Three Essays on the German Capital Market

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Three Essays on the German Capital Market Three Essays on the German Capital Market DISSERTATION zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor rerum politicarum (Doktor der Wirtschaftswissenschaft) eingereicht an der Wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin von Dipl.-Inf. Roman Brückne r, M.Sc. Präsident der Humboldt-Univers ität zu Berlin: Prof. Dr. Jan-Hendrik Olbertz Dekan der Wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Fakultät: Prof. Dr. Ulrich Kamecke Gutachter: 1. Prof. Richard Stehle, Ph.D. 2. Prof. Jörg Rocholl, Ph.D. Tag des Kolloquiums: 29. Januar 2013 Conte nts Part I: Introduction, p. 1-17 1 Motivation ............................................................................................ 3 2 Das CAPM, Kapitalmarktdaten und Empirische Tests des CAPMs........... 6 3 Probleme der Testverfahren ................................................................... 9 4 Der Geregelte Markt in Frankfurt: Ein ökonomischer Nachruf .............. 11 5 In Germany the CAPM is Alive and Well ............................................. 12 6 Important Characteristics, Weaknesses and Errors in German Equity Data from Thomson Reuters Datastream and their Implications for Empirical Studies on Stock Returns ...................................................... 13 Literaturverzeichnis ................................................................................. 15 Part II: De r Ge re gelte Markt in Frankfurt: Ein ökonomischer Nachruf, p. 19-63 1 Einle itung .......................................................................................... 22 2 Historisches Entwicklung und institutionelle Rahmenbedingungen ........ 25 3 Beschreibung der Daten ...................................................................... 31 4 Zu- und Abgänge ............................................................................... 34 5 Empirische Untersuchungen ................................................................ 40 6 Zusammenfassung .............................................................................. 49 Literaturverzeichnis ................................................................................ 50 Anhang: Abbildungen und Tabellen ......................................................... 55 Part III: In Germany the CAPM is Alive and Well, p. 65-141 1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 68 2 German peculiarities, German data, our initial sample .......................... 72 3 Summary statistics and average portfolio returns .................................. 79 4 Major issues in applying the standard test procedures ........................... 83 5 Results .............................................................................................. 98 6 Conclusion .......................................................................................110 References .............................................................................................112 Appendix A: Description of the data set ..................................................117 Appendix B: Tables and Figures .............................................................121 Part IV: Important Characte ristics, Weaknesses and Errors in Ge rman Equity Data from Thomson Reuters Datastream and their Implications for Empirical Studies on Stock Returns, p. 143-182 1 Introduction ......................................................................................146 2 Literature Review ..............................................................................149 3 Equity Data for the German Market ....................................................151 4 Quality of Datastream Data before 1990 .............................................157 5 Quality of Datastream Data after 1990 ................................................159 6 Empir ical Results ..............................................................................167 7 Conclusion ........................................................................................172 References .............................................................................................173 Appendix A: German Stock Market Indices .............................................175 Appendix B: Tables ...............................................................................177 iii PART I Introduction Inhalt 1 Motivation............................................................................................................................. 3 2 Das CAPM, Kapitalmarktdaten und Empirische Tests des CAPMs ........................................... 6 3 Probleme der Testverfahren .................................................................................................... 9 4 Der Geregelte Markt in Frankfurt: Ein ökonomischer Nachruf ................................................ 11 5 In Germany the CAPM is Alive and Well .............................................................................. 12 6 Important Characteristics, Weaknesses and Errors in German Equity Data from Thomson Reuters Datastream and their Implications for Empirical Studies on Stock Returns............................... 13 References .................................................................................................................................. 15 1 Motivation Das Ziel der vorliegenden Dissertation ist es, durch drei selbstständige wissenschaftliche Aufsätze einen wichtigen Beitrag zum Verständnis der Funktionsweise des deutschen Aktienmarktes zu leisten. In allen drei Aufsätzen stehen eigene empirische Untersuchungen im Mittelpunkt, es handelt sich also um Beiträge zum relativ jungen Wissenschaftsgebiet „Empirische Kapitalmarktforschung“. 1 Empir ische Untersuchungen zur Funktionsweise der Kapitalmärkte werden in den USA zwar bereits seit ca. 100 Jahren durchgeführt. Vor 1970 wurden jedoch nur wenige Arbeiten verfasst.2 Erst nach 1970 stieg die Anzahl der empirischen Untersuchungen zum US-amerikanischen Markt stark an. Die Anzahl der empirischen Untersuchungen zum deutschen Markt nahm erst Anfang der 1990er Jahre zu, liegt jedoch – auch bei relativer Betrachtung – weit unter der Anzahl der Arbeiten zum US- amerikanischen Markt. Hierfür dürften die folgenden Gründe ausschlaggebend sein: − Die Zahl der Wissenschaftler, die in Deutschland empirisch auf dem Gebiet der Kapitalmärkte arbeiten, ist im Vergleich zu den USA gering. − Nur ein Teil der Wissenschaftler in Deutschland konzentriert sich auf den deutschen Kapital- markt, viele tragen zur Erforschung des US-Kapitalmarktes bei oder erstellen länderüber- greifende Studien. − Im Vergleich zum US-amerikanischen Kapitalmarkt ist die Verfügbarkeit qualitativ hoch- wertiger Daten für den deutschen Kapitalmarkt eingeschränkt. Als Folge der relativ geringen Zahl von Arbeiten, die sich auf den deutschen Kapitalmarkt konzentrie- ren, sind die wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse über diesen Markt vergleichsweise gering. Solche Er- kenntnisse sind aber aus einer Reihe von Gründen wicht ig: − Ergänzende und weiterführende Studien zum deutschen Kapitalmarkt sind notwendig, um die bisherigen, zum Teil widersprüchlichen empirischen Ergebnisse zu diesem Markt zu prüfen bzw. zu erhärten (vgl. Abschnitt 5). − Aufgrund einer Vielzahl von empirischen Studien zum US-amerikanischen Kapitalmarkt dominiert derzeit die Meinung, dass das CAPM, insbesondere in den USA, nicht gilt bzw. empirischen Tests nicht standhält (vgl. Abschnitt 1.2). Gle ichze it ig w ird das CAPM in Deutschland unter anderem von der Bundesnetzagentur zur Schätzung der Eigenkapitalkosten 1 Der hohe wissenschaftliche Stellenwert der Empirischen Kapitalmarktforschung wird u. a. durch die relativ hohe Anzahl von Publikationen und Wissenschaftlern, die sich mit diesem Thema intensiv aus einandersetzen, verdeutlicht. 2 Eine der frühen Studien zur langfristigen Performance von Aktien und festverzinslichen Wertpapieren wurde von M acaulay (1938) verfasst. Diese Arbeit wird hier aufgrund ihrer wirtschaftshistorischen Bedeutung exemplarisch genannt, schließlich wurde in dieser Arbeit unter anderem das Durations-M aß, die M acaulay-Duration, eingeführt. Eine weitere wichtige Arbeit von Smith (1924) vergleicht die Performance von festverzinslichen Anleihen (Bonds) mit Aktien (Common Stocks). Smith kommt für den Zeitraum vor 1923 zu dem Ergebnis, dass Aktien zumeist einen höheren Ertrag erzielten als Anleihen. 3 der zu regulierenden Unternehmen, von den Gerichten im Rahmen von Squeeze-out- Verfahren und seitens der Unternehmen zur Schätzung der Eigenkapitalkosten verwendet. Vor diesem Hintergrund stellt s ich die Frage, ob das CAPM in Deutschland gilt? − Die derzeit wichtigsten Alternativen zum CAPM sind das empirisch motivierte Dreifaktoren- modell von Fama/French (1993) sowie das Vierfaktorenmodell von Carhart (1997). Für den US-amerikanischen Kapitalmarkt wurde in einer Vielzahl von Studien gezeigt, dass diese Modelle die Renditen von Aktien besser erklären als das Standard-CAPM. Für Deutschland gibt es bisher hingegen nur wenige empirische Studien, die sich mit der Fragestellung auseinandersetzten, ob das CAPM in Deutschland ebenfalls um Faktoren wie beispie lsweise für Size und/oder Buchwert-/Marktwert erweitert werden soll. 3 − Soll in Deutschland ein nationales (deutsches), ein regionales (europäisches) oder ein globa les CAPM bzw. empirisches Kapitalmarktmodell verwendet werden? Fama/French (2011) vergleichen regionale und globale empirische Kapitalmarktmodelle miteinander. Hierbei kommen Sie zu dem Ergebnis, dass „[g]lobal models fare poorly in
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