Canada aa in England, were the counties of Oxford, Middle- The Reverend Mr. Bucke was master of seven sex, Kent, and Essex.In the township of Lon- languages : Latin,Greek, Hebrew, French, Ital- don Richard Talbot1 had takenup land twenty ian, Spanish and English. The education of hie yearsbefore, and settlement had proceeded sons was, however,left largely to chance. That apace.His son, E. A. Talbot,was one of a is to say, he taught each of them to read in one number of writers bywhom the praises of the or more languages, and then, turning them loose Talbot Settlement were sounded in books which inhis library,left them to shiftfor themselves. were extensively circulated in the British Islands. But, to use Maurice’s ownwords, “they were born with thedesire to know,’ and with the in- To the township of London Mr. Bucke pro- stinctto find out.”Each was thenceforward his ceeded with his family to spy out the land, if it own schoolmaster. Of the sons, threebecame was good. physicians andone a lawyer. A fifth entered the civil service of Canada. At the forks of the Thames the town of Lon- don hadalready more than twelve hundred in- Maurice learned Latin from his father. Brows- habitants, ministered toby five churches, seven ing amongthe thousands of books,breathing taverns and three or four schools. Two or three their atmosphere,he became saturated with lit-. miles east, .on Dundas Street, was a fam which erature of widerange and variedcharacter. Á caughtour immigrant’s fancy. He purchasedit betterfoundation could hardly have been laid. Not to be confoundedwith Colonel the Honourable for his professional and literary life-work, which Thomas Talbot, founder of the Talbot Settlement, which was to .demand acomprehensive knowledge of included twenty-eight townahipe in whole or in pert. the mental and moral nature of man. 14 IS He never went to school, in the ordinary sense pose;but probably not more than many other of the word; but his education was, notwithstand- introspectivesmall fellow mortals. He wassub- ing, productive of results that couldnot easily ject at times to a sort of ecstasy of curiosity and havebeen surpassed, had heattended in boy- hope; as, on one special occasion, when about hood the regular institutions of learning. tenyears óld, he earnestlylonged to die, that the secrets of the beyond, if there was any be- Hisearly life is described by Dr. Bucke as yond, might be revealed to him; also to. agonies follows: of anxiety and terror, as, for instance, at about the same age, he read Reynolds’ Faust, and being. “He was born of good middle-class English near its end one sunny afternoon he laid it down stock and grew up almost without education on utterlyunable to continueits perusal, andwent what was then a backwoods Canadian farm. As out into the sunshine to recover from the horror a child he assisted in such labour as was within (after more than fifty years he distinctly recalls his power. Tended cattle, horses, sheep, pigs: it) which had seized him.” brought in firewood,worked in thehay field, drove oxen and horses, ranerrands. His pleas- At the age of fifteen he read the “Vestiges of ures were as simple as his labours. An occasional Creation,” a well-known precursor of Darwinism. visit to a small town, a game of ball, bathing in His inclination to philosophy and science, thus the creek that ran through his father’s farm, the manifested at so early an age, was a determining making and sailing of mimic ship,s, the search for factor in his career. bird’s eggs and flowers in thespring, andfor wild fruits in the summer and fall, afforded him, with his skatesand handsled in thewinter, hi6 homely, much-loved recreations. While still a young boy he read with keen appreciation Mar- ryat’s novels, Scott’spoems and novels, . and other similar books dealing with outdoor nature and human life.” The great problemsof religion presented themselves to him even as a child:-God, Jesus Christ, immortality,eternal suffering. “The boy (even the child) dwelt on these and similar topics far more than anyone would sup-

I 16 17 of a train of twenty-six loaded freight waggons, ADVENTURES IN THE WEST consigned to a mercantilehouse in SaltLake City. Eachwaggon was drawnby six yoke of Maurice's motherhaving died in 1844, his oxen, and carriedfrom three to four tons. It father* married a second wife, and in 1853 she was a wearisome, diffcult and perilous trail ; for too died. Maurice, then 16 years of age, decided in 1,200 miles therewere no whiteinhabitants, tosee the world for himself, and seek his for- except ,atFort Carney and Fort Laramie, the tunes wherever circumstances seemed propitious. roads'were bad,the loads heavy, and oxen at bestare rather sure than swift as draught ani- The next five years were years of varied and mals. The journeyoccupied five montha; now- remarkableadventure. Crossing Lake Erie, one adays it would require less than forty-eight hours. Juneday, he lived forthree years ,in theOhio Theparty foundIndian camps near theforts; and Mississippi valleys, working at any employ- the Pawnee nation at Fort Carney, a large party ment that offered. of Sioux at Fort Laramie. They, passed through At Columbus he was a gardener; near Cincin- immense herds of buffalo on the Platte, as Park- nati he worked first on a railroad, and then as a man had done a few years before. They crossed farm hand. ln the winter of 1 854-5 we find him the Rockies by. the South Pass and Green river; makingstaves in thecypress swamps of Louis- the Wahsatch Range by Echo Cañon. iana. Thenfor another twelve-month he served Fromthe summit of theWahsatch he saw as fireman or deck-handon steamboats plying spread before him the rich, spacious and beauti- onthe Mississippi andOhio rivers. But his ful country of the Mormons, with. the Great Salt longing to know the world and men was by no Lake in the blue .distance beyond. The splendid means satisfied. He was now justentering on picture never faded from his memory. his twentiethyear, in the full vigour of early manhood, ready as ever for anything that prom- Thewondrous scenery of the Rockies was a ised novelty or adventure.Fortune took him at revelation, which theimpressionable youth ab- his word. sorbedinto his soul. In his lateryears he recorded with enthusiasm the effect produced upon Ascending the Missouri river at Fort Leaven- him'by its grandeur and its beauty. worth,he determined to cross theplains and mountains tothe Pacific. To carryout his pur- At Salt Lake City the party received their five pose he hired withthe conductor or manager months' pay; but none thought of turning back. Westward still their gazewas fixed, and with Rev. H. W. Bucke died at Corunna, below Sarnia, U.C. (Upper Canada), 3 I March, 1856. eagerness they pressed toward the setting sun.

. . - __ -.m------! 18 19 Fourhundred and fifty miles fartheron was depended mainly on their bows and arrows ; the Sam Black’s trading post, a solitary house, with whites had five rifles, a shot gun and two re- its shedsand outbuildings on thesink, of the volvers. The latterreserved their fire until it Humboldt, and there was nowhite settler be- was likely to prove effective. One of themwas tween. . Alongthe trail, the Indians were hos- wounded with anarrow, another with a rifle- tile and in a position to choose their own fighting ball in the groin. The whiteswere thebetter ground. strategists, economized their fire, were cooler, and shot’straighter. Bucke believedhe had hit one “Weformed ourselves,” says Bucke, “into ormore of the enemy. Rushingtoward the parties of from five toten men in each. Each bushes to capture the gun of one of these, he was I party bought a light waggon and two horses to peremptorilyrecalled bythe captain. “Atthe draw it. Into this were loaded the necessary pro- time the Indians abandoned the fight we had our visions, cooking utensils and personal effects of lastbullets in our guns and theywere not theparty. One ofus, turnabout, sat in the all loaded.” waggon and drove, the rest walked.” Unwisely, as it turned out, the parties travelled But theirtroubles were byno means over. in sections. Theparty of which Bucke was a They had forgottento fill theirwater cask in membernumbered ten. They chose Samuel themorning. The trail had leftthe river. Jamieson as captain. Crossing theHumboldt Thirsty and exhaustedthey toiled wearisomely mountains, andthen following the river of the in the hot sun, onthe hot sand, “with nothing same name westward, they were attacked by the in sight but sand, sage brush and here and there Shoshones. Columns of smokehere and there rocky hills.” It was 9 at nightbefore the trail alongthe river uplandsgave the signal tothe againstruck the river. Their quffering had been swarthy foe. “Then I heard,for the first time intense, and Bucke describes it ‘in a most graphic in my life, froma hundred savage throats, that manner. ‘The cravingfor .water wassuch that mostunpleasant of sounds,the Indian war- enormous quantities of it were swallowed before whoop.” Theranks of Bucke’s party had been their thirstwas satisfied. Then followed six swelled and their scanty supply of provisions de- mqredays of hunger and privation, while they pleted by the addition of a party of six, who had marched about 1 50 miles, with ,nothingto eat beenrobbed of everything bythe Indians, and but a little flour stirred in boiling water. They fallen backfor help and food. For a full half- arrived at ,Sam Blacksalmost exhaustedwith day a running fight ensued with a hundred naked want of food. “Naturally, the first thingwe did savages, “yelling the war-whoop at thetop of was toarrange for supper.Inside of two hours their voices.” The Indians had few guns, and after our arrival we sat down to a table loaded 20 . 21 with meat, game, vegetables andhot biscuits, bouts lived seven hundred miles distant,on the and it is needless to say that we did full justice shores of the Great Salt Lake; across the moun- tothese andthe hot coffee served with them." tains to the west, we reached by a walk of a little over a hundred miles thewesternmost mining Twodays later members of thethird and camps of California;north and south as far as fourth parties came in. They been less provi- had our knowledge extended the barren slopes of the dent in their supplies, and less fortunate in fight- foot-hills were still in the undisturbed possession ing than Bucke's party. The Indians robbed had of Washoe and PiuteIndians; along the high- them of everything; five of theirnumber were lande towards the head of the cañon, where now killed or missing; the rest travelled 1 75 had stand Virginia City, SilverCity andGold Hill, miles, practically without food; except some seed- the mountainsheep suckled heryoung, unmo- pods and a duck they killed. had lested except by the gray wolf." His nest occupation was that of a gold miner. "The social state of this smallcommunity,,, After a few days' rest, he writes, "We crossed says Bucke, "was genuinely Arcadian in its sim- thegreat American desert from the sink of the plicity. Nocivil, milipry or ecclesiastical organi-

Humboldt to the Carson river and marched up zation existed among us. ' Utah Territory, in theCarson to Gold Cañon." Theysold their which we lived, had atthat time no laws or horses andwaggon; some of them,including courts, and Gold Cañon possessed no church of Bucke, took up claims, bought mining tools, "and any denomination. In spite of theabsence of settled down to work gold mining.', these signs of civilization, I have never known a communitythe members of which were better GoldCañon he describes as '*a broad and disposed or conducted. There was notheft, no shallow ravine, dry in summer, but, in winter, violence, and hardlyever even an instance of spring and fall, sending a diminutivetribute of drunkenness or a quarrel.Each worked steadily muddywater to Carson river.,' Herehe re- all the week, and,after ageneral wash-up on mained about a year, "a member of a small com- Sundaymorning, it was the rule to adjournto munity who, bythe aid of rockers, toms, and our general headquarters at Johntown, and spend sluices, extracted a precarious livelihood from the àfternoon and evening over a social game of the placer diggings.,, The miners numbered cards.'' three or four dozens in all; the whole settlement, includingranchers, aboutone hundred, "scat- Thecamp was onthe eastern slope of the tered over a, country thirty or forty miles across SierraNevadas, in whatwas then Utah, and is in each direction. To the east, our nearest neigh- now Nevada.

J 22 23 It waa the best type of the life depicted in its one' George Brown, they made their own assays manifold phases and manifestations in the pager and "satisfied themselves that they hadfound of Bret Harte, Mark Twain and Joaquin Miller. and owned enormously rich silver lodes." It was a wonderful experience and a valuable education for the youth of nineteen. But, adven- They located the best sites, took up as much tures strange and perilous were still before him. land asthe mining laws permitted, and were about ready to form a company .to develop their Amongthe original forty-niners were two extraordinary discoveries. brothers,Allen and HoseaCrosh, of Pennayl- vania. From Californiathey had made their "The strange part of the story is that within way over the Sierra to Gold Cañon in the early threemonths from that time all three of these fifties. As early as l 85 4 they had discovered young and strong men met with violent deaths, native silver in the cañon, which they revisited and by an extraordinary combination of circum- again and again, but they kept their knowledge stancesthe papers relative to their discoveries, to themselves. They were the first discoverers and which were naturally left in the hands of the of silver west of the R0ckies.l In the spring of lastsurvivor, were absolutely lost.". 1 85 7, afterspending the winter in California, theywere back again in thecañon, and here Brown was murdered by a party of immigrants young Bucke made their acquaintance, an ac- at his own door.Hosea Grosh accidentally cut quaintance that ultimately involved himin the his foot with a pick-axe, and died of the wound, most terrible vicissitudes, and left him a legacy blood-poisoning having set in. "Allen, over- of life-long indescribable suffering. Onthe come with grief, was left alone in the possession otherhand, had the enterprise succeeded, he of their .common secret.'* would in all probabilityhave been reckoned TheCrosh boys hadbeen in thehabit of amongthe McKays and Carnegies and Rocke- spendingeach winter in California. Hosea's fellers; for the Croshes held the key to treasures death.delayed Allen's departure until winter was beyond the dreams of Sindbad or Aladdin. already closing in on the mountains. The ostensible object of the Groshes in 1 85 7 It W- now .that Bucke came upon the scene. was gold mining. Their real purposewas to He had helped to nurse and bury thebrother; explorefor silver and ascertain thevalue of and this led to a close friendship with Allen, who their previous discoveries. With a thirdpartner, arrqnged that Bucke should take. Hosea's place 'There is a monument in their'honour at Virginia City, as his companion in thelong journey over the to commemorate their achievement. mountains.

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24 25 On the 28th. the sky being bright and clear, . theyclimbed all dayto a high summit. "Dur- A TRAMP OVER THE MOUNTAINS ing a great part of the ascent the ground was too steepfor walking. In such placesour mode of It was the middle of November, 185 7, before procedure was to clear away the snow, catch hold they left thecañon. The donkey which carried of. the bushes, and with hands and feet together their baggage strayed away, and it was the 20th climb up." Then theyfound a ravine, at least before they left Washoe Valley. They had now a thousandfeet deep, with perpendicular walls, butthree days' provisions with them. lnthe between them and the main ridge to be crossed. valleythe weather hadbeen warm.Ascending Again they went back to camp, reaching it about the mountains they cut through six inches of ice ten o'clock at night, tired out. the first night toget water. Next day,they crossed theeastern summit of theSierra, about Finally, on the 29th, **after a terribly hard up- 9,000 feet high. Down 2,000feet lower, to hill walk of someten or twelve miles, '-through LakeTahoe, and then onthe following day, deep snow and over rough ground, we gained the aroundthe lake to ite outletthrough Trucksec westernsummit about two o'clock in theafter- river,they trudged on. The trail crossed the noon.,' In theteeth of theintense cold and a river and thenSquaw Valley; Undeterredby bitter west wind, they crossed the three-mile pla- twenty-four hours of rain, they attemptedthè teautothe westernedge. That nightthey campeddown the slope in a forsaken cabin. western summit. The rain turnedto snow,the trail wascovered, was lost;the adventurers Their matches had spoiled in Squaw Valley. They lighted their fire with a gun. turned back to the valley, and, drying themselves asbest they could in the still falling rain, lay Two .days of hardsnowing followed. Again down by their fire till morning. theymade snowshoes, and again their efforts were doomed to failure, and the shoeswere aban- Next day it was colder and snowing in the val- doned.Their meat failed. Fourdays of abso- ley. They wereobliged toencamp herefor a lute starvation were before them. The trail now week, thealmost continuous snow hiding the was a blazedone, and easily missed;the snow trails and even the mountain summits. The don- was'three tofour feet deep,and even more in key was killed for food. A tent was improvised places, alongthe side of a high ridge. Then of blankets. Its siteserved as a fire-place dur- the ridgespread 'into a broad plateau.Soon ing the day and ae their bed at night. The young the trees failed them, there was no trail, and the men made themselves snowshoes, but these cold was intense. Near sundownthey came on . proved a failure and were thrown away. fresh tracks, and hope sprang up in their hearts. . I

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26 27 Then theydiscerned the truth;they had wand- walked into low bushes they could not see. For ered in a circle, and the trackswere their own. two days longer they kept on their toilsome way . Theywere off the trail. It wassnowing hard, downthe ravine 'to theMiddle Forks of the abscuring objects a hundred yards distant. They Americanriver and still fartherdown until it triedto make a fire, but their gun failed them. ranthrough adeep rocky cañon, where they It had gotdamp and, refused to go off. Then wereforced to leave it, and walkover a ridge they found that they were frost-bitten. to and acrossanother large stream. The travel- lers were famished and their strength was almost The first necessity now was immediate shelter gone. The snow now did not average a foot deep. fromthe cold. Hope died in their hearts. The Grosh was so weak, that Bucke walked in front wealth of Golcondahad no further charms or to make the tracks for his feet. "Exhausted and even interest. "Skin for skin, yea, all that a man despairing, l satdown, and, weeping, proposed hath, will he give for his life." The gun was to give up and lie down and die where we were. ** thrownaway. Allen's papers, containing the But Allen was determined to push through, and records of his discoveries and titles to claims, encouraged the despairingboy, reminding him were abandoned.Others might reapwhere he of their friends in the East. When they camped had sown. Nothingwas keptbut the blankets,' at night, they were too weak to talk much. The a tin cup and its contents, and a butcher's knife. younger hardly expected to live till morning, and ln the tin cup was a miserable remnant of their thought thateven if hesurvived the night, he meat. would be unable to walk. "Let us make up our They struck for the nearest edge of the ridge bed for the last time," he said to Allen, "for we and down the steep slopefull speed through deep shallnever leave this place."But Allen still snow, to an evergreen valley. Here theyspread cheered him as besthe could with thehope of theirblankets onthe ground, covered them a reachingshelter somewhere yet. They skpt but footdeep with snow, creptunder the blankets little. feet first, and lay until morning. The warmth of Next morning, after "horrible and extravagant their bodies thawed the snow, and they did not dreams . . . . wewere barely ableto get dry again for several days. cràwlalong, and went almost as much onour On the3rd December they followed down a hands and knees as onour feet." The snow ravine, hoping to find a river.' A muddy current was now only a few inches deep.Once Allen wouldindicate a mining campup stream. The said he heard a dog bark; Maurice refused to be- walking wasthrough snow two and a half feet lieve it. Then they came to a ditch with running deep oververy uneven ground.Sometimes they water,. and knew they were near a mining camp.

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26 29 In a few minutes Allan‘ said, “There is smoke.” the’mountains for a surgeon, “who found it nec- They had walked or crawled just three-quarters . essaryamputate to one of my feet, andportion a l of a mile that day. The name of the camp was of the.other.” “For months,” says one who I “Last Chance.’’ knew himwell, Dr. T. J. W. Burgess, superin- ! tendent of the Protestant Asylum for the Insane, 1 The miners showed their proverbial generosity; Montreal, “the stricken man lay in that mountain I but the exhausted youths could not eat. Next cabin, tended only by rough, yet gentle, hands, I day they were unableto walk. In a few days and there it was that he first had time to think. ! they became delirious. On the twelfth day Allen The miners made a collection of ,gold dust and Crosh died. nuggets to send him on his way Santo Francisco. I ‘I was born again,’ he once said, in speaking of “No knowledge survived of the work. of the thia period of life,his ‘It cost me my feet-yet I

Crosh Brothers in Cold Cañon and its neighbour- it was worththe price.’ ”1 The stumps did not I hood, except the bare fact that they had found thoroughly heal formore than forty years. The silver. Two years. afterwards in 1 85 9, this sufferings he endured can be better imagined than

I knowledge, by making the miners watch for in- described. But never was suffering more hero- dications of silver, led to the finding of the Com- ically borne, and uncomplaining, he suffered in stock lode, andthat discovery to others, until silence. the faint -and soon almost extinguished spark of ~ -! knowledge, struck fromthe rocks of Utah by the intelligence and perseverance of these two young men, resulted in the enormous silver-mining industry of western Nevada.” 1 Maurice’s powerful physique--stoodhim in good steadunder the trying ordeal. He was obliged to lie in bed all winter. The miners sentdown ’ A letter signed Duncan Gordon, published inthe New York “Sun,” November 2?; 1897, and entitled, “The Tragedy of the Comstock, war contradicted or varied in many of its statements by Dr. Bucke in an interview published in the London (Ont.) “Advertiser” of December 16, 1897. Gordon connected the Groaher ’.From a paper read at th,e Annual Meeting of the and Dr. Bucke more cloaely with the diacovery of the AmericanMedico-Psychological Association. held at Comstock than the facta, according to th¿ latter, Montreal, June,1902, and reprinted in pamphlet form appeared to jurtify. from the publiahed proceeding.. I ..

:. I 30 31 'Outside of his collegiatecourse he read with aviditymany speculative books, such as the RETURN TO CANADA "Origin of Species," Tyndall's "Heat," and "Ea- I says,** Buckle's "History,*' "Essays and Reviews," The youth of 16 returnedto his Canadian and much poetry, especially such as seemed to home a man of 2 1, maimed and broken in health, him free and fearless. ln this species of literature but with a knowledge of nature and of men, a hesoon preferred Shelley, and of his' poems, store of experience, such as few men of 2 1 have "Adonais" and "Prometheus" were his favour- everhad. A sum of moneyleft him by his ites. His life for some years was- one passionate mother enabled him to carry out a plan he had note of interrogation, an unappeasablehunger formed of going to college. forenlightenment on the basic problems. Leav- ing college, he continued his search with the same At once he entered upon a medical course at ardour.Taught himself French, that he might McCill University. He graduated in 1862, win- read Auguste Comte, Hugo and Renan, and Cer- ning the prize for the best thesis of his year. The man, that hemight read Goethe, especially tremendousforce of will, thedominance of the "Faust;" mental and moralpowers over the physical From McCill he proceeded to Europe for post- system, which sucha university career evinces, graduate work. The season of 1862-3 was spent showed him to be no common man. in London. Dr. .W.C. Vanbuskirk of.St. Thomas was his fellow student with him in Paris, and from The prize thesis, entitled"The Correlation of him some particulars relating to ;Bucke's student the Vital and Physical Forces,'* defended before life, boththere and in London,have been the Medical Faculty of McCill, May 2, 1862, was gleaned. He attended lectures in theoperative printed in the British AmericanJournal, and in theatre of University College, London. Fox, pamphlet form. Jenner,Ringer, Erichsen, Quain, Harley, Hillier

andHare were among the lecturers. ' Most of Among his fellow students at McCill may be the residue of 1863 was spent in Paris at the mentionedDoctor Joseph M. Drake,afterwards Hotel Dieu and the Hospital of the Collége des professor physiology at theuniversity; Doctors Médecins, wherethey attended clinics given by Wright, of Ottawa,Harkness, of Iroquois, and such men aa Trousseau, Nelaton and Bouvier. Phillips, of Brantford. .In Paris he was laid up for a time with a mild His reading was not limited by the curriculum type of typhoid fever. He was able to continue nor the books relating to medical science. his readingnotwithstanding the illness, and Dr. 32 33 Vanbuskirkremembers seeing him engaged in Returning to Canada early in 1864, where his earnest perusal of Comte's works, whilst incapa- elder brother,' Dr. EdwardHoratio Bucke had citated by fever from attending the hospitals. died but a few months before, he settled down to thepractice of his profession in Sarnia. But al- In London,a warm friendship sprang up be- most aimultaneously, he wasurgently requested tween Dr. (afterwards Sir) Benjamin Ward Rich- to go to California in. the interest of the Could ardsonand Bucke, growing out of mutual ad- & Curry Silver Mining Company.' He went, and miration and kept alive by intermittent correspon- was amply remunerated for his time and services, dence. Bucke regarded Richardson as "the ablest returning to Sarnia in 1865, not only enriched man in the profession in England,and that is in experience, but with substantiala sum of money. Herehe married, onthe 7th Septem- as much as to say in the world." The results of their association would seem tobe reflected in ber, Miss Jessie Maria Curd.There were born some of their publications, especially in those to them eight children, of whom six survive, *to- dealing with the therapeutic uses of alcohol. gether with their mother.Settling downto the Thelate Mr. P. E. Bucke furnishedintereating in- On thereturn voyage bythe St. Lawrence formationupon the subject. The president, Mr.Bull, of routehe an experience, which mighthave San Francisco,had befriended Maurice after his fear- had fultrip over the mountains. A speculative action of a been attended with disastrous consequences. He kind not uncommon in the hiatory of mining enterpriaes occupied thepost of shipsurgeon, and in per- was now, five years later, brought ageinrt the company. formance of his official dutieswas obliged to Maurice's knowledge of Grosh's discoveries war an im- report at Grosse Isle some cases contagious portantfactor in the care. Mr.Bull, having sentfor of him, he set out immediately from Sarnia. The plaintiffs disease. Thisnecessitated the quarantining of dilatory tactics postponed thetrial from time to time the steerage passengers, some of whombecame and Bucke spenteight monthr onthe Pacific coast infuriated at the doctor as the cause of their in- awaiting the decisive day. With books for study, sup- convenience and delay. An organized gangat- plied. by Mr. Bull, hespent the time on LakeTahoe, tempted to throw him into the river. With some where he lodged with aGerman family. Theopportun- ity to become more proficient in both reading and speak- n difficulty Dr. Bucke washurriedly lowered into ing' German was not lost by the active-minded Canadian. one of the ship's boats and carried to a place of Eight hours a dayhe studied duripg his rojournnear safety. He used tospeak of this as one of the th2 mountain lake. When the day of trialat last most exciting episodes in a life that was by no arrived and the company's title to the mine war ertab- lirhed, the claimant's care collapsed. Bucke was thum means devoid of thrilling incidents. enabled torepay ahundredfold the kindness hehad received in his day of need from a friendly Californian. Thisincident was communicated by Dr. Hugh A. Since the above was written,in 1906, two of the McCallum of London. six children have died.

'B I 34 35 ' practice of his chosen profession, he met with .To the literature of alienism hedevoted his success from thestart, and soon acquired more attention, with the same persistent determination thana local reputation. The Honourable Alex- that had carried him throughthe perils and ' ander Mackenzie, afterwards Premier of Canada, labours of earlier years. With thenatural scien- was bisfirst patient and frequently sounded his tific bent of his mind, the practice and opportun- praises.l Sarnia was the home of thelate Hon. ities forobservations and research affordedby Timothy Blair Pardee, M.P.P. for the county of his official position, and his continuous and close Lambton from Confederation, and a distinguished reading of reports and statistics, it was not long Minister of the Crown for the Province of Ontario before he was recognized as an authority among from the year 1 872 untilhis decease in 1889. alienists. His opinion was sought from farand Mr. Pardeeand Dr. Bucke recognized in each wide. Medical and psychological societies were other congenial spirits, and became intimate glad to give a conspicuous place to his name on friends. Their friendship haddoubtless some- their programmes and to his addresses and papers what to do with the appointment of Dr.Bucke, in their publications. His right torank among in January, 1 8 76, to the Superintendency of the the foremost of his profession in America was Asylum forthe Insane at Hamilton, onits first beyond question. In anappendix will be found establishment. In the following February, on the a list of his printed pamphlets, lectures and ad- death of Dr. Landor of the London Asylum, Dr. dresses, of which particulars are accessible. Bucke was promotedto the leadership of the larger institution, a position he was to fill until His annualreports to the provincial govern- his death. Had he lived a few days longer, he ments are, with one exception, not specified in would have occupied this important post fora the list. The reportsare all valuable. That for full quarter of a century. Only a few rods dis- 1 89 7. contains "The Story of the Care for the tant from the asylum lay the home of his child- Insane in Ontario,'' an interesting and instructive hood, the old Creek Farm,the acene of hia historical resume of the successive stages of pro- earliest recollectione. gress in thetreatment of this unfortunate class of citizens. It is not too much to say of him that as Super- intendent of the London Asylum he did not fall Lehind the expectations whichhis university careerand his professional reputation hadled his friends to form respecting him. This factwas mentioned by Dr. Bucke to Dr. Hugh A. McCallum.

... .- I # 36 1, 37 Dealing with this question, Dr. OReilly, In- I HIS WORK AS ALIENIST AND spector of Asylums and Prisons, in his annual I reportfor 1 887, writes as follws: "To Dr. R. ! ADMINISTRATOR I M. Bucke, Medical Superintendent of Lon-the I1 In his chosen field he was not content to follow don Asylum, belongsthehonour of beingthe first ! subserviently in the footsteps of his predecessors. to take up the subject practically in the Canadian asylums. He approached it at first, very properly, Cautious, but courageous,sure of his ground with great hesitation and caution, but it only re- before taking the forward step, he signalized his quired a few weeks' practical study of the subject ! administration of the London Asylum (the largest to convince him that all that had been said- by l in the province) by three remarkable innovations, theadvocates of the system was well founded, unheeding the opposition or the outcries of those and restraint in theLondon Asylum became a whose conservatism did not approve of the mod- thing of thepast. Dr. Bucke didnot 'burn his ern spirit and changed methods. restraint apparatus with religious ceremonies, nor ( 1 ) He was the first alienist in America .to malre any flourish of trumpetsabout it. When adopt the system of absolute non-restraint in the the proper time came, he simply announced that treatment of the insane. aftereighteen months' trial of absolute non-restraint in an asylum having a population of nine (2) He discardedentirely the use of beer, hundred patients he had found the system to be wine or alcohol in any form at the asylum. all that had been claimed for it, and that he was (3) He was the first, systematically, to employ now unable to conceive of a case where mechanical restraint, exceptfor surgical reasons, would gynaecological surgery in the treatment of insane women. be necessary; would notbe, in fact, positively harmfultothe patient. Dr. Bucke's example The first of these reforms could not be effected was' slowly followed by others, until now in this all at once. Public opinion had to be considered, provincerestraint appliances are unknown, and and the experiment might involve dangerous con- ont after another the doctors give in their testi- sequences, not merely to the patient, but to the mony to the great value of this reform, which was staff andattendants as well. For. some ye- cómmenced by Connolly and Pinel half a century- the degree of restraint was gradually diminished. ago.'' ' "ln the middle of 1883,'' writes Bucke in 1897, " we totally discontinued the use of restraint and With the abolition of restraint may be said to seclusion in every form and have not used them havedisappeared the last trace of theancient since. * ' method of treatment of the insane. The Bedlam

W : I

'I--' 38 39 of history is a thing of the past. Except for the tor publication in pamphlet form, under the title ' protection of patients against themselves, the "Alcohol in Health and Disease.** He did not straight-waistcoat is no longer inuse. Patients halt half way inhis conclusions. He placed aretreated as human beings. The law of love alcohol and blood-letting in the same category as has been found effective with them as with the obsolete in medical practice. "A time will rest of humanity. come," he believes, "and thatperhaps before. many generations have passed away,. when it will It is gratifying to be assured that the increased be as rare for a physician or surgeon to prescribe proportion of cures effected bears its due relation alcohol, as it is now for either of them to prescribe to the improvement in methods of treatment. blood-letting, and when a healthy man will no more think of taking alcohol with a view of pre- It W- a work of time to persuade the medical serving his health, or tomake him feel better, * profession at large, that alcohol as a medicine than he thinks now of going to a surgeon to be was, as a rule, unnecessary and even positively in- bled with a view to the same end." jurious. The practice of eminent physicians such as Sir Benjamin Richardson and Sir William Gull in discountenancing its use ifl many cases was, Among the reforms Dr. Bucke initiated at the no doubt, a strong factor in inducing Dr. Bucke London Asylum should be mentioned his adop- toabandon it altogether. Inhis first or second tion, experimentally, in 1888 of the "Intermittent year at London, he experimented by reducing the Downward Filtration" system of sewage disposal. number to whom beer, wine or whiskey was reg- Col. Warring, ofNew York, was the engineer ularly served, and watching carefully the effect. selected to inaugurate the new method. It proved In 1879 he closed the spirit rations entirely. The efficient, economical, and in every way satisfac- result warranted his action. "The health of the tory. Dr. Bucke published the results farand asylum was never better. I doubt if it was ever wide throughreports, addresses and printed as good.** The death rate was smaller; the per- papérs, with a view to its general adoption by centage of recoveries higher. cities, towns and villages. So impressed was he with the importance of the resu1,ts effected, that he broughtthe matter -The sewage field, of about six acres, fertilized. beforethe Dominion Medical Association in a by the trenches into which the sewage was scat-- paperread at London,on the 10thSeptember, tered day by day by a centrifugal pump, pro- 1879. The essay was printed in theLondon duced abundant crops, the average annual ,value Advertiser, and reprinted twicein England, In of which was estimated by him in 1 89 7 at $2 50 the following year he enlarged and completed it an acre.

8. 40 41 wonder that his reputation not only as an . ' In 1 89 1 the Medical Faculty of McCill Univer- No .. sitypaid him the high compliment of inviting him alienist but also as an administrator,grew with the years. The theorist andthe practical man - todeliver the opening lecture for the year. Its of affairs, the scientist and the business manager, ability and forcefulness were the subject of'wide were in him combined in a remarkable degree. comment and commendation. He was fortunate in having the hearty co-oper- Six years later, he was chosen President of the ation of a staff of able and loyal assistants. But Psychological Section of the British Medical Asso- the impression of his initiative, his energy, his ciation on the occasion of its meeting at Montreal. mastery of detail, his enthusiastic interest in the Thh was, perhaps, the most distinguished honour institution, was felt in every part of its administra- that could be bestowed upon a specialist in the tion. branch of science to which he had devoted the WaltWhitman, who visited Bucke in 1880, best part of his life. It was followed in 1898 described his management of theinsane in the by his election to the Presidency of the American following terms : Medico-Psychological Association. "His method is peaceful, uncoercive, quiet, though always firm-rather persuasive than anything else. Bucke is without bfagor bluster. It is beautiful to watch him at his work-to see how he can handle difficult people with such an easy manner. Bucke is a man who enjoys being busy -likes to do things--is swift of execution-lucid,' sure, decisive. Doctors are not in the main com- fortablecreatures to have around, but Bucke is helpful, confident, optimistic-has a way of buoy- ing you up." 1 On the establishment of a Medical Faculty in the Western University, at London, Ont., in 1882, - Dr. Bucke was appointed Professor of Mental an4, Nervous Diseases. His. teachingwe are assured was invariablysatisfactory to both faculty and students. "With .Walt Whitman in Camden," by Horace Trsubel. Borton, 1906, page 448. 1; 1 .I. 1

42 43 "incontestably the grehest intellect that the race HIS LITERARY TASTES has produced," adding, "His prose is the best in our language." The life of a physician in goodpractice in a small town is exacting in its demands, and leaves But matter-of-fact scientist as Bucke was by little time for literary culture. The more success- Inclination and training, he had also the imagina- ful he is asa practitioner, the rarer necessarily tive faculty developed in a high degree. Not only are his opportunities for keeping up an adequate in the light which prism could analyze, whose acquaintance with the great masters of the world wave lengths and velocities could be computed, of letters or with the current thought of the time. was heinterested, but also in thatother "light To do so presupposes theliterary instinct and that never was on sea or land," which defies an- training. It calls for an intellectual equipment alysis and calculation. beyondthe ordinary, careful economy of time, Shelley, "the poet*s poet,*' wasan early favour- and greatmental energy and resolution. Dr. ite. Thecharm of the Adonais, the Prometheus Bucke was fortunate in possessing the instinct, andthe Epipsychidion, held him tothe last. the character and the training. Tennyson and Browning were read with pleasure. Referencehas already been madeto books Shakespeare's dramas he regarded as "probably read by himin his childhood and youth. As al- the noblest expression of genius in any language ready stated, his bent for scientific and philoso- -while his sonnets, to my mind, reach a spiritual phical study manifested itself at an early age. level as high as has ever been attained by man- as high as thatattained by St. John or by the Buckle, Darwin andTyndall he read while author of the 'Divine Lay*-the 'Bhagavad- a medical student. In Parishe had become ac- Cita' ** The passage quotedshows that he had quainted with Auguste Comte's "Cours de Philo- added to his stores of reading 'an acquaintance sophie Positive.** Littré's books upon Comte and with the sacred books of the East, .and been pro- the writings of other positivists deepened the im- foundly impreseed with their poetic and spiritual pression producedby the books mentioned. content. L HerbertSpenceis works were perused with He possessed a memory for poetry which was avidity. On the scientific and philosophical side, the admiration and envy of his friends. He would these, and especially Comte*s works, werethe repeat with profound appreciation and appropri- formative influences in his earlier mental develop- ate expression the whole of the Adonais or Saul. ment. At alater period he became profoundly Tennyson's "Revenge,** or sonnet after sonnet of interested in Francis Bacon, whom he pronounced Shakespeare, without book and without a mistake . 45 44 that the hearer could detect. “Leaves of Crass,” ILLUMINATION from beginning toend, heseemed toknow by heart. - We now cometo an event which Dr. Bucke Dr. Bucke learnedGerman to read Faust in regarded as pivotal in connection with whathe the original, “andfound thepoem worth the deemed his most important life-work. labour.”This was followed othersby of In 1867, Dr. SterryHunt, visiting Dr. Bucke Goethe’s works. Goethe was among “the writers at Sarnia, mentioned the name and quoted some who distinctly, though not markedly,” influenced verses of Walt Whitman. The effect onthe his mental evolution. hearerwas instantaneous and lasting. Hence- Dr. Bucke was notonly an idealist, but a forth his life was largely influenced by Whitman’s mystic, and the combination of thesecharacter- personality and “Leaves of Grass.” To this in- istics with literary culture and the scientific tem- fluence may beattributed practicallythe whole perament and training forms an interesting psy- of his literary product. chological study.His literary product is the In 1868 heprocured a copy of W. M. Ros- resultant of these forces, working upon an ardent setti’s Selections. In 1870, visiting Dr. Hunt in and energetic nature. Montreal, heborrowed the latter’s copy of the Bucke, like his friend William D. O’Connor, 1 85 5 edition of the Leaves. In I8 72 he .obtained was a strong Baconian in the never-ending Shake- acopy of the new edition of I87 1. All these speare controversy, and wrote letters and articles volumes as well as Whitman’s later publications on the subject to newspapers and magazines, in in prose and verse he studied with eagerness. , 1896 and subsequently. In the fall of I 89 7 this involved him in a brief controveraywith Mr. It was during the early spring of I 872, while in England, that passed through an experi- Goldwin Smith, ,begun in the Canadian Magazine he and concluded by Dr. Bucke in thecolumns of ence,known in the nomenclature of mysticism as the Toronto Globe. illumination. “He and two friends had spent the . eveningreading Wordsworth, Shelley, Keats, Br’bwning, and especially Whitman. They parted. af midnight, and he had a long drive in a hansom (it was an English city). His mind deeply under the influence of the ideas, iqnages and emotions called up by the reading and talk of the evening, wás.calm and peaceful. He was in a state of 46 47 quiet, almost passive enjoyment. All at once, ( 1.879) as to the’ relation of thegreat sympa- without warning of any kind, hefound himself thetic nerve to the moral nature. In it, he says, wrapped around as it were by a flame-coloured “he sought to embody teaching of the illumina- cloud. For an instanthe thought of fire, some tion.** sudden conflagration in thegreat city, the next he knew thatthe light was within himself. Di- The subject. appears to havebeen first broached by him in. a paper on Functions of rectly afterwards came upon him a sense of exult- “The ation, of immense joyousness, accompanied or the Great Sympathetic Nervous System,** readby immediately followed by an intellectual illumina- him at St. Louis in May, l 87 7, and again in a tion quite impossible to- describe. Into his brain paper on “The Moral Nature and the Great Sym- streamedone momentary lightning-flash of the pathetic,*’ read at Washington in May, 1878, be- Brahmic-Splendour which hasever since light- fore the Association, of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane. ened his life ; upon his heart fell one drop of Brahmic Bliss, leaving thenceforward for always In July, I 8 77, for the first the, he met and an after taste of heaven.’’ conversed with Walt Whitman. He called upon The effects were similar in some respects to thepoet at Camden. Of this meeting he gives those of “conversion.” “Amongother things he agraphic account in the Introduction to “Cala- did not come to believe, he saw and knew that mua,’* a collection of Whitman’s letters to Peter the Cosmos is not dead matter, but a living Pres- Doyle, edited by Dr. Bucke, and published in ence, that the soul of man is immortal, that the 1897. universe is so built and ordered that without any It is too long to transcribe here. But the effect peradventureall things work together for the ia given in these words: good of each and all, thatthe foundation prin- ciple of the world is what we call love, and that “Briefly, it would be nothingmore than the the happiness of everyone is in the long run simple truthto statethat I was, by it, lifted to absolutely certain. He claims that he learned and setupon a higher plane of existence, upon more within the few secondsduring which the which I have more or less continuously lived ever illumination lasted than in previous months or sihce--that is, fora period of eighteen years. evenyears of study, andthat he learned much And my feeling toward the man, Walt Whitman, that no study could ever have taught.** from thatday to thepresent has been,and is, To this psychical experience maybe traced, that of the deepest affection and reverence. All on Dr. Bucke’s own authority, the theory elabor- this, no doubt, was supplemented and reinforced ated by him in his book, “Man’s Moral Nature” by other meetings, by correspondence and by his ...... , , I. . . I.. , I 7,. :;*p, 1 .,, ,,,. . : .‘1 .,, ._ . ,\ .. : .. ,. . -.,._.__L .. . - . . . - - .. -- - -- .: . .. 4 -. . .

40 49 readings, but equally certainly it derived its initial S’ and essential vitality from that first, almost casual faith are more and more in evidence. The meana contact.” by which the change has been effected have been (I) Natural Selection; (II) Sexual Selection; (III) In a paper published in 1894, referring to the Social Life; (IV) Art; (V) Religion. Infinite interview, he had written as follows: “A sort of progress is the law. “Hateand fear are dying spiritualintoxication set in which didnot reach out. .The argument is that theirtotal extinction its culmination for some weeks, and which, after is justified. Faithand love are increasing. In- continuingsome months, very gradually, in the finite faith andlove are justiiied. . . . . course of thenext few years fadedout . . . the highest moral nature is nearest in accord with it is certain thatthe hoursspent that day with the truth of things. This is why we call those men thepoet was the turning point of mylife. The inspired whohave exceptionallyexalted moral upshot of it was the placing of my spiritual ex- natures as well as superiorintellectual natures istence on a higher plane.” . . . . religion, morality and happiness are three names for the same thing-moral elevation. Readers of Lucian will remember his description of a somewhat similar effect produced upon “Thisthen is theend, the conclusion of the him by the philosopher Nigrinus. Other instances whole matter: Love all things-not because it is in sacred and profane literature are by no means your dutyto do so, but because all things are infrequent in cases of men and women of excep- worthy of your love. Hate nothing. Fearnoth- tional moral and spiritual elevation. ing. Haveabsolute faith. Whoso will do this is wise; he is more than wisphe is happy.** “Man’s Moral Nature” ( 1879) is dedicated “To the man who inspired it-to the man who It is hardly too much to say that thistheory of all men, past and present, that I have known and these conclusions were the foundationand hasthe most exalted moral nature---to Walt. regulating principles of Dr. Bucke’s conduct. Whitman.” The facts and reasoning upon which his theory In this book he divides the moral nature into was based are for the scientist and the philoso- two classes of functions: positive, i.e., loveand pHer. The author’s presentation is clear, full and faith; and negative, i.e., hate and fear. He finds ixrteresting. His theory is put forward as a tenta- its physical basis in the great sympathetic nervous tive one, as the one that ,seems most in conformity system. The moral nature is not a fixed quantity, with the facts. The argument will appearmore but has developed from an initial stage, with hate or less cogent according to the training and ten- and fear predominant, to that in which love and dencies of him to whomit is submitted. The conclusion, however, according as it does with the c

50 SI highest ana dhJest in man, should meet with aen- era1 acceptance. He was an optimist by insGnct WALT WHITMAN AND DR. BUCKE by observation,, by reflection, by a varied experience. Appropriately, heprefixes to the final After the firstinterview in 1 8 77. Dr. Bucke chapter these lines from Whitman: made periodical visits to the Good Gray Poet. He took the field as his champion and expounder. “The Lord. advances and yet advances; Controversy as tothe quality and tendency of Always the shadow in front; always the “Leaves af Grais**raged with more or less heat. reached hand, bringing up the laggards.** Bucke rarely assumed the defensive. He was best in attack. Hisskill as a writer shows itselfin exposition of his theme, in marshalling and mass- ing his facts. Opposing facts are often left to take care of themselves. The result, as far as Whit- man is concerned, seems to justify the strategy, if such it can be called. The last word hae by no means been said, but, notwithstanding pas- sages regarded by many as offensive to taste or to the critical ear, Whitman’s place in the Pan- theon is bythis time assured. Criticism accepts “Leaves of Crass’’ as a whole,with reservation of judgment as to details. In September, 1879, Bucke lectured on Whit- marl before an Ottawa audience. InMay he wrote the Philadelphia Press a letter entitled, “The Good Gray Poet.’’ This was an appella- tion firstused by William D., O’Connor, in his brilliant defence of Whitman many years before. m. The summer of 1880 was memorable for Whit- rñan’svisit to London as the guest of Dr. and Mrs. Bucke. He remained four months.During the summer the two men made a voyage down ‘the St. Lawrence as far as the Saguenay and up the latter stream to Chicoutimi and Ha Ha Bay.

.- . . -

52 53 Whitman was greatly impressed with the Asylum, ing a satisfactory publisher. After various sug- its ‘‘ample and charminggardens and lawns,” gestions had beenmade, Osgood of Boston, the religious services, thedemeanour of “the would appearto have been his original choice. motley,yet perfectly well-behaved andorderly But Osgood was not in the humour. . He had just congregation,” the “Refractory Building,” then been forced by threats of prosecution by the At- under special charge of ,Dr. Beemer. Referring torney-General of Massachusetts to withdraw tothe whole institution, hewrote in his diary: fromsale his edition of “Leaves of Crass.” “Asfar as I could see, this is amongthe most Early in May, 1882, Bucke wroteO’Connor that ’ advanced,perfected, and kindly and rationally Osgood had declined “Walt Whitman, a Study.” carried on, of all its kind in America. It is a O’Connorwrote another scathing letter to the town in itself, with many buildings, and a thou- press, defendingthe “Leaves.” On the3rd sand inhabitants.” June, he wrote Whitman that Bucke had written him “quitejubilant over my letter, and telling The fourmonths thus spent with Whitman him the fix I havegot his book into, which is wereimportant in results. Bucke wasresolved comic as a scene from Moliére. You will see the to write a biography of thepoet. The latter fun, when you know that he had sent his MS. to demurred,objected, was at lengthoverruled, Osgood ! I” gaveconsent, and, indeed, actively co-operated. Bucke put himselfin communication with all Whitman, as has been, stated, took an active whom he thought possessed of information re- interest in the “Life.” His extendedand varied quired by him, including leading writers in Eur- experience, as compositor,editor, proof-reader, ope and America: The results werea collection business manager,was at Bucke’s disposal, and of correspondence unique and valuable, and was invaluable.It was Whitmanwho arranged friendly visits received and returned. withGutekunst for proofs of portraits of his father and mother,the number of copiesto be With Whitman he went to Long,Island in I 88 1 printed andthe price. The first . twenty-four to familiarize himself withthe former’s early pages were written by him. home and its environment. In working the book into shape valuable aid was rendered by William t. L He suggested names of publishers, and finally, D. O’Connor, Mrs. Anne Gilchrist and others, when Osgood declined the book, it was Whitman. whocontributed facts, illustrative material and who, on February, with his own hand incidents. 19th 1883, drew up the agreement between Dr. Bucke and Although the book was ready in 1881, publi- David McKay of Philadelphia,for the publica- cationwas delayed owing to difficulty in secur- tion of “WaltWhitman, a Contemporaneous

I; . . . , . .i

54 55 Study.” The agreement shows Whitman’s busi- development; while the sole object of the present ness ability and carefulness in looking after de- work is to depict an individual moral nature, tails, and is witnessed by him. perhaps the highest that has yet appeared.**

It was under the title, “Walt Whitman,” that “Man’s Moral Nature,” had given Dr. Bucke the volume at last appearedfrom the press of a status not only as an,original investigator and David McKay. independent thinker, but as a writer of talent. It was with general acquiescence therefore that, In the following year, the Glasgow edition onthe establishment of the Royal Society of appeared with an additionentitled, “English Canada in April, 1882, he was honoured with selection as one of the original Fellows.’ Critics onWalt Whitman,” edited by Edward M Dowden, U.D., Professor of English Literature “Walt Whitman” brought him into closer in Trinity College, Dublin. touch with men of eminence on both sides of the Atlantic. As Whitman’s intimate friend, authori- “The book is valuable,” says Ernest Rhys in tative biographer, and redoubtable champion, he I his introduction to the volume of Selections from was now become apersonage in the literary 1. Walt Whitman in theCanterbury Poets, “not world. only as an authoritative biography-the standard biography-but for its collection of contempor- Among notable literary men and women whose ary notices and criticisms, European and Ameri- acquaintance he madeand with most of whom can, favourable and the reverse, of ‘Leaves of he cofresponded more or less, may be here men- Grass.’ *’ “In the English list the names of Rus- tioned the following: in France, Gabriel Sarrazin; kin, Tennyson, Swinburne, Buchanan, Symonds, in Denmark, RudolphSchmidt; in the British and other leading poets and writers bear unique Islands, Professors Edward Dowden of Dublin, testimony to Whitman’s influence.,’ and York Powell of Oxford,John Addington Symqnds, Wlliam Sharp, Anne Cilchrist, Herbert In the Introduction, Dr. Bucke asserts that the H. Cilchrist, H. Buxton Forman,Edward Car- basic meaning and value to us of the man, Walt penter: in the United States,John Burroughs, Whitman, and thebook “Leaves of Grass” is Wham D. O’Connor, Oliver Wendell Holmes, moral elevation. “The true introduction, there- Hôrace L. Traube], Robert G. Ingersoll, E. C. fore, to this volume is the author’s previous work, ‘Man’s Moral Nature.’In thatbook he has dis- Mr. P. E. Bucke is authority forthe statement that Dr. Sterry Hunt refused the offer of memberrhip until cussed the moral nature in the abstract, pointed aarured that Dr. Bucke’r name would also be included out its physical basis, and shown its historical in the lirt. 56 57 Stedman, Thomas B. Harned, Minot J. Savage, funeral, whichwas a'memorable expression of Sidney Morse the sculptor, Thomas Eakins the popular appreciation and sympathy, the doctor painter, William Sloan Kennedy, Isaac Hull Platt, was an honorary pall-bearer. He was one of the Oscar Triggs, Daniel G. Brinton, Henry Howard speakers at the grave. By the poet'swill, Rich- Furness, Talcott Williams, Francis Howard Wil- ard Maurice Bucke, Thomas B. Harned and Hor- liams,Hamlin Garland, Charles G. Garrison, ace 'L. Traube1were appointed his literary Laurens Maynard, Mary A. Livermore, Professor executors. William James. Browning and Tennyson he met c in England. The volume entiled "In Re Walt Whitman,** published by the executors in 1893, contains Lord Tennyson and Walt Whitman carried on among its many papers articles from Dr. Bucke's a friendly and even affectionate correspondence pen. for twenty years, until it wasterminated by death. A letter of introduction from the American poet A large part of Whitman's correspondence, was a sufficient passport to the hospitality of Far- MS. and other papers, came into his hands, and ringford, whereBucke spenta delightful after- he devoted himaelf assiduously to their assort- noon and evening with the Tennysons in the sum- ment and to editing portions from time to time, mer of 1891. as his other duties permitted. 1 Visitors of note found theirway to London, Thé books issued by Bucke under the titles, from time to time, to enjoy the friendly hospi- "Calamus" ( 1 89 7), and "The Wound-dresser*' tality of Dr. and Mrs. Bucke. Among these may ( 1898), are composed of Whitman's letters to be specially mentioned Edward Carpenter, who Peter Doyle and the poet's mother respectively. spent someweeks with them in the summer of "Notes and Fragments,*' of which 22 5 copies 1884. wereissued for private circulation in 1899, is made up of Whitman's notes and memoranda, Dr. Bucke paid many visits to Whitman at showing the evolution of "Leaves of Grass.**al- Camden. During one of thesevisits, in June, most from the germ. 1 888, Whitman was seized. with a serious illness J h which threatened a fatal termination. Dr.Bucke ,The Introductions by Dr. Bucke to these three became his general medical adviser, and at once volumes are full of interest, and of autobiogra- placed Dr.William Osler in charge. Early in phical as well as biographical value. 1892, when the old poet*s time for departure was at hand, Bucke was again at his bedside, al- Dr. Bucke's collection of portraits of Whitman though unable to remainuntil the end. At the is the most complete in existence. His collection

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58 of books, pamphlets, -MS.,and bibliographical .W. . , +Fi the mind-is in everysort of way alarge man- data relating to the sage of Camden. is also prob- liberal, devoted, far-seeing. I especially owe him ably unsurpassed. 1 so much,-Oh, so much.” In HoraceTraubel’s volumes, “With Walt A short note from Bucke, he described as “a Whitman in Camden,”are many references to whiff of fresh air from thenorth.” In sending Dr. Bucke, jotted down by Traubel, from Whit- a return message, he added: ‘‘Doctor is the king- man’s table-talk in 1888. They are interesting pin.** One day there was no letter from Bucke ; as indicating Whitman’s estimate of Bucke’s “I get to look for Bucke as I look for my break- qualities and friendship. fast,**he said. Referring to Sloane Kennedy, as one of his most ardent admirers, Whitman added, “Indeed, he out-Buckes Bucke.” On another occasion, Bucke’s name being mentioned, he exclaimed: “Bucke? ’ O, yes, Bucke! Some one was here the other dayand complained that the Doctor was extreme. I sup- pose he is extreme-the sun’s extreme, too; and as for me, ain’t I extreme? ’* Ernest Rhys having “seen Dr. Bucke and Nia- gara,”Whitman expressed pleasure, saying, smilingly, “I am proud of both.” Speaking of his serious illnessin June, 1888, Whitman said Bucke saved his life, “his skill, decision, brotherliness, pulled me ashore.” And again, “Oder, too, has his points, big points. But after all the real man isDr. Bucke. He is the top of the heap. He has such a clear head, such a fund of common sensruch steady eye+ such a steady hand. As you say, Bucke is a scientist, not a doctor; he has hadsevere personal experience-is an expert in questions involving 1

60 61 i era of thethree great religions, and in eleven -‘COSMIC CONSCIOUSNESS” other persons, viz.: Paul, Plotinus, Dante, Las Casas, John Yepes, Francis Bacon, Jacob Beh- InMay, 1894, Dr.. Bucke readbefore the men, ‘ WilliamBlake, Honoré de Balzac, Walt American Medico-Psychological Association in Whitman andEdward Carpenter. Headds Philadelphia, a paperentitled, “Cosmic Con- thirty-five cases; **someof them lesser, imperfect sciousness.*’ The thoughthad been long inhis and doubtful instances.*’ These include Moses, mind. The germinal idea is traceable inhis two Cideon, Isaiah, Socrates, Pascal, Spinoza, Swed- earlier books, “Man’s Moral Nature,” and “Walt enborg, Wordsworth, Finney, Pushkin, Emerson. Whitman.” Tennyson, Thoreau, Bucke himself, sand Traubel. Collecting and comparing their recorded experi- In August, 1 89 7, as president of the Psycholo- ences, he finds sufficient data for a general in- gical Section of the British Medical Association duction. Thereare, he thinks, perceptible in at Montreal, he further developed the thought in the history of human consciousness, three dis- his presidential address on “Mental Evolution tinct atages of evolution, simple consciousness, in Man.” self consciousnesa and cosmic consciousness. ..The prime characteristic of cosmic consciousness Four years later the result of his researches on is; ,W its name implies, a consciousness of the the subject was put before the world in a book cosmos, that is, of the life and order of the .uni- entitled “Cosmic Consciousness; a Study in the ** verse. . With it occur, among other phenomena, Evolution of the Human Mind,’’ of which a lim- an intellectual enlightenment or illumination, ited edition of 500 copies was printed from the moral exaltation and a quickening of the moral typeby Innes & Co., of Philadelphia, in I. - I90 sense, and withal “a sense of immortality, a con- As a specimen the book-maker’s art it is of sciousness of eternal life, not a conviction that worthy of note. Its dignified format,quarto, on he shall have this, but the consciousness that he a specially good quality of paper, with wide mar- has it already.*’ This position he supportsby gins and large clear-cut type, is an evidence of quoting in each case thewords of the original conscientious purpose and execution. records. The term m. cosmic consciousness’’is derived B. from the east, signifying an elevatedplane of , Thetheory is that this higher form of con- consciousness associated with various psychic’ sciousness is at present making its appearance, in the human race, that the comparatively few. phenomena, including that known as “illumination.” Theauthor finds it exemplified in four- cases cited are forerunners of a time, when by teen conspicuous instances, including the found- regular and orderly evolution the whole human

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62 63 race will reach the higher plane, along which it hy~tic,to scientific collation and comparison, and will proceed on its path of further infinite devel- to the inductive process of reasoning.' opment. As a compilation of recorded cases, aside alto- This conclusion is based upon the fact, which getherfrom the theory based upon them, the he considers established by the records, that there book possesses a distinct value and is of remark- is a progressive increase throughout human his- able interest. tory since the earliest recorded instances in the number of persons .who have attained to cosmic The theory itself is attractive.Whether it is consciousness. borne out by the facts cited, the reader must de- cide for himself. It is at any rate suggestive. As Another physician, who was also a philoso- a contribution to the literature of the subject, it pher, Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, hints at such occupies a unique place. The ultimate conclus- a conclusion, in a remarkable passage in the iona, if a consensus should be arrived at, will be "Professor at the Breakfast Table." of inestimable momenttothe human race. "I think of it," he says, referring to a similar Amongother results will be,perhaps, a final re- . intuition in his own experience and .thatof others, concilement of the long struggle between science .Ias a disclosure of certainrelations of ourper- and religion. sonal being to time and space, toother intelli- gences, to the procession of events, and to their In .the mountains of Montana,more than a FirstGreat Cause ______I am disposed year before the book went to press, the author's to consider our beliefs about such a possible dis- .eldost son, Maurice, hadbeen thrown from his closure rather a kind of premonition of an en- vehicle in a runaway accident,dashed against as a rock, and instantly killed. He was thirty-one largement of our faculties in somefuture state than as an expectation to be fulfilled for most of years of age, but had already reached eminence us in this life. Persons, howevtr, have fallen into in his profession, that of a mining engnieer. A trancecas did the Reverend William Tennant, British Columbia paper described him as "a man amongmany other-nd learnedsome things of. exceptional attainments, genial, courteous, which they could not tell in our human words." '? pure and thoroughly incorruptible." To the dead s,p, the volume is dedicated.There are few Conversion, the "inner light," illumination, Fore patheticwords in all literature.Few sons mysticism, are psychological factspertaining to ever had so noble an epitaph. But thebitter religion inita higher manifestations. In"Cosmic Consciousness**they are subjected by a scientist, P. D. Ouspensky in his "TertiumOrganum" ( 1920) quotea copioualy from Bucke and commenta interertingly who was at the same time a philosopher and a on his conclurions.

e 64 65 pain is not the last word. The confident assur- ance of speedy reunionsustains and consoles. The entire edition of "Cosmic Consciousness', Then the great mystery of death, sorrow and suf- was sold within a short time.l One of the most fering,will be solved. **Weshall clearly see eminent authorities, Professor William James, wrote Dr. Bucke an appreciative letter from which . that allwere parts of an infinite plan, whichwas wholly wise and good.** Those who would know the following extracts will be of 'interest: the intensity of the religious sentiment which ' "I believe that you have brought this kind of dominated the soul of Richard MauriceBucke consciouaness 'hame' to the attention of students will read the tender and beautiful words of the of human nature iir a way so definite and un- dedication with admiration as well as sympathy. escapable that it will be impossible henceforward to overlook it, or ignore it, or pooh-pooh it en- According to Bucke, cosmic consciousness is a tirelyaway. For psychology and religion, that nascent faculty,showing itself principally in seems to me a very high service indeed . . . . exalted human personalities, with exceptional de- Butmy total re-action on your book, my dear velopment of all the ordinary human faculties, Sir, is that it is an addition to psychology of first with exceptional physique, beauty of build and rate importance, and that you are a benefactor carriage, exceptionally handsome features, excep- of us all." tional health, exceptional .sweetness of temper, exceptional magnetism, and exceptional moral nature. An interesting feature of the book is the manner in which the' author's expert knowledge of alienism is brought in to illustrate the development and devolution of function. Devolution being most active in the latest forms, insanity and genius develop side by side in increasing ratio, as the natural concomitant of the rapid evolution of mind, whichdistinguishes the Aryan' race.It is the price we pay for progress. The possessors of the newerconsciousness are not insane. This is shown by an examination of the distinguishing characteristics of insanity. His treatment of the subject is always frank, sincere and reverent. A second edition was printed. A third edition har now been isrued ( 1923) by Messrr. E. P. Dutton & Co.

I I 66 67 was characteristic of the man to be specially in- CONCLUSION terested in children, and he did not easily forget them. In a few courteous words he tookleave Death came suddenly to Dr. Bucke on the 19th of host and hostess, and of the other guests. February, 1 902. He and Mrs. Bucke haddined The night was intensely cold. the sky clear, the a.nd spentthe evening with friends in the city.’ moon nearly at its full, the stars shining with the After dinner, the gentlemen of the party, four in steely glitter of a Canadian night in February, number, all of them university men, discussed the snow crisp under foot. Coing. outinto the the question of the cyphers and the Baconian night, hestopped to exclaim in admiration of authorship, with special reference tothe Doc- thebeauty of the sky. Driving home, hespoke tor’s application of Bacon’s cypher. His book of the pleasure the evening had givenhim, and was ready for publication, and was to appear in warmly of the friends hehad met. In a few June, when the particulars would be disclosed. minutes he ‘was at home, but could not resist the The general question was debated with friendly desire to go out once more to look at the night freedom. The Doctor, in his customary buoyant and the stars. On theverandah, he dipped, spirits, was at his best. Argument, illustration, struck his head against a pillar, and dropped life- apt quotation, treasures new andold from the less to the floor. And so, in the prime of vigour, wonderful stores of his memory, were presented while theeye was notdimmed, nor his natural to listeners, who admired whether they agreed forceabated, he “fell ondeath,” and was re- with his conclusions or not. united to the son, who had gone before. Theparty rejoined the ladies for a brief decease called forth many expressions moment before the cutter called totake Mrs. His of appreciation and of sorrow. Bucke and himself to their home east of the city. Addressing one from a neighbouring city,’ he in- , The London Free Press, in referring to hir quired particularly‘ about her six children, naming death, gave an interesting description of his ap- each in turn. He had last seen them at their pearance, which is worth reproducing: home five years before. Surprise waa expressed at the minuteness of his recollection, as he asked “The Asylum Superintendent was a familiar tobe remembered tothe young people. But it fig”’” down town. He was known, at least by S ght, to nearly everyone. His personality was The hosts were hie Honour Judge Talbot Macbeth io markedly picturesque asto attract attention. and Mrs. Macbeth. The guests were Dr. and Mrs. Bucke; Mr. F. P. Betts, K.C., and Mrr. Betta; and Mr. The kindly face, full of strong character, the flow- and Mrs. James H. Coyne, of St. Thornaa. ing beard, streaked with gray and white, the very .. .< 1 .. i_

68 6 9' build of the well-proportioned, well-preserved and of human nature always showed ta advan- man of sixty odd years,was certain to bring tage, his opinions always commaHding the atten- notice.. Those who knew Dr. Bucke were proud tion and respect alike of judge and jury. . . . . of the fact. To know was to admire and esteem.** Sadly shall we miss the sight of his picturesque, Dr. T. J. W. Burgess,in the paper already Whitmanic garb, and face full of atrong charac- cited, adds: "In appearance Dr.Bucke was one ter, the sound of his bluff, cheery voice, ' and the of the most picturesque personalities in the ranks hearty grasp of his hand-and not one of ua but of the American Medico-PsychologicalAssoci- will fervently echo .the wish-'(>, for the touch ation. His commanding presence, hismassive of a vanished hand,and the sound of a voice head, hiskeen, searching eyes and prominent that is still.* ** nose,his face, every line of which carried the **Byhis demise Canada has lost one of her stamp of intellectual force, his flowing beard cov- foremost minds, this Association one of its most ering the négligélinen shirt, hissilvery locks valued members, and, saddest of all, hia family showing below the broad-brimmed, gray, slouch , a devoted husband and father. Peace to hia hat, and his grey tweeds, made him a strikingly ashes.""He rests from his labours, and his . conspicuous and original figure. His manner was .works do follow him." plain but dignified, his language, clear and in speaking he attracted the attention of his hearers In a paper published in the American Journal no less by the matter of his remarks than by his of Insanity, Dr. C. K. Clarke observes: "It is personal appearance. impossible to judge him by ordinary standards, so great a part did individuality play in his make- "During his asylum career, Dr. Bucke evinced . . up . . . . Whatever this remarkable man wonderful ability in the management of the in- did, he did with his whole soul, and no one ever sane, his constant endeavour being to care for the dreamed of attacking his sincerity of purpose, interests confided by the Province to his charge no matter, how violently they differed from his intelligently, faithfully and economically. As an conclusions . daily life he waa administrator he had few superiors, and those . . . In simple, direct and honest, and loved nature as who knew him well will ever bear witness to his .such a man is likely todo. The happiest days singularly clear judgment in all relating to hospi- of each year were those spent at his summer re- tal affairs. He had long been regarded as one of i treat at Gloucester Pool in Muskoka." the leading authorities on the subject of mental disease, and his services as an expert were sought ' Traube1 mentions a conversation withWhit-. in most important cases where sanity was in quell- man, in which the latter described Bucke's opti- tion. In thesehis wide knowledge of medicine mism in the following words : 70 71 "Bucke has an immense faith in thepeople at large--immens+in civilization, in modern BIBLIOGRAPHY mechanical device-miracles of power.** "Do you say," asked Traubel, "that Bucke has more Including Bookr, Pamphlete, Lecturer, Addrerrea, and faith in thepeople than you have?" "I think Llttcrr, (ar far ar at preaent ancertainable). he has," was the reply, "Bucke is an optimist- thoroughly so, without qualification or compro- I862 misHo are you-but could hardly ?all myself , 1. The Correlation of theVital and PhysicalForcer. I A Prize Thesia forthe Degree of Doctorof that in the strictest sense of the word Medicine and Master of Chirurgery, defended before the Medical Faculty of McGill University, .An optimist he was in the fullest senac of the Montreal, May 2, 1862. By R. Maurice Bucke. word. He radiatedhope, courage and energy. (Printedin pamphletform from the British He made many friends and kept them. Whether American Journal.) at home in the beautiful grounds surrounding the great institution, which he .administered with auch l877 , 2. The Functions of the Great Sympathetic Nervous signal success, or at "Liberty Hall," his summer System. By R. M. Bucke, M.D., Medical Super- island-residence in Gloucester Pool, his domes- intendent of the Asylum for the Insane, London, tic life was ideal in its simplicity, its sincerity, it. Ontario. atmosphere of affection, ease and joyous free- Read before the Aasociation of Medical Super- dom. intendenta of AmericanInrtitutions for the Inranc, held at St. Louie, Mo., May, 1877. "He was a man, take him for all in all 1878 We shall not look upon hii like again." . 3. The Moral Natureand the GreatSympathetic. Readbefore the Association of Medical Super- intendents of American Aaylums forthe Inrane at Washington, D.C., May, 1878. 1879 4. Man's MoralNature. Anbury. By Richard Maurice Bucke, M.D., Medical Superintendent of the Arylum forthe Inmane, London, Ontario, pp. xiii. 200. r New York, G. P. Putnam's Sonr. Toronto, Ont., Willing & Williamson. 5. Lectureon Walt Whitman. Delivered at Ottawa, Ont., Sept. 12, 1879, reported in OttawaFree Prerr, Sept. 13.

- . - - --- 72 73 I880 I089 6. "TheGood Gray Poet.'* Letter to the Philadelphia IS. Walt Whitman, "Magazine of Poetry." Buffalo. Prerr, May 7, 1880. January. 7. Alcohol in Healthand Direare. London, Wm. Bryce, ,1880. (Readin an incomplete rtate I890 before the Dominion Medical Arrociation at 16. Leaver of Crarr and Modern Science. "The Con- London, Sept. IO, 1879, published next morning rervator," Philadelphia, May. in the Daily Advertirer, and reprinted twice in 1 7. Sanity. By R. M. Bucke, M.D. Read at the 44th England). annual meeting of the Amsociation of Medical 8. "Reply." Letter tothe New York Timer, Nov. i I rt. (A reply to E. C. Stedman'r article on j ZnsaneSuperintendentr held at Niagara of American Fahlnrtitutionr June 10-1 3,the for 1890. "Walt Whitman," in Scribner's for November). t (From American Journal of Inanity, July, I862 1890. Utica, N.Y.) 9. "Walt Whitman," publirhed in the "Family Circle," 18. Walt Whitmanand Colonel lngerroll. 'The Con- May. mervator." Philadelphia, October. IO. "Leaven of Cram Suppresred." Letter tothe Springfield Republican, May 23rd. 1883 -a -----~ I I. Twenty-five Years Ago. By R. M. Buckc. Over- College, Montreal. land Monthly, June, pp. 553-560. (London Advertirer, Oct. 1, 189 1. The Globe, (Anaccount of h18 experiencer in crorring . Toronto, Oct. 2, l89 I ). theSierra Nevada in November and Decem- ber, 185 7). I892 12.'' Walt Whitman. By Richard Maurice Bucke, M.D. 20. The Origin of Insanity. Addresr before the AIM- Author of"Man'r Moral Nature."pp. 236. ciation of Medical Superintendentr of Inrane Published byDavid McKay, 23 South Ninth Aryhma of North America at Washington, D.C., Street, Philadelphia. May 7, 1892. (Toronto Globe, May 9, 1892). 13. Republished with addition entitled: "%glirhCritic. on Walt Whitman," edited by Edward Dowden, 1893 LL.D., Professor of Englirh Literature in Trinity 2 1. In Re Walt Whitman. Edited by his Literary College, Dublin, pp. 259. Ekecutom, Horace L. Traubel, Richard Maurice Wilron & McCormick, Clargow, 1884. Bucke, Thomar B. Harned. Publirhed by the 1888 . Editor8 through DavidMcKay, 23 SouthNinth 14. Onthe Humboldt. Written forthe Advertiser by Street, Philadelphia, 1693, pp, x. 452. R. M. Bucke, M.D. [Note.-Though told in (Limited and numbered edition of I O00 the form of fiction, the experience detailed in copier). Dr.Bucke's story ir literally true, being an inci- This volume contain8 among many articler dent in the earlier life of the author.-Editor, ! the three following by Richard Maurice Bucke: Advertiser]. London Advertiser, Jan. 28, 1888. ' 22. "The Man Walt Whitman," pp. 57-71. 74 75 23. *‘Leaves of Crassand ModernScience,” pp. 249- 33. The Pro of Walt Whitman. “The Conaervator,” 25 I. Philadelphia, October, 1895. 24. “WaitWhitman andthe Cosmic Sense,” pp. 329- 347. I896 Also translations of foreign critiquesas fol- 34. Mr. Fawcett’a Objectiona. “The Conaervator,” lows : Philadelphia, Jan., 1896. 25. “Walt Whitman,” Karl Knortz: Translated from the 35. Notes. on the pxt of “Leaves of Graas.” “Th. German by Alfred Forman and RichardMaurice Conservator, Philadelphia, May, June, Aug., Bucke, pp. 2 15-230. 1896. 26. “WaltWhitman, the Poet of American Democ- 36. Letterto the London, Ont., Daily News, Sept. 23, racy,”Rudolph Schmidt: Translatedfrom the 1896, on the Bacon-Shakespeare Question. Danish by R. M. Bain and RichardMaurice Bucke, pp. 23 1-248. I897 27. “Walt Whitman,” T. W. Rolleston: Translated from 3 7. Memories of WaltWhitman (2). the German by Alfred Formanand Richard Walt Whitman Fellowship Papera, May, 1897. Maurice Bucke, pp. 285-295. Third Year, IO, pp. 35-42. ‘I 894 [Read atthe annual meeting of the Walt 28. Cosmic Consciousness. “The Conservator.”Phila- Whitman Fellowship, Borton. May 3 I, 1896.1 delphia, May, June, 1894. 38. Shakespeare or Bacon. The proof (partlyfrom a 29. Cosmic Consciousness. A paperread before the just discovered anagram)that the real author American Medico PsychologicalAssociation, of the so-called “Shakerpeare” drama was Fran- Philadelphia,18th May, l89 1, by .Dr. R. M. cis Bacon. Canadian Magazine, Sept., 1897. Bucke. “Light, rare, untellable, hghtingthe 39. MentalEvolution in Man. An addresa delivered at very light.” Philadelphia,‘The Conservator,” the opening of the Section of Psychology at the 1894, (pamphlet), pp. 18. 65th annual meeting of the British Medical Asso- 30. Memories of WaltWhitman. ciation at Montreal, Aug. 3 Ist to Sept. 4th, 1897. WaltWhitman Fellowship Papers, 6, pp. 35-45, By R. M. Bucke, MD. Sept., 1894. (Abatract from advance sheeta of the British (Read atthe Organization Meeting of the Fel- Medical Journal,printed in the Journal of lowship at Reisser’a, Philadelphia, May 3 Ist, theAmerican Medical Association,Chicago, 1894). Oct. 23, 1897). 40. Letterto the Globe, Dec. 25, 1.897,in rejoinder 1895 to Mr. ColdwinSmith, who hadreplied in the 3 I. WasWhitman M:d? “The Conservator.”Phila- Canadian Magazine for Dec., 1897, under the delphia,June. Journal of Hygiene,” Sept. caption “Not Dead Yet,” to Dr. Bucke’s paper 32. WasWalt Whitman Mad? [Read for Dr. Bucke, inthe Septembernumber, onthe Shakeapeare- who wasnot present, by Thomas B. Harned. Bacon controversy. Afternoon Session, Annual Meeting, May 3 Ist.] 41. Calamus. A Series of Letter. writtenduring the WaltWhitman Fellowship, Papers, Second Year: Years 1867-1880 bv WaltWhitman to a YounP 9 pp. 22-30.

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76 77 Edited with an lntroduction by Richard Maur- 1899 ice Bucke, M.D.. one of Whitman’s Literary 48. Portrait. of Walt .Whitman. By R. M. Bucks, Executors, pp. viii. 173. (illustrated by 24 portraita). Published by Laurens Maynard at 287 Con- New England Magazine, March, 1899. gress Street in Boston, MDCCCXCVII. 49. Notes and Fragmenta: Left by WaltWhitman and 42. TheStory of theCare of thelnrane in Ontario now edited by Dr. RichardMaurice Bucke, one (formingpart of Report of theSuperintendent of his Literary Executors, pp. 2 I I. of the London Asylum for 1897). Printed for Private Distribution Only. (225 43. Discovery of the Comstock. TheTrue Particu- copies), 1899. . larsas Told by Dr. Bucke. A remarkableAd- 50. Letterto tthe Globe, Toronto, Nov. 7, 1899, on venture inwhich he figured. A mistaken ver- lgnatius Donnelly’s alleged dircovery of a cypher sion in the New York Sun, corrected.The rad in the inrcription on Shakespeare’s grave. fate of Dr. Bucke’s companionr in his Mining Days. I900 Interview in the London Advertiser of 16 5 1. The Evolution of theHuman Intellect. Address Dec., I89 7. in the First M. E. Church, Terre Haute, Indiana, 1898 29 May, 1900. (TerreHaute Gazette, May 30, 1900). 44. WaltWhitman, Man and Poet. “National Magazine,” Boston, April, 1890. 52. TwoHundred Operative Cases. lnrane Women. “Cosmopolis,” June, By Richard M. Bucke, M.D. 1898. Reprinted from Proceedings of the American 45. A Short History of Sewage Disporal at the Asylum Medico-Psychological Association. Richmond, forthe lnsane,London, Ontario. A paperread Va., 1900. before theOntario Association of Executive Health Officers at the Ottawa Convention. 1901 “TheCanadian Engineer,” Oct., 1898, pp. 53. How ahall we dispose of oursewage? The Dietetic 155-1 56. and HygienicGazette, a Monthly Journal of 46. The WoundDresser. A Series of Letterswritten Physiological Medicine, New York, Apr., 190 I from the Hospitals in Washington duringthe pp. 193-4. War of the Rebellion. By WaltWhitman. 54. CosmicConsciousness: A Studyin the Evolution Edited by RichardMaurice Bucke, M.D. One of theHuman Mind, Edited by Dr. Richard of Whitman’s Literary Executors, pp. x. 201. Maurice Bucke, pp. XVllI. 3 18. Boston: Small, Maynard & Company, 1898. lnnes & Som, Philadelphia, 190 l.’ Limited 47. Surgeryamong the lnsane in Canada. By R. M. edition of 500 copier printed from thetype). Bucke, M.D., President of the Medico-Psycholo- A recondedition war issued in 1906 by the gical Association. aamepublishers: and a third by Mesrrs. E. P. Preridential Addressbefore theAmerican Dutton h Co., New York, in 1923. l Medico-Psychological Association at St. Louis, May IO, 1898. 1902 (Reprint fromAmerican Journal of lnranity, Books that have interested me. Toronto Mail, Vol. IV., No. 1 , I898).- Feb. 22, 1902.

e . , .. m.,. m.,. l Of this edition //J~ copies were printed. Each copy is boundby hand, numbered and signed by

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